PARA LEC (1)

Invasive trophozoite.

Quadrinucleate cyst, which means it has four nuclei.

Amoebic dysentery, mostly presenting as diarrhea.

It is primarily a free-living amoeba and can survive at room temperature and between 0 - 41°C.

Bloody diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain.

A mask-like lesion with abdominal pain and a history of dysentery, benign but can be mistaken for carcinoma.

Pigs.

E. histolytica moves unidirectionally and progressively, while E. coli is sluggish and non-progressive.

They are found microscopically in the stool in cases of amoebic dysentery.

The parasite and the host.

Genetically transmitted loss of susceptibility to a drug in a previously sensitive worm population.

They have 4 eccentric nuclei and look like dots, referred to as 'cross-eyed cysts'.

Balantidium coli.

Simultaneous infection of a host by two or more parasites.

10 – 35 microns.

Group-level deworming for a risk group defined by age, gender, or social characteristics, regardless of infection status.

Resembles a 'basket of flowers'.

The period between infection and the evidence of symptoms.

Cloudy to purulent, neutrophilic leukocytosis, elevated protein, and low glucose.

Amoebic liver abscess.

Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis (GAE).

Organisms that host the parasite inside their body and are necessary for the parasite's development.

Fatal Primary Amoebic Encephalitis (PAM).

Hyaluronidase secreted by trophozoites.

A disease that has been disseminated in an extensive area of the world.

Individual-level deworming based on diagnosis or presumptive grounds.

Oral and intranasal routes while swimming in contaminated pools, rivers, and lakes.

The proportion of the target population reached by an intervention.

It is known as the 'smallest amoeba'.

It is a ubiquitous, free-living ameba with thorn-like appendages.

Identification of the cyst or trophozoite.

A symbiotic relationship beneficial to both organisms.

'Brain-eating amoeba'.

Parasites that live inside the body of the host.

A sudden outbreak or rise of incidence in a human population above what is normally expected.

Wash hands, ensure sanitary disposal of human feces, improve access to clean drinking water, and practice good food preparation.

Sluggish, not progressive and non-directional.

An area of science that studies organisms living on or within another organism.

Found in the mouth, abundant in oral diseases, and does not have a cyst stage.

Not visible, but has a large, centrally located karyosome surrounded by small granules.

10 to 15 μm.

The parasite benefits while the host is usually harmed.

Demonstration of cysts in corneal scrapings by wet mount and culture.

Direct fecal smear.

The percentage of individuals in the population infected with at least one parasite.

Reduction to zero of incidences of a specified disease in a defined geographical area, requiring continued intervention.

Topography, social conditions, age, hygienic measures, sewage disposal, and water supply.

Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter spp., Yersinia spp., and Enteroinvasive E. coli.

Fever and usually vomiting, offensive odor of feces, often watery and bloody stools.

It can penetrate the nasal mucosa during swimming and travels through the olfactory nerve.

The study of protozoans, which are small, unicellular organisms.

The effect of a drug against an infective agent under ideal experimental conditions.

Through aspiration or nasal inhalation from contaminated water or direct invasion of the eye.

Metronidazole.

Contaminated soil and water, often due to lack of sanitary toilets.

A trophozoite (ameba) form and a flagellate (swimming) form.

The host that harbors the adult and sexually mature form of the parasite.

Direct involves counting expelled worms during treatment, while indirect involves counting helminth eggs excreted in feces.

Pathogenic organisms cause disease, while non-pathogenic do not.

The establishment of an infective agent in the host.

Destruction of tissues due to secretory and excretory products from parasites.

8 or more, and may become hypernucleated with 16 - 32 nuclei.

Its affinity to iodine and large glycogen vacuole that stains deeply with iodine.

It can range from four days to four months.

CSF examination, wet film examination of CSF, autopsy, culture, and molecular diagnosis (PCR).

The study of worms, which are larger, multicellular organisms.

Efficacy measures performance under controlled conditions, while effectiveness measures performance in real-world conditions.

A relationship where the parasite lives on or in the host, harming it.

To reduce environmental health risks through safe disposal of waste and control of disease vectors.

Similar to amoebic dysentery.

Stool, urine, sputum, blood, tissue aspirates, biopsy, orifice swab, and discharge.

A disease with a steady moderate level in a human population within a geographical area.

The number of new cases of infection appearing in a population in a given period of time.

The percentage fall in egg counts after deworming based on stool or urine examination.

A commensal and harmless inhabitant of the colon.

Gradual.

Population-level deworming where the entire community is treated irrespective of age, gender, or infection status.

Sluggishly progressive with hyaline pseudopodia.

Red blood cells (RBCs).

When an infected individual becomes their own direct source of infection.

Avoidance of illness caused by infections, achieved by periodic deworming of at-risk individuals or groups.

Cyst.

Parasites that live outside the body of the host.

Permanent reduction to zero of worldwide incidences of infection caused by a specific agent.

Fever, headache, sore throat, nausea, and vomiting.

An individual that harbors a pathogen without showing symptoms.

The science concerned with the propagation of disease, studying patterns, distribution, and occurrence.

The use of anti-helminthic drugs in an individual or public health program.

Morphologically similar but has different DNA and RNA.

Flask-shaped ulcer.

Cystein proteinase.

The biological incubation period between infection and the demonstration of infection.

Insects and arthropods that transmit parasites.

Has trophozoite and cyst stages, cytostome for food entry, cytophyge for waste excretion, and two dissimilar nuclei.

To provide prompt relief of severe pain in patients not responding to metronidazole.

The percentage of individuals in a population estimated to be infected with a particular parasite at a certain time.

An animal that harbors the same parasite as humans, allowing the life cycle to continue.

Simple or complicated, with complicated cycles involving multiple intermediate hosts.

Damage caused when parasites invade the skin and other tissues, leading to destruction.

As the percentage of previously positive subjects found to be egg-negative after examination.

When an already affected individual is further infected with the same species, leading to massive infection.

Information-Education-Communication, a strategy to encourage healthy life practices.

Planning and monitoring activities to modify environmental factors to reduce vector propagation and human contact with infective agents.

Frequent cleaning, chlorination, and salination.

By mouth, skin penetration, intranasal, transplacental, transmammary, and sexual intercourse.

According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, with Latinized names.

Ova, egg, larva, trophozoite, cyst, and adult.

Cellular proliferation and white cell infiltration at the site of the parasite.

Tetracycline.

Organisms that transport the parasite without hosting it or allowing its development.

By the number of worms per infected person, also known as worm burden.

'Kernig’s sign', where the patient cannot fully straighten their leg when the hip is flexed.

It appears only occasionally in one or a few members of the community.

Sexual (oviparous, ovoviviparous, larviparous) and asexual (binary fission, parthenogenesis).

By competing with the host for available vitamins and nutrients.

Proteins or metabolites from parasites that induce hypersensitivity reactions.

Antiparasitic medications, dietary changes, vitamin supplements, fluid replacement, blood transfusion, and bed rest.