Which institution is associated with the copyright notice?
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Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong.
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Which institution is associated with the copyright notice?
Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong.
What does structured analysis involve?
A systematic approach to evaluating language use.
What does 'Norm-Referenced Scores' refer to?
Scores that are interpreted in relation to a norm group.
What is an extension in indirect language stimulation?
Adding semantic information only.
At what age can children reliably answer questions?
24 months.
Who proposed the three major phases of Joint Reference and Attention?
Adamson and Chance (1998).
What is the first goal in the intervention process?
Maximize communicative functioning.
What does the Wug Test assess?
Morphology, specifically the use of regular plural forms.
What is language sampling?
A technique to collect and analyze a child's spoken language.
What is the purpose of a Parent Diary in language sampling?
To document words and phrases a child produces at home.
What is the treatment aim when a child's vocabulary is less than 50 words?
To increase vocabulary size.
What are the intermediate goals of PMT?
To increase the frequency and complexity of a child’s spontaneous non-linguistic communication acts.
What should be focused on when developing 2-word utterances?
Relative frequency of word combinations and range of semantic relations expressed.
What does 'All Rights Reserved' imply?
The copyright holder retains all the rights provided by copyright law.
Can you give an example of underextension?
A toddler refers to their own bottle as 'bottle' but not to any other type of bottles.
Who are the authors of the chapter on Responsivity Education and Prelinguistic Milieu Teaching?
M.E. Fey, S.F. Warren, S.L. Bredin-Oja, and P.J. Yoder.
In which book is the chapter on Responsivity Education and Prelinguistic Milieu Teaching found?
Treatment of language disorders in children (2nd Ed.).
In what year was Bloom and Lahey's taxonomy of language published?
What is a key component of PMT?
Providing frequent opportunities for a child to communicate.
What is a method to describe scenes without using words?
Using books without words.
What does copyright protect?
Original works of authorship, including literary, dramatic, musical, and artistic works.
What is the main goal of RE?
To support parents in responding appropriately to their child's communicative efforts.
What are the three major phases of Joint Reference and Attention?
What is the age range discussed in the context of semantic relationships?
18-24 months.
What is the purpose of low structure observations?
To gain insights into the skills and difficulties faced by the child and family.
Provide an example of overlap in language use.
A toddler uses 'candy' for gummy bear sweets and grandmother’s medicine but not for lollipops or chocolate.
What is recommended for transcribing language samples?
Video recordings.
Why are video recordings beneficial in language sampling?
They allow exploration of the child's non-verbal behaviors that may be missed during live analysis.
What is an example of a morphological rule assessed in the Wug Test?
The regular plural –s.
What is an expansion in indirect language stimulation?
Adding grammatical markers and semantic information to resemble adult form.
Who delivers the PMT intervention?
The intervention is delivered by speech therapists, teachers, or trained paraprofessionals, but not parents.
What is essential for ensuring fidelity in interventions?
Training is essential, especially if the interventionist is not a speech therapist (ST).
What skills are required for recasting in interventions?
Alertness and timing, while maintaining the child's motivation and engagement.
What does overlap mean in the context of language development?
It refers to a combination of overextension and underextension, where a toddler uses a word for some but not all referents.
At what age do children typically start using plural /s/ according to Brown's stage II?
27-30 months.
Is the approach mentioned considered evidence-based?
Yes, it is questioned whether it is an Evidence-Based Treatment Approach.
What does the Grammaticality Judgment Task evaluate?
Understanding of syntax and morphology.
What should older pre-schoolers do during language sampling?
Picture/scene description.
How does recasting differ from expansions?
Recasting is similar to expansions but focuses on teaching grammatical forms.
What is the aim of the RE/PMT and Enhanced Milieu Training (EMT)?
To facilitate the development of words, multiword combinations, and early grammar.
How does a child demonstrate they are using a word consistently?
By using the word appropriately, such as saying 'mama' when the mother is actually present.
What does Nonexistence, denial, rejection refer to?
No milk.
What is parallel talk in indirect language stimulation?
Describing what the child is doing, e.g., 'Maya is cutting the birthday cake.'
What type of interactions should parents record for language sampling?
Child playing with a sibling or with a parent/carer.
What does measuring change in intervention assess?
Treatment efficacy.
Who conducted the Wug Test?
Jean Berko in 1958.
What can children do by 12 months regarding objects?
Touch, pick up, move things, and point to them.
What is an example of a patterned elicitation?
Clinician says: ‘This boy is eating, this boy is singing, this boy is _______?’
What does Brown's stage II in morphology assess?
The use of -ing and plural /s/ forms in children.
At what age do children typically start using -ing according to Brown's stage II?
19-28 months.
What does the Possessor/Possession relation refer to in semantic analysis?
Daddy hair.
What type of activity is recommended for structured language sampling?
More structured play activity with parent/carer/clinician.
What does the Agent/Object relation illustrate?
Mummy car.
What is the recommended combination of activities for language sampling?
Free play, short narrative, and conversational samples.
What are the paralinguistic features of Infant-Directed Speech?
High overall pitch, exaggerated speech contours, and slower tempo.
What does Elicited Production involve?
Encouraging a child to produce language in response to prompts.
What is an example of Disappearance in semantic relations?
All gone milk.
What is self-talk in indirect language stimulation?
Describing what I am doing, e.g., 'Mummy is giving Teddy a drink.'
