What do diuretics cause in the body?
Click to see answer
Loss of Na⁺ and H₂O in urine.
Click to see question
What do diuretics cause in the body?
Loss of Na⁺ and H₂O in urine.
What is the primary action of aquaretics?
Cause loss of H₂O only.
Where can osmotic diuretics act in the nephron?
They can act at any place in the nephron.
What is an example of an osmotic diuretic?
Mannitol.
What are some uses of osmotic diuretics?
Acute Congestive Glaucoma, Cerebral edema, Incipient renal failure.
What are some contraindications for using osmotic diuretics?
Cerebral hemorrhage, Acute renal failure, Pulmonary edema.
What is the mechanism of action of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in the kidney?
They inhibit carbonic anhydrase in the proximal tubule, leading to loss of Na⁺ and HCO₃⁻ in urine, resulting in diuresis and potential urinary alkalosis or metabolic acidosis.
What are the indications for using carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?
Glaucoma, alkalinization of urine, mountain sickness, and epilepsy.
What are the common adverse effects of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?
Metabolic acidosis, hypokalemia, paraesthesia, and renal stones.
What is the primary action of loop diuretics in the kidney?
They act on the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle and inhibit the Na⁺ K⁺ 2Cl⁻ symporter.
What are the common uses of loop diuretics?
Edema (CHF), hypertensive emergency, bromide and iodide poisoning, and hypercalcemia.
What are examples of loop diuretics?
Furosemide, torsemide, and bumetanide.
What is a significant characteristic of loop diuretics?
They are high ceiling diuretics, meaning they have high efficacy.
What is a contraindication for carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?
Liver disease.
What is the primary action of thiazide diuretics?
They act on the early distal tubule and inhibit the Na+-Cl- symporter.
Which thiazide diuretic is effective in renal failure?
Metolazone.
What are the common side effects of thiazides and loop diuretics?
Decreased Na+, increased glucose, decreased K+, increased uric acid, decreased Mg2+, increased lipids, and decreased H+.
How do thiazides affect calcium levels in the body?
Thiazides increase calcium levels, making them useful in osteoporosis and recurrent renal calcium stones.
What is the drug of choice (DOC) for central diabetes insipidus?
Desmopressin.
What is the treatment for nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?
Thiazides.
What are the uses of thiazides?
Hypertension, edema, recurrent renal calcium stones, bromide and iodide poisoning, osteoporosis, and diabetes insipidus.
What is the effect of less ADH action on water retention in the kidneys?
Water cannot be retained, leading to increased plasma osmolarity.
What is the result of increased plasma osmolarity in relation to thirst?
It stimulates the thirst center, leading to polydipsia.
What is the effect of thiazides in diabetes insipidus (DI)?
Thiazides cause excretion of concentrated urine, leading to decreased osmolarity, thirst, and urine output.
What are the two types of potassium-sparing diuretics?
Aldosterone receptor antagonists and epithelial sodium channel blockers.
Name two aldosterone receptor antagonists.
Spironolactone and Eplerenone.
What are the two epithelial sodium channel blockers mentioned?
Triamterene and Amiloride.
What are the effects of potassium-sparing diuretics on sodium, water, potassium, and hydrogen ions?
They decrease Na+ and H₂O, and increase K+ and H+, leading to diuresis, hyperkalemia, and metabolic acidosis.
What are the potassium-sparing diuretics listed?
Amiloride, Spironolactone, Triamterene, Eplerenone.
What is a notable side effect of Spironolactone?
It can cause gynaecomastia.
Which diuretic does not cause gynaecomastia?
Eplerenone.
From which side do all diuretics work, except aldosterone antagonists?
Luminal side.
From which side do aldosterone antagonists work?
Basolateral side.
What is the drug of choice (DOC) for Conn's Syndrome?
Aldosterone antagonists.
What is the DOC for edema in cirrhosis?
Aldosterone antagonists.
What is the role of potassium-sparing diuretics in preventing hypokalemia?
They prevent hypokalemia caused by other diuretics.
In which condition are aldosterone antagonists used as the DOC?
Resistant hypertension.
