What muscles are primarily involved in inhalation at rest?
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Diaphragm and external intercostals.
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What muscles are primarily involved in inhalation at rest?
Diaphragm and external intercostals.
What is the role of O2 in bioenergetics during exercise?
O2 is essential for aerobic metabolism, which produces ATP for energy during prolonged physical activity.
What is the focus of Module 3 in KIN 104?
Exercise Physiology.
What is the focus of KIN 104 – Introduction to Kinesiology?
It covers the basics of cardiac structure and function.
How does exhalation occur at rest?
It is passive.
What are the methods for measuring heart rate mentioned in the module?
Manual (palpation), optical sensors, electrical (biopotentials), and electrocardiogram (ECG).
What happens during vasodilation in arterioles?
Smooth muscle cells relax, causing the lumen to get larger and decreasing resistance to blood flow.
What light sources are utilized in Photoplethysmography (PPG)?
An infrared LED or green LED light source.
What processes do cardiac muscle cells undergo?
Depolarization and repolarization.
How can VO2max be estimated?
By leveraging the relationship between heart rate, VO2, and exercise intensity using 3-4 heart rate values measured at light to moderate work rates.
What is required for oxidative phosphorylation?
Oxygen (aerobic process).
What percentage of VO2max is considered moderate exercise?
46-63% VO2max.
What molecule powers most energy-consuming activities of cells?
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate).
What is the relationship between energy demand, oxygen consumption, and exercise intensity?
As exercise intensity increases, energy demand and oxygen consumption also increase.
What is the formula for calculating VO2?
VO2 (mL/kg/min) = 10.8 × WR ÷ body mass + 3.5 + 3.5.
What is the focus of Module 3 in KIN 104?
Exercise Physiology.
What is the typical resting heart rate range for healthy, untrained individuals?
60-100 beats per minute (bpm).
What are the two main parts of Section 1 in Module 3?
Structure and function; Measuring heart rate and blood pressure.
Why is VO2 max considered the gold standard measure?
It is a key indicator of cardiovascular fitness and aerobic power.
What does a photodetector measure in PPG?
The amount of reflected light.
What are the main structures of the respiratory system?
Nasal/oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.
What is the formula to calculate maximum heart rate (HR max)?
HR max = 208 - (0.7 × age)
What are the smallest blood vessels that facilitate exchange of substances?
Capillaries.
What does VO2 represent in exercise physiology?
The volume of oxygen inspired minus the volume of oxygen expired.
What percentage of VO2max is considered vigorous exercise?
64-90% VO2max.
What does VO2 represent in exercise physiology?
The volume of oxygen consumed by the whole body in the process of ATP production over a given period of time.
What are the two main sections covered in Module 3?
Response to exercise and Basics of cardiovascular and pulmonary physiology.
What is the resting membrane potential of cardiac muscle cells?
Negative.
What does diastole refer to in cardiac function?
Diastole refers to the relaxation of cardiac muscle.
Where are stored ATP and PCr located in the cell?
In the cytosol.
How is the arterial-venous oxygen difference (a-v)O2 calculated?
By taking the arterial oxygen content and subtracting the venous oxygen content.
How can VO2 be calculated using cardiac output?
VO2 = CO x (a-v)O2.
What is a progressive exercise test?
A test that gradually increases exercise intensity to assess cardiopulmonary response.
What are the three main pathways for the supply of ATP?
Oxidative phosphorylation, anaerobic glycolysis, and high energy phosphate transfer (HEPT) system.
What is the relationship between oxygen uptake and ATP production?
Oxygen uptake is essential for ATP production in the body during exercise.
What is the largest artery in the human body?
Aorta.
What is systolic blood pressure?
The pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of large arteries during systole (left ventricular contraction).
What is the typical blood pressure range for a young healthy individual?
Systolic <=120 mmHg, Diastolic <=80 mmHg.
What is hydrolysis in the context of ATP?
The breakdown of ATP in the presence of water, resulting in ADP, inorganic phosphate, and energy.
Why is Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) important?
It is central to bioenergetics and critical for cellular work.
What is systole in relation to cardiac muscle?
Systole is the contraction of cardiac muscle.
What occurs during vasoconstriction in arterioles?
Smooth muscle cells contract, causing the lumen to get smaller and increasing resistance to blood flow.
What is bioenergetics?
The study of the transformation of energy in living organisms.
What are the two zones of the respiratory system?
Conducting zone and respiratory zone.
What is masked on the ECG by the QRS complex?
Atrial repolarization.
What does the abbreviation ̇Q represent in exercise physiology?
Cardiac output.
What are the two main parts of Section 1 in Module 3?
Structure and function; Measuring heart rate and blood pressure.
What is the primary role of blood in the body?
To transport oxygen, nutrients, and waste products.
What are the two main sections covered in the Basics of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Physiology?
Structure and function, and Measuring heart rate and blood pressure.
What is VO2 max?
The maximum amount of oxygen that can be consumed per unit time.
What does the arterial-venous oxygen difference (a-v)O2 measure?
It measures oxygen extraction from the blood by all tissues/organs in the body.
What is one diagnostic use of the electrocardiogram (ECG)?
It is used for diagnostic purposes.
How is Heart Rate Reserve (HRR) calculated?
HRR = HR max - resting HR
What does the P wave in an ECG represent?
Electrical activity related to atrial depolarization.