What year is indicated in the copyright notice?
What does PMT stand for?
PMT stands for an evidence-based interventionist-delivered approach.
What year is indicated in the copyright notice?
What is the purpose of patterned elicitations in language development?
To set up contexts where the child is tempted to say what we want them to say rather than simply copying.
What is the purpose of Indirect Language Stimulation?
It is useful for children who do not respond to clinician-directed approaches.
Which type of children benefit from Indirect Language Stimulation?
Children who are unassertive or do not initiate communication.
What is meant by reliability in language sampling?
Reliable language samples are similar across recordings undertaken at different periods/contexts for the same child.
What is the primary focus of the chapter authored by Fey et al.?
Methods for treating language disorders in children.
Who can interact with the child during a play session for language sampling?
A clinician or a parent.
What is indirect language stimulation?
A technique that includes recasting sentences to teach grammatical forms to children with DLD.
What is parallel talk?
Engaging in conversation while participating in parallel play.
How long should a language sample last?
20 minutes.
What is an example of Recurrence in semantic relations?
More milk.
What is Patterned Elicitation?
A method that uses structured prompts to elicit language.
What do criterion-referenced tests measure?
A child's performance against predetermined criteria or performance standards.
What does Structured Analysis involve?
Analyzing language samples in a systematic way.
What do infants begin to use within their social interactions?
Language.
What action is suggested with the spoon?
Put the spoon in the cup.
What is the significance of joint reference and attention in early communication development?
It fosters important communicative exchanges.
What does copyright protect?
Original works of authorship, including literary, dramatic, musical, and artistic works.
Why is it important to establish goals for intervention?
To provide clear targets for treatment.
What does the Wug Test demonstrate about children's language use?
Children apply grammatical rules to unfamiliar words.
Provide an example of an expansion.
Child: Duckie! / Adult: The yellow duckie is sleeping!
What is Responsivity Education (RE)?
A teaching approach focused on enhancing communication skills in children.
Provide an example of an extension.
Child: Duckie! / Adult: Yellow duckie! Bye bye duckie!!
If a child's percentile rank (PR) is 45%, what does it signify?
The child has performed as well or better than 45% of other children who have taken the test.
What is an example of an act-out task in receptive language?
Manipulating objects to demonstrate vocabulary.
What is the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory (MCDI) used for?
To assess early words and gestures in language development.
What is an example of an Attribute/Entity semantic relation?
Small apple.
What should be referenced when establishing goals for intervention?
The child's language skills profile against the typical developmental sequence.
What is an example of an Action/Object relation?
Push car.
What types of materials should be chosen for language sampling?
Materials, themes/topics that are relevant and motivating to a pre-schooler.
What distinguishes true words from babbling?
True words have a phonetic relationship to the adult word and sound similar to the adult form.
What is Elicited Imitation in expressive language?
A technique where a child is prompted to repeat a word or phrase.
What is the negative statement form of 'Dolly is sleeping'?
Dolly is not sleeping.
How do both child and environment change over time?
They evolve together, influencing each other's development.
What stage of language development is discussed?
Pre-linguistics to Emerging Language.
What is Prelinguistic Milieu Training?
An intervention that focuses on teaching communication skills before language development.
What is the relationship between babbling and speech?
There is a continuity between babbling and speech.
What is the mean of standard scores?
What is the value of one standard deviation in standard score points?
15 standard score points.
How can caregivers effectively engage with infants during play?
By joining in and building on the infant’s focus of interest without dominating.
What is the action word associated with the phrase 'Show me . . . '?
'Playing'.
What does 'All Rights Reserved' imply?
The copyright holder retains all the rights provided by copyright law.
What does 'resourceful' refer to in the context of clinician and parent time?
It refers to the costs in terms of clinician and parent time and mental and emotional resources.
Who holds the copyright in this notice?
Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong.
What is underextension in language development?
When toddlers use words to refer to only a subset of possible referents, such as using 'book' only for hard cover books.
What type of studies are mentioned regarding efficacy?
Efficacy studies under non-intense but well-controlled conditions.
What is the focus of Indirect Language Stimulation?
The focus is taken away from the child; they are not expected to perform.
What are examples of object manipulation tasks children can do by 20 months?
'Give me the ______' or 'Find the _______'.
What can video recordings of a child provide?
Insights into the child's communication abilities and interactions with siblings and parents.
What should caregivers do to sustain a child's interest in social interaction?
Follow the child's attentional lead and focus on what the child is playing with.
What is the ultimate goal of language intervention?
To improve overall language functioning to approximate chronological age or general cognitive abilities.
What role does assessment play in curriculum development?
It informs curriculum adjustments based on student performance.
What types of sentences can recasting illustrate?
Statements, questions, and negative statements.
What are some methods mentioned for language intervention?
RE/PMT, Enhanced Milieu Training (EMT), and Focused Stimulation.
What is necessary for effective indirect language stimulation?
It needs to be presented at a high dose.
What is an example of narrative assessment?
Re-telling a story.
How do criterion-referenced tests differ from norm-referenced tests?
They do not compare a child's performance to that of other children.
What is one benefit of criterion-referenced tests?
They enable exploration of a particular language level in depth.
When does intentional communication typically emerge in infants?
Around 8-10 months.
What do research findings indicate about babbling and early words?
Babbling and early words share consonants and vowels.
