What is the process of taking air into the lungs called?
Click to see answer
Inspiration.
Click to see question
What is the process of taking air into the lungs called?
Inspiration.
What is the relationship between alveolar pressure and atmospheric pressure under normal conditions?
Alveolar pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure when no air is moving through the airways.
How does the analogy of a juice box relate to the intrathoracic cavity?
It illustrates how increased negative pressure can cause unsupported areas to collapse inward.
What is reported in Figure 5-1?
The number of various structures for two lungs.
What is the relationship between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura?
The parietal pleura lines the thoracic cavity, while the visceral pleura covers the lungs themselves.
How do respiratory structures relate to their function?
They are specialized to facilitate gas exchange and protect the airway.
What does the intrapleural space lie between?
The lungs and the chest wall.
What happens to alveolar pressure during inspiration?
It decreases, allowing air to flow in.
How does subatmospheric pressure relate to breathing?
It helps create the pressure gradient necessary for air to flow into the lungs during inspiration.
What is the significance of the pleural cavity?
It contains pleural fluid that reduces friction between the pleurae during breathing.
What is created in a closed cavity to achieve negative pressure?
A vacuum.
How are the relative pressures inside the alveoli determined?
By the volume of air and the compliance of the lung tissue.
What is the visceral pleura?
The membrane that covers the lungs.
What does Figure 5-1 illustrate?
The structure of the airways.
What is the function of the parietal pleura?
To provide a protective layer and facilitate lung movement during breathing.
How do transairway pressures contribute to the breathing cycle?
They help maintain airway patency and facilitate airflow during breathing.
What happens to P_A during normal quiet expiration?
P_A increases with respect to P_B.
Which muscles contract during normal quiet inspiration?
Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles.
How do respiratory structures relate to their function?
They are specialized to facilitate gas exchange and protect the airway.
What is the parietal pleura?
The membrane that lines the thoracic cavity.
What is the pleural pressure (P PL) in mm Hg?
756 mm Hg.
What is the pressure in the bronchi (P B) during no airflow?
760 mm Hg.
How can pulmonary pressures be used in clinical evaluation?
To assess normal and abnormal pulmonary function.
How does the chest wall contribute to elastic recoil?
The chest wall provides a structural framework that influences lung expansion and contraction.
What is the function of the external intercostals?
They assist in inspiration by elevating the ribs.
What is required for this man to inhale a breath compared to normal circumstances?
A greater drop in pressure is required.
What is the role of an aspirator in relation to fluids and gases?
It absorbs fluids and gases in a closed cavity.
What is the effect of pneumothorax on the lungs?
The lungs collapse.
What is the barometric pressure used for reference in this context?
760 mm Hg.
How are the relative pressures inside the alveoli and intrapleural space determined?
By the volume of air in the lungs and the mechanics of breathing.
What reflex actions are part of the respiratory system's defense mechanism?
Sneeze and cough reflex.
What happens to alveolar pressure during inspiration?
It decreases, allowing air to flow in.
How can knowledge of pulmonary pressures be used?
To evaluate normal and abnormal pulmonary function.
What are the true vocal cords also known as?
Vocal folds.
What does the cricothyroid ligament connect?
It connects the cricoid cartilage to the thyroid cartilage.
What is transpulmonary pressure?
The difference between alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure, which keeps the alveoli open.
What is the process of expelling air from the lungs called?
Expiration.
When does alveolar pressure equal atmospheric pressure?
Just before expiration and just before inspiration.
What is the function of the pleura?
To reduce friction between the lungs and the thoracic wall during breathing.
What is transpulmonary pressure?
The difference between alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure, which keeps the alveoli open.
What is one reason for subatmospheric pressures between the visceral and parietal pleura?
Surface tension.
How does intrathoracic pressure relate to pleural pressure?
Intrathoracic pressure is essentially the same as pleural pressure (P PL).
What is transpulmonary pressure?
The difference between alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure, which keeps the alveoli open.
What pair of pressures would cause the structure to collapse?
C) airway pressure = +15 cm H2O and intrapleural pressure = +20 cm H2O.
