Concentration, temperature, and pressure.
Contains chromosomes which carry genetic information and controls the activities of the cell.
x1000
A membrane that allows certain molecules to pass through but not others.
Contains cellulose; it supports the plant’s structure.
The cell membrane is selectively permeable, allowing certain molecules to pass through while blocking others.
Place the cotton bud in a beaker of disinfectant.
Large molecules are too big to pass through the pores in the membrane.
Use a light microscope to examine the slide.
The process where molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without requiring energy.
In the cytoplasm.
If there is high pressure, molecules will quickly move from the area of high pressure to low pressure.
Gently rub the inside of your cheek with a cotton bud.
Because they have kinetic energy.
Water moves out of the cell through the selectively permeable cell membrane, causing the cell to shrivel.
Because the process of using electron microscopes requires cells to be dead.
The internal structures of cells.
Controls substances entering and leaving the cell.
The greater the difference in concentration between two areas (the concentration gradient), the faster the rate of diffusion.
Absorb light for photosynthesis.
Small molecules, such as water.
Use a mounted needle to gently lower a coverslip onto the glass slide.
The simplest forms of living organisms made of only one cell.
Light passes through the image.
Space filled with cell sap (a dilute solution of sugars and mineral salts).
A beam of electrons.
Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules from an area of high water concentration (low solute concentration) to an area of low water concentration (high solute concentration) through a selectively permeable membrane.
Water moves into the cell through the selectively permeable cell membrane, causing the cell to become turgid. The cell wall prevents it from bursting.
Large permanent vacuole.
To help us see cells in greater detail.
Plant cells become turgid because water moves into the cell, and the cell wall prevents it from bursting.
Water molecules move down a concentration gradient from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration through a selectively permeable membrane.
The concentration of water on both sides of the membrane is equal, and the same numbers of water molecules move in both directions.
x40
Because the concentration of water outside the Visking tubing is higher than inside, causing water to move in by osmosis.
A number of organs working together to carry out specific functions.
The pH at which enzymes work best.
The active site of an enzyme is a cleft in the protein where a specific substrate 'fits'.
Because materials are moved against their concentration gradient, from low to high concentration.
Uptake of nitrate ions by root hair cells from the soil water.
The enzyme can no longer bind with its substrate, and no reaction can occur.
As the temperature increases, the rate of diffusion increases because molecules have more kinetic energy.
Oxygen and carbon dioxide.
In the mitochondria.
Water moves into the cell through the selectively permeable cell membrane, causing the cell to swell and potentially burst because there is no cell wall.
Minerals and sugars.
A dilute solution has a low solute concentration and therefore a high water concentration.
A concentrated solution has a high solute concentration and therefore a low water concentration.
The cell membrane.
Many pores in its surface.
It stains acidic parts of the cell blue and makes the nucleus more obvious. Mostly used to prepare slides of animal cells and bacteria.
The solution moves up the capillary tube due to increased pressure inside the Visking tubing.
x200
Tube 1 gets bigger (becomes turgid) because water moves in through the selectively permeable membrane by osmosis.
To prevent the solution from leaking out.
Reactions that involve building large molecules from small ones as well as breaking down large molecules into smaller ones.
The process of moving materials from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, requiring energy.
Because the concentration of nitrate ions is higher inside the plant cells than in the soil water.
They concentrate iodine in their cells to levels a million times greater than the surrounding sea water.
Aerobic respiration needs oxygen to produce ATP, which is required for active transport.
Yes, both enzyme A and B can work at the same pH, but their rate of reaction may be below their optimum.
Put a drop of methylene blue on a glass slide.
In the 1930s.
Plant cells have a cell wall, while animal cells do not.
Up to x50,000,000.
Water.
Visking tubing is used to model how the cell membrane works.
The cell membrane.
Selectively permeable membrane.
Red blood cells carry oxygen.
By multiplying the power of the eyepiece lens by the power of the objective lens.
Several tissues performing specific functions.
The temperature at which enzymes work best.
Tube 2 gets smaller (becomes flaccid) because water moves out through the selectively permeable membrane by osmosis.