What are the reflexive sounds produced by infants aged 0-2 months?
Crying, fussing, and vegetative sounds (like burping and coughing).
What does clinician-directed modeling involve?
The clinician demonstrates language use for the child to imitate.
How can caregivers encourage turn-taking during communication?
By waiting for responses and balancing the number of turns.
What does a score in the 90th percentile indicate?
The child has performed as well as or better than 90% of other test takers of the same age or grade level.
Why are caregiver responses important in Joint Reference and Attention?
They help infants value and participate in interpersonal interactions.
What do some parents report about their child's speaking habits?
They say 'He speaks more at home.'
During which phase does the emergence and coordination of joint attention occur?
Phase 2: 6 - 12 months.
What is the purpose of establishing baseline function?
To assess the initial state before intervention.
What are good verbal prompts used for?
To encourage language development and communication.
What does RE stand for?
RE stands for Responsive Education.
When can we start working towards 2-word utterances?
When the child's vocabulary reaches 50 words.
How many sessions are involved in coaching for RE?
9-10 one-hour sessions in the child’s home.
How does RE facilitate early language development?
By fostering the child's participation in interactions with others.
What does a percentile rank indicate in norm-referenced scores?
It shows the proportion of the normative population that scored lower than the child taking the test.
What is a characteristic of expressive language at this stage?
Syntax is limited.
What does Prelinguistic Milieu Teaching (PMT) aim to achieve?
To promote early communication skills in children before they develop spoken language.
What is the nature of the effects observed in the studies?
Relatively short-lived but moderate to large effects on targeted child and parent behaviors.
What is the purpose of structured analysis in language sampling?
To observe communicative behavior and gain information about form, content, and use.
Which organization is referenced regarding semantic relationships?
asha.org.
What is required for further understanding of the treatment's efficacy?
Further clinical research to investigate child and parent characteristics.
Where can observations of the child take place?
At home, at school, or in a waiting area.
What does validity refer to in the context of language samples?
The sample accurately represents the quantity and quality of language the child can produce.
What are the two types of semantic relations mentioned?
Improbable vs probable and decontextualised vs contextualised.
What general aspects are assessed during low structure observations?
Child's communication abilities, behavior, attention skills, and interests.
What is the purpose of assessment in the context of education?
To evaluate and improve student learning and instructional effectiveness.
What is Bloom and Lahey's taxonomy of language?
A framework for assessing language development.
How can assessment benefit educators?
It helps educators identify students' strengths and weaknesses.
What factors should be considered when establishing intervention goals?
Client/family/teacher preferences, needs, and priorities.
What is the purpose of using vocal play in intervention?
To encourage the child to engage in vocal play without focusing on linguistic mapping.
What is the primary purpose of Bloom and Lahey's taxonomy?
To provide a structured approach to assess language skills.
What does the Action/Locative relation refer to?
Throw chair.
How many utterances should be included in a language sample?
50-100 utterances.
How can an interventionist model a child's previous vocal production?
By modeling the child's previous production during other activities, like bathtime.
What do semantic relations refer to in language development?
The part a word plays in an event.
Which programs are associated with language intervention in the text?
Hanen Programs.
What is the age range covered in the document?
Birth up to 36 months of age.
At what age is the Act-Out Task aimed?
2-3 years.
At what age do children typically understand the concept of size?
Around 2-3 years.
Who provides RE?
A trained professional.
What task can children respond to by 24 months?
Picture-pointing tasks, such as 'Point to the ______' or 'Show me the ________'.
By what age can children perform object manipulation tasks?
By 20 months.
What does a percentile rank of 45% imply about the performance of other children?
It means that less than 45% of children performed worse than the child.
Who developed the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory?
Fenson et al., in 2007.
What is the purpose of behavioural observations?
To sample whether a particular behaviour of interest occurs, its frequency, and the context or antecedents associated with it.
Where can you find checklists for observing behaviours?
What barriers should be considered in communication and academic success?
ICF personal factors and environmental factors.
Why is it important to assess student progress?
To ensure that learning objectives are being met.
What is another term for Infant-Directed Speech?
Motherese or Baby Talk.
What does the example about putting shoes on illustrate?
It illustrates a child's understanding of routine instructions.
At what age do children typically know common object names?
Around 12 months.
What is a key strategy for arranging the environment for children?
Place objects of desire in the child's view but out of reach (communication temptations).
What are raw scores converted into for standardization?
Standard scores.
How do criterion-referenced tests cater to individual needs?
They suit the individual needs of the child.
What is a picture scene description used for?
To assess a child's ability to describe and narrate based on visual prompts.
What percentage of scores fall within -1 standard deviation to +1 standard deviation of the mean?
68%.
How does Infant-Directed Speech utilize questions?
It features more questions, like 'Has daddy come home? Is that daddy’s car?' compared to statements.
How can an interventionist reinforce a child's request for a biscuit?
By giving the child the biscuit and providing linguistic mapping, such as 'You want a biscuit? I know you wanted a biscuit because you pointed.'
What does a standard score indicate?
The number of standard deviations a raw score falls above or below the mean.
What is another important factor in sentence structure for linguistic stimuli?
Sentence complexity.
Which intervention approach is considered the most natural?
Child-centered approaches.
What is the purpose of establishing baseline function in language assessment?
To profile weaknesses as well as strengths across all domains and modalities of language.
