16. Assimilation of Inorganic Nutrients_Lecture Note_2024.09.30

Specialized nitrogen-fixing cells.

The process by which organisms incorporate inorganic phosphate into organic molecules.

It shuttles electrons to the MoCo binding region.

The process by which plants and microorganisms convert ammonium into organic compounds.

It is an enzyme involved in nitrogen fixation.

Cysteine.

A method of generating ATP by transferring a phosphate group directly to ADP from a phosphorylated intermediate.

Amyloplasts.

Glutamine synthetase.

During the formation of ATP.

Cysteine and Methionine.

Sulfate assimilation.

Glycolysis.

Chloroplasts.

Ammonia (NH3).

Glutamine.

It helps in maintaining nitrogen levels in the soil, promoting plant growth.

The process by which plants take up sulfur and convert it into organic compounds.

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, such as Rhizobium.

In chloroplasts and mitochondria.

The process of converting atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into a form usable by living organisms.

It provides essential nitrogen compounds that plants need for growth.

The process of converting atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3) using industrial methods.

The process by which cells create amino acids from simpler compounds.

Nitrate and ammonium.

In the synthesis of amino acids and other sulfur-containing compounds.

To convert nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3).

Nitrates are absorbed by plants and converted into amino acids and proteins.

The process by which plants and microorganisms convert nitrogen from the environment into organic compounds.

Root nodules benefit plants by providing them with a direct source of nitrogen, which is essential for growth.

Sulfate (SO4^2-).

Atmospheric nitrogen (N2) is converted into ammonia (NH3) by nitrogen-fixing organisms.

Sulfur is taken up in the form of sulfate (SO4^2-).

An enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of nitrite to ammonia.

It receives electrons from NAD(P)H.

Molybdenum cofactor that transfers electrons to nitrate.

The process by which plants and microorganisms convert nitrate into organic compounds.

They help in the conversion of inorganic nitrogen into organic compounds.

The process by which plants and microorganisms convert nitrate into organic compounds.

The glycolytic pathway and the citric acid cycle.

The primary function of root nodules is to facilitate the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen into a form usable by plants.

In certain bacteria and archaea, particularly those involved in biological nitrogen fixation.

Organic nitrogen compounds, such as amino acids.

It allows them to convert atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form, enhancing their growth.

The process of incorporating nitrate into organic molecules by plants and microorganisms.

The process through which nitrogen is converted between its various chemical forms in the environment.

The process of converting organic nitrogen from dead organisms into ammonia.

It plays a crucial role in the assimilation of nitrogen by converting nitrite into ammonia, which can be used to synthesize amino acids.

It is an essential amino acid that contains sulfur.

A chemical compound containing sulfur and oxygen, typically represented as SO4^2-.

The process by which root nodules are developed in certain plants, particularly legumes, to house nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

Leguminous plants.

An enzyme responsible for the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia.

The process by which plants and microorganisms convert nitrogen from the environment into organic compounds.

Organic nitrogen compounds, such as amino acids.

Anaerobic conditions, as oxygen can inhibit its function.

By converting sulfide and sulfate into cysteine and other sulfur-containing compounds.

Nitrogen fixation, nitrification, assimilation, ammonification, and denitrification.

By absorbing nitrates and ammonium from the soil.

In the photosynthetic organisms, particularly in the chloroplasts of plants.

Certain bacteria, including those in root nodules of legumes.

To carry out photosynthesis and other metabolic processes.

It provides a source of nitrogen necessary for growth and development.

The process by which root nodules are developed in certain plants, particularly legumes, to house nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

Legumes.

To facilitate the symbiotic relationship between plants and nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

Through their roots from the soil.

Rhizobia are the most common nitrogen-fixing bacteria found in root nodules.

Ammonium is directly incorporated into organic molecules through the process of ammonium assimilation.

The process of converting atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3) by certain bacteria.

Cysteine.

It helps in the incorporation of nitrogen into organic molecules during the process of photosynthesis.

Biological nitrogen fixation and abiotic nitrogen fixation (e.g., lightning).

It catalyzes the reduction of nitrite to ammonium, a key step in the assimilation process.

Photosynthesis, occurring in chloroplasts.

In plants, fungi, and certain bacteria involved in nitrogen metabolism.

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, such as Rhizobium.

It serves as a key form of nitrogen that can be assimilated by plants.

It enhances soil fertility by increasing the availability of nitrogen for plants.

Plants can assimilate nitrogen in the form of nitrates and ammonium.

The process of incorporating phosphate into organic molecules by plants and microorganisms.

They convert ammonia into nitrites and then into nitrates, making nitrogen available to plants.

It is synthesized from sulfate and is essential for protein synthesis.

Nitrogenase is the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia.

Haber-Bosch process is the most common method.

It has a charge of -2.

It provides a significant source of nitrogen for fertilizers, enhancing agricultural productivity.

It catalyzes the reduction of nitrite to ammonium in the process of nitrogen assimilation.

Through their roots from the soil.

It is essential for the synthesis of amino acids, proteins, and enzymes.

The uptake of nitrate from the soil by plant roots.

The conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia by certain bacteria and archaea.

A root nodule is a specialized structure formed on the roots of certain plants, where nitrogen-fixing bacteria reside.

The process by which plants and microorganisms incorporate ammonium ions into organic compounds.

It provides a source of nitrogen necessary for the synthesis of amino acids and nucleotides.

Root nodules are specialized structures formed on the roots of certain plants, primarily legumes, that house nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

To facilitate nitrogen fixation by housing symbiotic bacteria.

It helps in the conversion of nitrite, which is toxic at high levels, into ammonium, which can be used for amino acid synthesis.

It is essential for the synthesis of coenzymes and proteins.

Sulfate ions from the soil and atmospheric deposition.

It allows the distribution of nitrogenous compounds to various parts of the plant for growth and development.

The process of incorporating ammonium into organic molecules by plants and microorganisms.

The process by which organisms incorporate sulfur into organic compounds.

Phosphate is assimilated in the form of inorganic phosphate (H2PO4- or HPO4^2-).

It helps in the conversion of nitrite, which is toxic at high levels, into ammonium, which can be utilized by organisms.

Glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase.

It can lead to increased nitrogen runoff, contributing to water pollution and eutrophication.

Enzymes catalyze the reactions that convert substrates into amino acids.

By converting atmospheric nitrogen into a form that plants can use for growth.

Root nodules play a crucial role in the nitrogen cycle by converting atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which can be utilized by plants.

It catalyzes the conversion of APS to sulfite, a key step in the assimilation process.

Certain bacteria, including Rhizobium and Azotobacter, and some archaea.

The process by which nitrates are reduced to nitrogen gas (N2), returning nitrogen to the atmosphere.

Through the uptake of nitrate and ammonium from the soil.

The series of processes by which nitrogen and its compounds are interconverted in the environment and in living organisms.

Nitrogen is primarily taken up in the form of nitrate (NO3-) or ammonium (NH4+).

Nitrogenase is the enzyme responsible for this process.