The active site of an enzyme depends on the shape of the protein, which is held by chemical bonds.
The concentration of the solution inside the potato cells or Visking tubes is equal to the concentration of the solution outside.
The concentration of water outside the cylinder or bag is lower than the concentration inside, causing water to move out through osmosis.
High temperatures cause the specific shape of the active site to be destroyed, denaturing the enzyme and preventing it from binding with its substrate.
The enzyme is denatured, and no reaction can occur.
No, animal cells do not have chloroplasts.
The cell membrane is a selectively permeable membrane; it lets some molecules through but not others.
Peel a thin layer of epidermis from the inside of a freshly cut piece of onion and lay it onto a glass slide.
Iodine solution.
The pores in the membrane allow small water molecules to pass through, but the solutes are too large to pass through the pores.
Small molecules.
To speed up/catalyse the rate of a chemical reaction.
Proteins function as enzymes, hormones (e.g., insulin), and muscle tissue.
The circulatory system carries substances around the body.
Because the concentration of water inside the Visking tubing is higher than outside, causing water to move out by osmosis.
The enzyme remains unchanged.
There are fewer collisions between the enzyme and substrate, resulting in a lower rate of reaction.
Glucose actively transported from the small intestine into the blood.
The optimum temperature is the temperature at which the rate of reaction is highest before the enzyme starts to denature.
Water moves out of the cell through the selectively permeable cell membrane, causing the cell to become flaccid. It doesn't shrivel because it has a cell wall.
Animal cells burst because they lack a cell wall, while plant cells do not burst because their cell wall provides structural support.
Measure the length of A – B on the drawing in millimeters (mm).
All the activities of a cell depend on chemical reactions, which are controlled by special molecules called enzymes.
Proteins.
Groups of similar cells with a similar function.
The lock and key model.
To ensure that each bag contains the same volume (10 ml) of a sugar (or salt) solution for a fair comparison.
The sequence of amino acids is important in determining the protein structure and its function.
To measure the % change in mass, allowing for a fair comparison.
Mass changes due to osmosis, where water moves through a selectively permeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration.
The concentration of water outside the cylinder or bag is higher than the concentration inside, causing water to move in through osmosis.
Glucose concentration, oxygen availability, temperature, and presence of toxic substances.
The optimum pH for enzymes in the stomach is pH 2.
Organisms that consist of many cells.
Approximately 34 to 37 trillion cells.
To carry out specific functions more efficiently than non-specialized cells.
Multiply the length in millimeters by 1000 (1 mm = 1000 μm).
Divide the length of A – B on the picture by the real length of A – B.
Enzymes are proteins.
The heart pumps blood.
The amino acid chain is folded to form a specific shape.
Because the concentration of water outside the Visking tubing is higher than inside, causing water to move in by osmosis.
A complex formed when a substrate is held in an enzyme's active site, increasing the probability that a reaction will take place.
Because all bags and cylinders have different initial masses, calculating the % change allows for a fair comparison.
Respiration needs glucose to produce ATP, which is required for active transport.
The optimum pH for enzymes in the small intestine is pH 10.
The number of cells, not the size of the cells.
It makes the nucleus more obvious and stains any starch present. Mostly used to stain plant cells.
Plant cells become flaccid because water moves out of the cell, but the cell wall prevents it from shriveling.
Muscle cells contract and therefore shorten.
Specific; they can only catalyse one type of molecule.
Proteins are made of different amino acids linked together to form a chain.
The enzyme’s active site will change shape and stop working, a process called denaturation.
To measure the % change in mass, allowing for a fair comparison.
Both investigations measure the % change in mass after being placed in different concentrations of a solution for the same length of time (30 minutes).
Respiration provides the energy in the form of ATP.
Enzyme and substrate have more kinetic energy and collide more often, increasing the rate of reaction.
The rate of reaction varies according to the pH level. Enzymes have an optimum pH at which they function best, and deviations from this pH can denature the enzyme.
Cyanide stops respiration, which halts ATP production and thus active transport.
Temperature affects the enzymes controlling respiration, which in turn affects ATP production and active transport.