What is a retrieval error in language acquisition?
When toddlers know a word but cannot retrieve it, leading them to unintentionally choose a different or wrong word.
What is one collateral area assessed in children with speech difficulties?
Hearing.
What is a common example of a shorter utterance in Infant-Directed Speech?
'You want apple?'
What do daily routines offer infants besides comfort?
Appropriate linguistic patterns and social interactions.
What should be done if a child is unable to perform the Act-Out Task with improbable events?
Use probable events instead.
How long can toddlers usually sustain a conversation?
For only one or two turns.
What is the age equivalent (AE) for a child with a chronological age (CA) of 8 years and an expressive language AE of 7 years?
1-year deficit.
What role does the clinician play in Indirect Language Stimulation?
The clinician prepares materials but does not direct the activity.
What does the picture selection task assess in receptive language?
Vocabulary, syntax, and morphology.
What should be done if a target form does not appear in the language sample?
Use elicited production procedures to check for that target form.
What other domains are observed besides communication?
Gross-motor and fine-motor skills.
What are models in the context of intervention?
Gestural, motor, or vocal acts used by the Interventionist to increase the child's use of communication.
What is an example of an Entity/Locative relation?
Mummy bed.
What is an example of a gestural model?
Pointing.
What is recommended for recording during language sampling?
Audio recording for off-line transcribing.
How can role play and games be used in language assessment?
They create engaging contexts for children to use language, such as 'I spy'.
What is the role of parents in RE?
Parents are taught to respond to their child’s vocalizations by linguistically mapping the child’s intended meaning.
How does linguistic mapping support the child?
It supports further word learning and production in the child.
What is the purpose of a parent diary in language assessment?
To track and document a child's language development over time.
What is Script Therapy (ST)?
An intervention that uses structured scripts to teach language skills.
What is a key behavior infants exhibit to communicate desire?
Eye gaze at the object of desire.
What is the importance of caregiver responses to infant vocalizations?
Caregivers' attention and sensitivity help facilitate communication.
What is a characteristic of late talkers in relation to babbling?
Late talkers produced less babbling and less canonical babbling.
What is declarative pointing and when does it emerge?
It directs an adult's attention to objects and emerges after imperative pointing.
What does a child's language score in a Norm-Referenced Test allow for?
Comparison with other children of the same age (norming sample).
What is the title of the manual referenced?
The Chinese Communicative Development Inventory (Putonghua and Cantonese versions): Manual, Forms, and Norms.
What do infants learn to maintain during interactions?
Attention.
What is another example of an object manipulation request?
Point to the . . .
How many words are in the Cantonese data for boys?
297 words.
What is the average vocabulary size of a child by 18-24 months?
200-300 words.
What is an example of transferring in early communicative acts?
Giving the toy they were playing with to another person.
How can social-emotional functioning impact a child's communication?
It affects how the child uses communicative skills and their activities and participation.
What factors should be considered to determine a child's best functioning?
The most ideal conditions for the child and their performance in structured or stressful contexts.
What is the fourth intermediate goal?
Increase the frequency, spontaneity, and range of conventional and non-conventional gestures.
What happens to the width of the confidence range when a higher confidence interval is chosen?
The width of the confidence range increases.
What is categorical overextension?
Extending a word to all other words in the same category, e.g., using 'dog' for all four-legged animals.
What percentage of children can produce 4-word utterances by 36 months?
84%.
What does imperative pointing indicate in early communication?
Requesting objects.
How does the clinician respond to the child in Indirect Language Stimulation?
The clinician responds to what the child says and interprets their communicative attempts without eliciting specific structures.
Give an example of an Agent/Action relation.
Teddy hit.
What is parallel play?
Playing with similar toys or copying the child's actions.
Provide an example of a Demonstrative/Entity relation.
This cup.
How should non-linguistic models be used?
They should not be associated with any referent.
What is the statement form of 'Is dolly sleeping?'?
Dolly is sleeping.
What do bidirectional reciprocal interactions between infant and parent facilitate?
Early social and communication development.
What is a child-centered intervention approach?
An approach that focuses on the child's interests and needs during therapy.
What does Hybrid intervention approach combine?
Elements of both child-centered and clinician-directed approaches.
How can observation of a play session help in language assessment?
It provides insights into a child's natural language use.
What does copyright © signify?
It indicates that the content is protected and all rights are reserved.
What is a key aspect of caregiver responses to infants?
Attention and sensitivity to the infant’s vocalizations and communicative attempts.
What is the alternative number of items that could be used for each form?
5 items for each form.
What is another term for Infant-Directed Speech?
Motherese or Baby Talk.
What year is indicated in the copyright notice?
What is a key characteristic of joint reference and attention in infants?
They take more interest in looking at and manipulating objects around them.
How does language use in play evolve between 30-36 months?
It continues to develop.
What does expanding and extending refer to in caregiver responses?
Building on the infant's vocalizations to enhance communication.
What type of toys should be used during the assessment?
Motivating toys.
What phase marks the emergence and coordination of joint attention?
Phase 2: 6 - 12 months.
What are infants particularly interested in regarding social interactions?
People's faces, especially their parents'.
What feedback did a parent give about the toys used in class?
'Your student did not use fun toys. My child does not like looking at pictures.'
What should caregivers pay attention to in language development?
Gestures.
What is the purpose of proto-declaratives?