What is the atmospheric pressure (P A) in mm Hg during no airflow?
0 mm Hg.
How can knowledge of pulmonary pressures be used?
To evaluate normal and abnormal pulmonary function.
What term describes the flow of blood through organs?
Perfusion.
What is the process of transporting oxygen in the blood to tissues?
Transport.
What is the primary function of the respiratory system's anatomy?
To facilitate gas exchange and breathing.
What are transpulmonary and transairway pressures?
Distending pressures that keep the alveoli and airways from collapsing.
What does pleural pressure refer to in the context of breathing?
The pressure within the pleural cavity surrounding the lungs.
What occurs to intrapleural pressure during expiration?
It becomes less negative, contributing to lung recoil.
What is the significance of the left and right tertiary bronchi?
They further divide into smaller bronchioles within their respective lungs.
What is the significance of pressures in the respiratory system?
Pressures drive airflow and influence lung mechanics.
What is the atmospheric pressure (P A) in mm Hg?
760 mm Hg.
What is the function of the pleura?
To reduce friction between the lungs and the thoracic wall during breathing.
How do the visceral and parietal pleura interact?
They create a pleural cavity filled with pleural fluid, allowing smooth movement of the lungs.
What happens to pressures during expiration with no airflow?
They remain the same in a closed cavity not open to the air.
What is the primary function of the respiratory system's anatomy?
To facilitate gas exchange and breathing.
What is the formula for Transairway Pressure (P Trans)?
P Trans = P A - P PL.
Why is subatmospheric pressure important for lung function?
It prevents lung collapse and aids in the expansion of the lungs during inhalation.
What role does the respiratory system play in phonation?
It facilitates vocalization.
What is the process of oxygen moving from the alveoli to the blood called?
Diffusion.
What is the primary function of the anatomy of the respiratory system?
To facilitate gas exchange and breathing.
What is the result of hyperventilation?
Respiratory alkalosis.
What do the wide blue arrows represent in the breathing cycle?
Airflow into and out of the lungs.
What structure follows the larynx in the respiratory system?
The trachea.
What is the thyroid membrane?
A connective tissue structure that connects the thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone.
What are the pleural membranes?
Serous membranes that have two layers: visceral pleura and parietal pleura.
What is the function of alveolar sacs?
They are clusters of alveoli where gas exchange occurs.
What is the visceral pleura?
It is the membrane that covers the lungs.
What are the primary physiological functions of the respiratory system?
Gas exchange, regulation of blood pH, and vocalization.
What is surface tension?
The cohesive force at the surface of a liquid that causes it to behave like a stretched elastic membrane.
What law is referenced in relation to pressures during the breathing cycle?
Boyle's law.
What type of pressure is needed in a closed cavity for normal breathing?
Negative pressure.
What happens to P_A during normal quiet inspiration?
P_A decreases with respect to P_B.
How do elastic fibers contribute to subatmospheric pressures in the pleural space?
They create a tension that helps maintain the pressure difference.
Under normal circumstances, how much of a drop in pressure is needed to inhale a breath?
A drop of 2 mmHg.
What occurs during normal quiet expiration?
Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax.
What happens to surface tension in fluid-filled alveoli compared to air-filled alveoli?
Fluid-filled alveoli have higher surface tension, making it harder for them to expand.
What is the purpose of the intrapleural pressure in relation to pulmonary edema?
To prevent pulmonary edema by maintaining lung expansion.
What is the calculated value of Transairway Pressure (P Trans)?
3.7 mm Hg.
How is intrapleural pressure measured in relation to atmospheric pressure?
Zero pressure means equal to atmospheric pressure.
How is the intrapleural pressure (P PL) calculated relative to barometric pressure?
P PL = 756 - 760.
What regulates the control of breathing?
The nervous system.
What are the nasal conchae?
They are bony structures that help condition the air by increasing surface area.
What is the role of the diaphragm in respiration?
It contracts to allow inhalation and relaxes for exhalation.
What are respiratory bronchioles?
They are the smallest air passages that lead to alveolar sacs and are involved in gas exchange.
