4 The Orbit Slides

Pear-shaped.

Left orbital floor fracture.

Proptosis is the abnormal protrusion or displacement of the eye.

Blow-out fracture, haemorrhage, emphysema.

Symptoms may include pain, swelling, bruising around the eye, double vision, and restricted eye movement.

Cavernous haemangioma.

Optic atrophy is the damage or degeneration of the optic nerve, leading to vision loss.

50%.

The ophthalmic artery.

Diagnosis typically involves imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans, followed by a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancerous cells.

It is used to measure the degree of forward displacement (proptosis) of the eye.

The floor of the left orbit.

Middle-aged persons.

Enucleation is the removal of the entire eyeball, leaving the eye muscles and remaining orbital contents intact.

A depression in the orbit that houses the lacrimal gland.

It is often caused by infections in the face or skull, such as sinusitis or dental infections.

Because it is prone to fractures from trauma.

Diagnosis is typically made through clinical examination and imaging studies such as CT scans or X-rays.

Common causes include bacterial infections, often originating from sinusitis, trauma, or surgery.

Whether the movements are normal.

Sympathetic nerve fibers.

Traumatic, Inflammatory, Neoplasms, Cysts, Metabolic, Vascular.

In early childhood.

Bilateral, vision impaired, reflexes impaired or absent, papilloedema present, involvement of cranial nerves III, IV, V1, and VI.

It helps quantify the extent of proptosis, which is crucial for diagnosing and monitoring conditions affecting the orbit.

Impaired eye movements.

Orbital cellulitis is an infection of the tissues located behind the orbital septum, including the fat and muscles within the orbit.

At the apex of the orbit.

Benign and malignant neoplasms.

Ipsilateral nosebleed.

Systemic corticosteroids or radiation.

Epithelial tumors, lympho-proliferative tumors, and inflammatory tumors.

Orbital cellulitis is typically diagnosed through clinical examination, imaging studies like CT or MRI, and sometimes blood tests or cultures.

Treatment options often include a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.

Echinococcus granulosus.

The trochlear nerve.

Vascular.

An inflammatory, tumor-like lesion of unknown cause.

Evisceration, Enucleation, and Exenteration.

Trauma to the left side of the face or orbit.

A rare but serious condition where a blood clot forms in the cavernous sinus, a large vein at the base of the brain.

Papilloedema is the swelling of the optic disc due to increased intracranial pressure.

CT scan of the orbit.

To check for thyroid-related conditions that may affect the orbit.

Rhabdomyosarcoma most commonly affects children and adolescents.

The oculomotor nerve.

The ophthalmic division.

The thyroid gland.

Common symptoms include bulging eyes (proptosis), double vision, eye pain, redness, and swelling.

It measures the distance between the lateral orbital rim and the anterior corneal surface.

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate; it helps detect inflammation.

Common symptoms include pain, swelling, redness around the eye, fever, and impaired eye movement.

Neurofibromata.

To visualize the bony structures of the orbit.

Thyroid ophthalmopathy.

Thyroid ophthalmopathy.

An Orbital Pseudotumor is an inflammatory condition that mimics a tumor but is not cancerous.

The lateral orbital rim and the anterior corneal surface.

Complete examination.

Diplopia (double vision).

Evisceration involves the removal of the eye's contents, leaving the scleral shell and extraocular muscles intact.

An orbit floor fracture is a break in the bone forming the floor of the eye socket.

The cranial cavity, temporal fossa laterally, and paranasal sinuses inferiorly and medially.

Common causes include blunt trauma to the face, such as from sports injuries, car accidents, or physical assaults.

It provides detailed images of the orbit, including bones and soft tissues.

Pupils, cranial nerve involvement, thyroid ophthalmopathy, glands, thyroid mass or bruit, and measure proptosis.

Complications can include permanent vision loss, stroke, and spread of infection to the brain.

Look for thyroid mass or bruit.

Floor, roof, medial wall, and lateral wall.

Cellulitis, cavernous sinus thrombosis, pseudo tumor, abscess, pan-ophthalmitis, inflammation of lacrimal gland.

Unilateral.

Pulsation of the eyeball.

Diagnosis typically involves imaging studies like MRI or CT scans, along with blood tests to identify infection.

The orbit and the ethmoid sinus.

Potential complications include persistent double vision, enophthalmos (sunken eye), and impaired eye movement.

Painful proptosis may suggest an inflammatory or infectious cause.