To establish social interaction or joint attention by getting the adult to focus on an object or event.
What is the age range of children mentioned in the interaction?
CA 12-54 months functioning at a DA 9-16 months.
Give an example of a turn-taking activity for encouraging communication.
Ball or car rolling to each other, building a tower with blocks, or using wind-up toys.
How do infants respond to adult communicative attempts?
By smiling or laughing.
What are the criteria for referential words in the play-based interaction?
Less than 5 referential words (CDI).
What type of input does the parent provide to support the child's development?
More complex input.
What should be evaluated to decide if a client can be discharged?
Whether more change can be achieved.
What defines canonical babbling in infants?
Well-formed syllables, such as 'baba', occurring from 6 months and older.
What is an example of non-reduplicated or variegated babbling?
goo ga.
What is an example of a recast sentence?
C: Dolly sleep! / A: Dolly is sleeping.
What is the theoretical basis of RE/PMT?
The transactional model of social communication development.
What does the phrase 'Avoid Overinterpretation' suggest?
It suggests being cautious about making assumptions beyond the context provided.
How do semantic relations assist children in language development?
They help narrow the number of possible interpretations for new words children hear.
What is Infant-Directed Speech?
Speech that adults use in communicative situations with infants and young children.
What are some common phrases children use to interact with objects?
'Show me', 'Point to', 'Give me'.
What is Focused Stimulation (FS)?
A technique that emphasizes specific language targets in a naturalistic context.
What is linguistic mapping in the context of child communication?
Providing verbal descriptions or labels for the child's actions.
What should be done with the doll?
Make the doll sit on the chair.
What is the recommended number of items for each form in trials?
4 items for each form.
What types of questions should caregivers use with infants?
A variety of questions including wh-questions and yes/no questions for clarification.
What should caregivers avoid when interacting with infants?
Testing the infant; instead, they should wait for responses.
What is an important physical interaction technique for caregivers?
Being face-to-face with the infant by moving to their level.
What vocal developments occur during the expansion stage (3-8 months)?
Isolated vowels that resemble adult vowels and sequences of two or more vowels.
What is the significance of gesture use at 14 months?
It is a significant predictor of vocabulary size at 42 months.
What age range does the TOPOL assess?
From 2 years 6 months to 5 years 11 months.
What is the average vocabulary size of a child by 12-18 months?
50-100 words.
How does Infant-Directed Speech differ in the use of subordinate clauses?
It uses fewer subordinate clauses.
What are non-speechlike vocalizations in infants?
Vocalizations such as vegetative sounds (e.g., burps) and fixed vocal signals (e.g., crying).
What is a common request for object manipulation?
Give me the . . .
Which university published the manual?
Peking University Medical Press.
What did a parent say about the support their child received?
'The student did not help my child.'
What is the age range for the youngest participants in the TOPOL?
Birth to 3 years 0 months.
What is a feature of Infant-Directed Speech regarding content and function words?
It has more content words and fewer function words.
What aspects of a child's life are considered in social-emotional functioning assessments?
Everyday social interactions and social experiences, as well as emotional and behavioral adjustment.
What types of requests do infants make for information?
Requests for labels or information.
What might indicate a need for referral to Psychology in children?
Issues related to emotional and behavioral adjustment.
What does informing mean in the context of early communicative acts?
Informing an adult when something is not right, e.g., when a toy does not work.
What is a notable change in communicative acts from 18 to 24 months?
Increased production of communicative acts, many in combination with words or word combinations.
What is an example of an infant's response to a request for information?
Providing an appropriate answer.
What are advanced forms of vocal development observed between 9-18 months?
Complex syllables, diphthongs, and multi-syllabic strings.
What is the focus of the Act-Out Task?
Using prepositions 'in', 'out', 'on', and 'under'.
What should an interventionist do in response to a child's non-linguistic communicative acts?
Respond meaningfully to the child's actions.
What does 'Avoid Overinterpretation' suggest?
It advises against making assumptions beyond the given information.
What is a key aspect of caregiver responses to infants?
Attention and sensitivity to the infant’s vocalizations and communicative attempts.
What phase marks the transition to language development?
Phase 3: Transition to Language (12 months – beyond).
What does 'waiting and listening' involve in caregiver responses?
Waiting for infant-initiated communication and listening to allow the infant to complete messages.
What is the main goal of Responsivity Education (RE)?
To facilitate the child's social communication skills by enhancing the quality of interaction between the child and parent.
Which intervention approach is considered the least natural?
Clinician-directed approaches.
What is a key aspect of Joint Reference and Attention in infants?
Attending to social partners.
What is the copyright year mentioned in the document?
Give an example of how a first word can be extended in context.
Using 'wawa' to refer to water in various situations like a cup, drinking, or bath-time.
What is the first intermediate goal for communication development?
Establish routines to serve as the context for communicative acts.
How does parental gesture use affect children's gesture use?
Parents who use more gestures lead to children using more gestures.
What do confidence intervals (CIs) represent in norm-referenced scores?
They are ranges of scores in which we can be confident that the child’s 'true' score lies.
What do adults provide during daily routines that aids infants?
Commentaries that are repeated daily.
What conversational skills do toddlers typically lack?
They struggle to change or maintain topics in conversation.
What is an example of attention seeking to self in early communicative acts?
Pulling mummy’s dress.
What is the age range for Phase 1 of Joint Reference and Attention?
