What does VO2 represent in exercise physiology?
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The volume of oxygen inspired minus the volume of oxygen expired.
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What does VO2 represent in exercise physiology?
The volume of oxygen inspired minus the volume of oxygen expired.
What is VO2 max?
The maximum amount of oxygen that can be consumed per unit time.
How can VO2 be calculated using cardiac output?
VO2 = CO x (a-v)O2.
Why is VO2 max considered the gold standard measure?
It is a key indicator of cardiovascular fitness and aerobic power.
What muscles are primarily involved in inhalation at rest?
Diaphragm and external intercostals.
What light sources are utilized in Photoplethysmography (PPG)?
An infrared LED or green LED light source.
What percentage of VO2max is considered moderate exercise?
46-63% VO2max.
What is systole in relation to cardiac muscle?
Systole is the contraction of cardiac muscle.
What is the resting membrane potential of cardiac muscle cells?
Negative.
What is systolic blood pressure?
The pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of large arteries during systole (left ventricular contraction).
How does exhalation occur at rest?
It is passive.
What does the abbreviation ̇Q represent in exercise physiology?
Cardiac output.
What is the focus of Module 3 in KIN 104?
Exercise Physiology.
What percentage of VO2max is considered vigorous exercise?
64-90% VO2max.
What is a progressive exercise test?
A test that gradually increases exercise intensity to assess cardiopulmonary response.
What does a photodetector measure in PPG?
The amount of reflected light.
What is the role of O2 in bioenergetics during exercise?
O2 is essential for aerobic metabolism, which produces ATP for energy during prolonged physical activity.
What processes do cardiac muscle cells undergo?
Depolarization and repolarization.
What molecule powers most energy-consuming activities of cells?
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate).
What does diastole refer to in cardiac function?
Diastole refers to the relaxation of cardiac muscle.
What occurs during vasoconstriction in arterioles?
Smooth muscle cells contract, causing the lumen to get smaller and increasing resistance to blood flow.
What is the typical blood pressure range for a young healthy individual?
Systolic <=120 mmHg, Diastolic <=80 mmHg.
What are the methods for measuring heart rate mentioned in the module?
Manual (palpation), optical sensors, electrical (biopotentials), and electrocardiogram (ECG).
What are the two main parts of Section 1 in Module 3?
Structure and function; Measuring heart rate and blood pressure.
What is the typical resting heart rate range for healthy, untrained individuals?
60-100 beats per minute (bpm).
What does VO2 represent in exercise physiology?
The volume of oxygen consumed by the whole body in the process of ATP production over a given period of time.
What does the arterial-venous oxygen difference (a-v)O2 measure?
It measures oxygen extraction from the blood by all tissues/organs in the body.
What are the three main pathways for the supply of ATP?
Oxidative phosphorylation, anaerobic glycolysis, and high energy phosphate transfer (HEPT) system.
What are the main structures of the respiratory system?
Nasal/oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.
How can VO2max be estimated?
By leveraging the relationship between heart rate, VO2, and exercise intensity using 3-4 heart rate values measured at light to moderate work rates.
What is the relationship between energy demand, oxygen consumption, and exercise intensity?
As exercise intensity increases, energy demand and oxygen consumption also increase.
Where are stored ATP and PCr located in the cell?
In the cytosol.
What is bioenergetics?
The study of the transformation of energy in living organisms.
What is hydrolysis in the context of ATP?
The breakdown of ATP in the presence of water, resulting in ADP, inorganic phosphate, and energy.
What happens during vasodilation in arterioles?
Smooth muscle cells relax, causing the lumen to get larger and decreasing resistance to blood flow.
What is the primary role of blood in the body?
To transport oxygen, nutrients, and waste products.
What is one diagnostic use of the electrocardiogram (ECG)?
It is used for diagnostic purposes.
What is the relationship between oxygen uptake and ATP production?
Oxygen uptake is essential for ATP production in the body during exercise.
What is the formula to calculate maximum heart rate (HR max)?
HR max = 208 - (0.7 × age)
What is the focus of Module 3 in KIN 104?
Exercise Physiology.
What is required for oxidative phosphorylation?
Oxygen (aerobic process).
What is the formula for calculating VO2?
VO2 (mL/kg/min) = 10.8 × WR ÷ body mass + 3.5 + 3.5.
How is the arterial-venous oxygen difference (a-v)O2 calculated?
By taking the arterial oxygen content and subtracting the venous oxygen content.
What are the two zones of the respiratory system?
Conducting zone and respiratory zone.
Why is Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) important?
It is central to bioenergetics and critical for cellular work.
What are the two main sections covered in the Basics of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Physiology?
Structure and function, and Measuring heart rate and blood pressure.
What are the two main parts of Section 1 in Module 3?
Structure and function; Measuring heart rate and blood pressure.
What are the two main sections covered in Module 3?
Response to exercise and Basics of cardiovascular and pulmonary physiology.
How is Heart Rate Reserve (HRR) calculated?
HRR = HR max - resting HR
What is the largest artery in the human body?
Aorta.
What are the smallest blood vessels that facilitate exchange of substances?
Capillaries.
What is the focus of KIN 104 – Introduction to Kinesiology?
It covers the basics of cardiac structure and function.
What does the P wave in an ECG represent?
Electrical activity related to atrial depolarization.
What is masked on the ECG by the QRS complex?
Atrial repolarization.