What is the function of the trachea?
To provide a passage for air to enter and exit the lungs.
What is the significance of negative intrapleural pressure?
Negative intrapleural pressure helps keep the lungs inflated.
What is the interstitial space in relation to the alveoli?
It is the space between the alveoli and capillaries where gas exchange occurs.
What do the supraclavicular and suprasternal spaces represent?
Areas around the chest that are unsupported by the rib cage.
What is the parietal pleura?
The membrane that lines the thoracic cavity.
What is subatmospheric pressure?
Pressure that is lower than the surrounding atmospheric pressure.
What is the primary function of the respiratory system's anatomy?
To facilitate gas exchange and breathing.
What type of lung diagram is mentioned?
A simple lung diagram.
What is the normal intrapleural pressure at rest in a healthy person?
-5 cm H2O.
What happens to intrapleural pressure during a pneumothorax?
It becomes equal to atmospheric pressure.
What is the role of the rectus abdominis during breathing?
It aids in expiration by compressing the abdominal contents.
What is the alveolar pressure in option A?
+5 cm H2O.
What happens to the thoracic cavity during expiration?
Thoracic cavity decreases and lungs recoil.
What happens to patients with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in terms of respiration?
They tend to hyperventilate.
What is the intrapleural pressure in option A?
-5 cm H2O.
What occurs to the pressures in the alveoli and intrapleural space during expiration?
Alveolar pressure increases and intrapleural pressure returns to a less negative value.
What is the significance of alveolar pressure in the breathing cycle?
It helps determine airflow and lung mechanics.
What is the role of the vestibule in the nasal cavity?
It serves as the entryway to the nasal cavity.
What is the significance of relative pressures in the alveoli during the breathing cycle?
They dictate the flow of air in and out of the lungs.
What is the function of bronchioles?
They conduct air to the alveoli for gas exchange.
What is the purpose of tracheal cartilage?
To provide structure and keep the trachea open.
What type of cell is responsible for gas exchange in the alveoli?
Type I Alveolar Cell.
What is the significance of pressures in the respiratory system?
Pressures drive airflow and influence lung expansion and contraction.
How does surface tension affect alveoli?
It helps maintain the structure of alveoli and prevents their collapse during exhalation.
What are the Sternocleidomastoid muscles classified as?
Accessory muscles of inspiration.
How is the intrapleural space represented in the diagram?
It is exaggerated.
What role do the external oblique and internal oblique muscles play?
They assist in expiration by compressing the abdominal cavity.
What is another name for the voice box?
Larynx.
What type of pressure is achieved in a closed cavity when a vacuum is created?
Subatmospheric pressure.
What is the value of P A in the given data?
0 mm Hg.
What role does elastic recoil play during expiration?
It helps push air out of the lungs as the lung tissue returns to its resting state.
How does transpulmonary pressure change during inspiration?
It increases, allowing the lungs to expand.
What happens to transpulmonary pressure during expiration?
It decreases, leading to lung deflation.
What type of pressure is indicated by a negative P PL?
Negative pressure compression.
What does the respiratory system filter out?
Pollutants.
How do transpulmonary and transairway pressures contribute to the breathing cycle?
They maintain lung inflation and airway patency during breathing.
How can pulmonary pressures be used in clinical settings?
To evaluate normal and abnormal pulmonary function.
What is the role of lymphatic vessels in the respiratory system?
They help in draining excess fluid and immune response in the lungs.
What determines the relative pressures inside the alveoli?
The volume of air and the compliance of the lung tissue.
How can pulmonary pressures be used in clinical evaluation?
To assess normal and abnormal pulmonary function.
What is the role of alveolar macrophages?
They help in the immune response by engulfing pathogens and debris.
What are the primary physiological functions of the respiratory system?
Gas exchange, regulation of blood pH, and vocalization.
What is the primary function of the respiratory system's anatomy?
To facilitate gas exchange and breathing.
What is depicted in Figure 5 - 8?
A schematic diagram of the lung and chest-wall system.
What is the purpose of using the Sternocleidomastoid muscles during breathing?