Birth to 6 months.
What is required for a child's first word in terms of pronunciation?
It must have recognizable pronunciation similar to the adult form.
What is a key consideration when measuring change in intervention?
Determining if language goals are achieved.
What are linguistic prompts?
Open-ended questions asked to encourage the child to communicate, such as 'What do you want?'
What are criterion-referenced procedures?
Assessment methods that measure a student's performance against a fixed set of criteria or learning standards.
What is the limit for prelinguistic comments in the interaction?
Less than 15 prelinguistic comments.
What are some examples of pronouns misused by toddlers?
Examples include 'me go' and 'her eating'.
What types of adult-like sentence structures do toddlers start to use?
Wh-questions, commands, and yes-no questions.
What is the Stark Assessment of Early Vocal Development-Revised?
A tool used to assess early vocal development in infants.
What is language sampling?
Collecting samples of a child's spontaneous speech for analysis.
What should a child receive when they communicate non-linguistically?
The desired object or action.
What is language used to represent in social interactions?
Objects and events.
Give an example of linguistic mapping.
If a child points to a tub of bubbles, the interventionist might say, 'Bubbles. Let’s pop the bubbles!'
Who is the faculty associated with the copyright notice?
The Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong.
What is Drill Play?
A combination of drill techniques with playful activities to enhance engagement.
What are Norm-Referenced Tests designed for?
To compare and rank test takers in relation to one another.
What new communicative intents do toddlers develop between 24-30 months?
Talking about absent objects and starting narratives ('heap stories').
What is the setting for the assessment of communication?
Play context.
What is a key characteristic of a first word?
It has to be used consistently and extended beyond the original context.
What is an example of an object manipulation request?
Show me the red car.
In what contexts are RE techniques used?
Within enabling contexts.
What do daily routines provide for infants?
A sense of comfort and predictability.
What are key elements of Responsivity Education?
Parallel play and parallel talk.
What is the second intermediate goal mentioned?
Increase the frequency of nonlinguistic vocalizations.
What does limited use of gestures indicate?
It is a poor prognostic feature for language development.
What is the role of an AGENT in semantic roles?
Performer of an action.
How does the parent respond to the child's communication?
Through linguistic mapping/recasts.
What is an example of a gesture-gesture combination?
Pointing to a dolly and making a gesture for sleep.
What is the outcome of the parent's response to the child?
Further development in the child's communication and vocabulary.
How many communicative acts do toddlers produce by 24 months?
About 5-7 communicative acts per minute.
How do infants acknowledge that an adult's utterance has been received?
By imitating the adult's utterance or intonation pattern, or through head nods.
What characterizes the two-word utterances of toddlers?
They have a 'telegraphic quality' where function words are left out.
What does LOCATIVE refer to in semantic roles?
Place where an object or action is located.
What are some characteristics of standardised assessments?
Clear administration and scoring methods.
What method is used to identify responsivity in the Practical Requirements of RE?
Video recordings of the parent and child playing together.
What does the child's ability to follow instructions about toys indicate?
It indicates an understanding of prepositions and spatial concepts.
What is Indirect Language Stimulation (ILS)?
A technique that includes self-talk, parallel-talk, expansions, extensions, and recast sentences.
What are other terms for Infant-Directed Speech?
Motherese or Baby Talk.
Do infants follow a predictable pattern in vocalisations?
Yes, they follow a predictable pattern.
What is Dialogic Reading?
A shared reading approach that encourages interaction and discussion about the text.
What role do criterion-referenced tests play in intervention?
They help in remedial planning and evaluation of intervention progress.
What should be considered when controlling linguistic stimuli?
Vocabulary.
What do developmental summaries of speech production provide?
An overview of the stages of vocal development in infants.
Who provided the slide mentioned in the copyright notice?
Prof Kathy Lee.
What are 'heap stories'?
Narratives that are primarily labels and descriptions.
What is the focus of the Act-Out Task?
Assessing agent-action-object relationships.
Which institution is associated with the copyright?
Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong.
Why is it important to consider different settings when assessing a child's language?
Because the clinic setting can be stressful for children, making it less representative of their real-life communication abilities.
What is the minimum age for the TOPOL assessment?
2 years 0 months.
What is a key characteristic of a child's first words?
The word must be produced with a clear purpose.
What is the maximum age for the TOPOL assessment?
5 years 11 months.
Give an example of a purposeful first word from an infant.
When the infant says 'milk' to obtain milk.
How often do toddlers overextend new words they acquire?
Approximately a third of all new words.
Who conducted the study referenced in the document?
Tardif et al., 2006.
What did a parent mention about their child's preferences in play?
'She does not like playing with dolls.'
What is an ENTITY in semantic roles?
Contains only one semantic role or grammatical category and may be more than one word (e.g., baby, the piggy).
What might toddlers not realize during a conversation?
That a turn is required.
What is the typical understanding of toddlers aged 18-24 months regarding words in sentences?
They can understand only 2-3 words out of each sentence they hear.
Are toddlers skilled at following conversations?
No, they are not yet skilled at following conversations.
At what age are 25% of a child's productions still unintelligible?
At 18 months.
How do children request action from adults?
By handing an object to an adult, indicating they want the adult to do something with it.
What is relational overextension?
Extending a word to other semantically or thematically related words, e.g., using 'flower' for garden, pots, or watering can.