Check if the pupils are normal.

The retina.

Retinoblastoma can be either unilateral (affecting one eye) or bilateral (affecting both eyes).

It causes inflammation and swelling of the eye muscles and fatty tissue behind the eye, leading to symptoms like bulging eyes and double vision.

Unilateral, vision normal, pupillary reflex normal, no papilloedema, impaired eye movements due to swelling.

Impaired visual acuity.

Defective eye movements.

Potential complications include vision loss, abscess formation, and spread of infection to the brain or other parts of the body.

The duration can help determine the underlying cause and urgency of the condition.

Treatment options may include observation for minor fractures, surgical repair for more severe cases, and management of symptoms such as pain and swelling.

Changes with position can indicate vascular or orbital mass-related causes.

To identify any neurological deficits that may be contributing to or resulting from the proptosis.

Inflammatory.

Check the glands for any abnormalities.

The abducens nerve.

Measure the degree of proptosis.

Retinoblastoma is typically diagnosed through a combination of eye examinations, imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI, and genetic testing.

It is rare, but Thyroid Eye Disease can occur in individuals with normal thyroid function, though it is most commonly associated with hyperthyroidism or Graves' disease.

Inflammation of the lacrimal gland, also known as dacryoadenitis, is the swelling of the gland that produces tears.

A large object like a football causing damage to the orbital rim.

Enophthalmos is the posterior displacement of the eye within the orbit, and it can occur as a result of blowout fractures.

Painful.

Position of the eyeball.

Complete history.

Symptoms can include double vision, sunken eye appearance, swelling, bruising around the eye, and difficulty moving the eye.

Dermoid cyst, parasitic cyst, sinus mucocoele.

Orbital varix, aneurism, haemorrhage, carotid artery cavernous sinus fistula.

Neoplasms.

Metabolic.

Treatment options may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, laser therapy, cryotherapy, and surgery.

Cellulitis is an infection of the soft tissues around the eye, leading to inflammation.

Full Blood Count.

Symptoms include severe headache, eye swelling, vision problems, and cranial nerve dysfunction.

Whether the lids are normal.

Diminished sensation over the distribution of the infraorbital nerve.

Dermoid cysts.

The superior orbital fissure.

Color vision, impaired vision, diplopia, and eyelid retraction.

Rapid onset proptosis.

True or pseudoproptosis.

Rhabdomyosarcoma is a type of cancer that forms in soft tissue, specifically skeletal muscle tissue or sometimes in hollow organs such as the bladder or uterus.

Exenteration involves the removal of the entire contents of the orbit, including the eyeball, extraocular muscles, and surrounding tissues.

The optic nerve.

Duration, pain, change with position, intermittency, and other symptoms such as color vision, impaired vision, diplopia, and eyelid retraction.

Common symptoms include a noticeable mass or swelling, bulging of the eye (proptosis), and sometimes pain or vision changes.

Treatment usually includes antibiotics to treat the underlying infection and anticoagulants to prevent further clotting.

To evaluate any ENT-related issues that could affect the orbit.

The standard treatment includes intravenous antibiotics and sometimes surgical drainage if an abscess is present.

Traumatic.

Intermittent proptosis may be associated with vascular lesions or orbital varices.

Thyroid Eye Disease (TED) is an autoimmune condition associated with thyroid dysfunction, affecting the orbit and causing inflammation and swelling of the eye muscles and fatty tissue behind the eye.

Cellulitis, Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis, Orbital Pseudotumor, Abscess, Inflammation of the Lacrimal Gland, Panophthalmitis.

Retinoblastoma is a rare type of eye cancer that typically develops in early childhood and affects the retina.

Cysts.

Panophthalmitis is a severe, purulent inflammation of all layers of the eye, including intraocular structures.

Common symptoms include a white color in the pupil when light is shone in the eye, eye redness, and vision problems.

It is primarily caused by an autoimmune reaction where the body's immune system attacks the tissues around the eyes.

Yes, retinoblastoma can be inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, meaning a mutation in one copy of the RB1 gene can increase the risk of developing the disease.

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that often leads to hyperthyroidism and is the most common cause of Thyroid Eye Disease.

Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis is a blood clot in the cavernous sinus, a large vein at the base of the brain, often caused by infection.

Treatments include corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, orbital decompression surgery, and radiation therapy. Managing thyroid levels is also crucial.

An abscess is a collection of pus that has built up within the tissue of the orbit due to infection.