How can you encourage eye contact in a child?
By holding an object near your eyes.
Who developed Oller’s Typology of Infant Phonations?
Oller, along with Oller and Badon.
Why is it important to ensure you are at the child's eye and face level?
To facilitate better communication and engagement.
What does a recorded communicative sample involve?
Recording a child's speech during natural interactions for analysis.
What approach do researchers use to classify infant vocal sounds?
A stage approach.
How should caregivers respond to an infant's initiation?
By following the child's lead and responding verbally using motherese.
What is the rule of thumb for a child to pass the trials?
The child needs to get 3 out of 4 correct (or 3 out of 5).
What is a category membership error in toddlers?
When toddlers assume that different animals, like a dog and a horse, belong to the same category and incorrectly label them.
Who should the child be observed with during the assessment?
A familiar adult.
What are some cues for joint attention?
Line of regard (adult's gaze direction) and gestures (pointing, holding objects at face/mouth level).
At what age do children typically start to identify colors?
Around 18 months.
What types of questions do children understand and use between 24-30 months?
What (objects), who (people), basic events, and where (where x is going).
What type of events should be used for children aged 3-4 years in the Act-Out Task?
Improbable events, such as 'the car pushes the cup.'
What should the adult do during the assessment?
Follow the child's lead.
How many communicative acts do toddlers produce at 18 months?
About 2 communicative acts per minute.
What type of events should be used for children aged 2-3 years in the Act-Out Task?
Probable events, such as 'the bear pushes the cup.'
How many words are in the Cantonese data for girls?
322 words.
What are basic canonical syllables in early vocal development?
CV syllables produced between 5-10 months.
In what year was the manual published?
How do children seek attention to events, objects, or other people?
By pointing to things in the environment.
What is another term for Infant-Directed Speech?
Motherese or Baby Talk.
What are standardised assessments?
Empirically developed tools with established statistical reliability and validity.
Who provides the training for the Practical Requirements of RE?
An ST trained in the Hanen Parent Training program.
Where are the sessions for the Practical Requirements of RE conducted?
At home.
What types of reliability are important in standardised assessments?
Inter-rater and test-retest reliability.
What is a key characteristic of Infant-Directed Speech regarding repetition?
It includes more repetition, such as 'Look at the butterfly. Do you like butterflies? The butterfly is so pretty' compared to adult speech.
What is Drill in language intervention?
A structured practice method focusing on repetition of language skills.
What is imperative pointing and when does it emerge?
It emerges around 10 months to gain an object of desire.
What aspect of sentences should be controlled in linguistic stimuli?
Sentence length.
What type of sounds are produced during the control of phonation stage (1-4 months)?
Cooing type sounds, vowel-like sounds, consonant-like segments (e.g., 'ab'), and raspberries.
What techniques does Responsivity Education (RE) use?
Techniques to create and support a responsive interaction style in parents.
What are pragmatic errors in language development?
When toddlers know two objects are different but lack a name for one of them, leading to incorrect labeling.
What are the two types of pointing gestures mentioned?
Imperative pointing and declarative pointing.
What is a characteristic of Infant-Directed Speech regarding utterance length?
It has a shorter mean length of utterance.
What do toddlers do to continue topics in conversation between 30-36 months?
They add more information.
What sound does the car make according to the text?
Vroom!
What type of questions do children begin to understand between 30-36 months?
Why questions.
What are referential gestures?
Gestures that have a specified meaning for the child and are stable across contexts, such as holding hand to ear for 'telephone'.
What does oral-motor assessment evaluate?
Deficits in oral-motor structure and/or function as a cause of speech/expressive language difficulties.
What aspects of communication should be observed during the play assessment?
Range of communicative functions, frequency of communicative acts, and means of communication.
What spatial concepts do children understand between 30-36 months?
In, on, under.
What are common purposes of communicative acts in toddlers at 18 months?
To request objects or actions, establish joint attention, or engage in social interaction.
What is an example of a gesture-word combination?
Pointing to a bottle and saying 'mama'.
What does the OBJECT semantic role refer to?
Person or thing that receives the force of the action.
What do norm-referenced scores represent?
Scores that do not represent equal intervals.
How do toddlers primarily express their communicative intentions at 18 months?
With gestures more than words.
Who conducted research on the importance of routines in infancy?
Weitzman and Greenberg, 2002.
What does the fifth intermediate goal involve?
Combine components of intentional communication acts: eye contact with partner + vocalization + gesture.
What is an example of a phonetically approximate first word?
'Wawa' for water.
What is an example of reduplicated babbling?
ba ba ba.
What ability do toddlers have regarding clarification in conversations?
They are unable to seek clarification, though some may make requests for clarification by 30-36 months.
What factors should be considered when prioritizing a caseload?
Resources and the potential for achieving more change.
Why is it important for clinicians to note characteristics of the norming sample?
To ensure the assessment is appropriate and relevant for the population being tested.
What phase involves the emergence and coordination of joint attention?
Phase 2: 6 - 12 months.
How does joint reference provide word-learning opportunities?
The infant looks at the reference when the adult provides its name.
What does TOPOL stand for?
The Hong Kong Test of Preschool Oral Language (Cantonese).
What does joint attention involve?
Simultaneous engagement of two or more individuals in mental focus on a single external object of attention.
What are deictic gestures?
Gestures during infancy that include pointing, showing, giving, and reaching.
How do daily routines contribute to language learning in infants?
They provide a platform for language learning through repeated commentaries.
What are proto-imperatives in infants?
Communicative acts to get the adult to do something, such as requests for objects or actions, and rejections or protests.
What should be observed to understand a child's communication abilities?
Communication across different settings/contexts, such as clinic vs school and interactions with clinicians vs siblings.
What does the third intermediate goal focus on?
Increase the frequency and spontaneity of coordinated eye gaze.
What are standardized tests?
Assessments that are administered and scored in a consistent manner.
What are time delay prompts?
A pause or period of waiting to encourage a child to communicate without any other cue.
What does protesting/objecting involve in early communication?
Crying or protesting vocally when an adult or another child takes the toy away.
What percentage of children can produce 3-word utterances by 36 months?
90%.
What occurs during the primitive articulation stage of infant phonation?
Vowel-like productions by shaping of the articulators, occurring from 2-3 months.
What institution is associated with the copyright?
Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong.
If a clinician chooses a 90% confidence interval for a score of 90, what is the range?
83-98.
What does the POSSESSOR semantic role indicate?
Person or thing that an object is associated with or belongs to.
What does it mean if a clinician interprets a score with a 90% confidence interval?
The clinician is confident 90% of the time that the child’s score would fall within the specified range.
What is defined as ACTION in semantic roles?
Movement or activity engaged in by an agent.
What does a raw score of 29 correspond to for a child with a CA of 3 years and 6 months?
An age equivalent of 2 years and 4 months.
What does standardised assessment allow for in terms of performance comparison?
It allows a child's performance to be compared to normative data.
What is the limit for prelinguistic requests in the interaction?
Less than 15 prelinguistic requests.
What types of validity are important in standardised assessments?
Face, content, criterion, predictive validity.
What concern did a parent express regarding their child's engagement?
'My child was bored.'
Who are the authors of the referenced manual?
Tardif, T., Fletcher, P., Zhang, Z.X., & Liang, W.L.
What developmental shift occurs in infants regarding attention?
They begin to shift attention between an object of interest and another person.
What does the child demonstrate through their communication?
Intentional communication.
What is overextension in language development?
When toddlers apply a new word to a broader category than intended.
What are typical levels of confidence for confidence intervals?
68%, 85%, 90%, or 95%.
What characterizes quasi-vowels in infant phonation?
Vowel-like productions without shaping of the articulators, occurring from 0-2 months.
What is one method for assessing gesture use?
CDI (Communicative Development Inventories).
What characterizes canonical babbling?
The production of more than 2 CV syllables together.
What is the purpose of interviews and questionnaires in assessment?
To gather qualitative data about an individual's abilities and experiences.
What is the expansion stage in infant phonation?
Marginal babbling comprising a consonant-like and vowel-like sound, occurring from 3-6 months.
What is a key requirement for test-takers in standardised assessments?
All test-takers must answer the same items/questions in a standardised way.
What is an example of an infant objecting to something?
Pushing the milk bottle away when they have had enough milk.
Which types of words are often omitted in toddlers' speech?
Function words like 'a' and 'the'.
What is important to assess regarding a child's language skills?
If the child can use the newly acquired language skill in naturalistic settings.
What does a standard score of 87 indicate about a child's expressive language?
The child is within the normal range but toward the end of it.
What type of training does the ST provide in the Practical Requirements of RE?
An adapted version of the Hanen Parent Training program.
How many sessions are required for the Practical Requirements of RE?
8-9 sessions.
What is analogical overextension?
Extending a word to other perceptually similar objects, e.g., using 'ball' for round objects like a full moon or orange.
What is the duration of the Practical Requirements of RE?
3-6 months.
How many canonical syllable communication acts are noted in the interaction?
Less than 15 canonical syllable communication acts.
What are non-linguistic prompts?
Actions that show the child what to do, like physically manipulating their hand for a gesture.
What is a way children request information?
By pointing to an object and wanting the adult to provide its name or more information about it.
What is jargon in the context of early vocal development?
Babbling that contains at least 2 syllables and 2 different consonants and vowels, along with stress and intonation patterns.
Which groups of children are mentioned as beneficiaries of the interaction?
Children with intellectual disability, ASD, Down syndrome.
What is an example of a yes-no question that toddlers might ask?
We go play?
Is a 1-year deficit at age 8 equivalent to a 1-year deficit at age 2?
No, they do not represent equal intervals.
What is dynamic assessment?
An approach that evaluates a learner's potential through interactive learning experiences.
What is a common greeting gesture used by children?
Waving hi or bye bye.
What should be analyzed if language goals are not being achieved?
The reasons why goals are not being met.
Give an example of a Wh-question used by toddlers.
What's that?
How would you describe the intensity of the Practical Requirements of RE?
Intensive.
What are behavioral observations?
Methods of assessing an individual's behavior in natural settings.
What is the standard score range considered normal?
85-115.
What is functional assessment?
An evaluation that focuses on how a person performs tasks in real-life situations.
What is curriculum-based assessment?
An assessment method that evaluates a student's performance based on the curriculum they are taught.
Provide an example of a command that toddlers might use.
Mummy do it!
What is an ATTRIBUTE in the context of semantic roles?
Adjective that describes the size, shape, or quality of an object or person.
When should you consider moving on to the next language goal?
When the current language goals are achieved.