To generate more negative intrathoracic pressure.
What determines the relative pressures inside the alveoli?
The volume of air and the compliance of the lung tissue.
What are accessory muscles of inspiration?
Sternocleidomastoid and scalenes.
What is subatmospheric pressure in the pleural cavity?
A pressure that is lower than atmospheric pressure, helping to keep the lungs inflated.
What is the relationship between the intrapleural space and alveoli?
The intrapleural space wants to collapse the alveoli.
How many cartilages are typically associated with the larynx?
16 to 20 cartilages.
How do hydrogen bonds relate to surface tension in alveoli?
Hydrogen bonds create surface tension; surfactant disrupts these bonds.
What is the effect of surface tension on breathing?
High surface tension can make it difficult for alveoli to expand, affecting gas exchange.
How is the atmospheric pressure (P A) calculated relative to barometric pressure?
P A = 760 - 760.
What is produced during cellular respiration?
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate).
What is the function of the epiglottis?
To prevent food from entering the trachea during swallowing.
How do transairway pressures contribute to the breathing cycle?
They help maintain airway patency and facilitate airflow during breathing.
What do pulmonary arterioles do?
They carry deoxygenated blood from the pulmonary arteries to the capillaries in the lungs.
What is the primary function of the respiratory system's anatomy?
To facilitate gas exchange and breathing.
What are the parathyroid glands responsible for?
Regulating calcium levels in the blood.
What happens when alveolar pressure is greater than intrapleural pressure?
It can lead to lung collapse if the difference is not maintained.
What is the role of reticular fibers in the lungs?
They provide structural support to the lung tissue.
What is the visceral pleura?
The membrane that covers the lungs.
What is the parietal pleura?
The outer membrane that lines the thoracic cavity and covers the lungs.
What is the primary muscle involved in inspiration?
Diaphragm.
Which muscles are primarily responsible for expiration?
Internal intercostals and abdominal muscles.
What is the primary function of the oral cavity?
To facilitate the intake and initial processing of food.
What is one of the primary functions of the respiratory system?
Gas exchange.
What type of cartilage is found in the larynx?
C-shaped cartilage.
What are the forces acting on the lungs and chest wall at rest?
Equal and opposite forces trying to collapse the lungs and expand the chest wall.
What is the significance of the sternum in respiration?
It provides attachment for the ribs and aids in the mechanics of breathing.
How do transairway pressures contribute to the breathing cycle?
They help maintain airway patency and facilitate airflow during breathing.
What does P Trans represent?
The distending pressure of the airways or alveoli.
What is required for cellular respiration?
Oxygen.
What is the function of the larynx?
It serves as a passageway for air and is involved in sound production.
What bone supports the epiglottis?
The hyoid bone.
What is the function of terminal bronchioles?
They are the last part of the conducting zone before air reaches the respiratory zone.
What is the role of the arytenoid cartilage?
To anchor the vocal cords and assist in their movement.
What is the function of the nasal turbinates?
They condition the air by warming and humidifying it.
What pair of pressures would cause the structure to collapse?
C) airway pressure = +15 cm H2O and intrapleural pressure = +20 cm H2O.
What is the significance of surfactant in the alveoli?
It prevents alveolar collapse by reducing surface tension.
What happens to the supraclavicular and suprasternal spaces when negative pressure in the intrathoracic cavity increases?
They are sucked in, similar to sucking juice from a juice box.
What determines the relative pressures inside the alveoli?
The volume of air and the mechanics of breathing.
How do the visceral and parietal pleura interact?
They create a pleural cavity filled with pleural fluid, allowing smooth movement of the lungs.
What does negative pressure refer to in the context of breathing?
Pressure that is less than atmospheric pressure (P atm).
What happens to the pressures in the alveoli during inspiration?
Alveolar pressure decreases, allowing air to flow in.
What effect do fluids and gases absorbed in the closed pleural cavity have?
They create a vacuum.
How does the respiratory system contribute to thermoregulation?
By regulating water loss and temperature through breathing.
What process involves the exchange of gases between the lungs and blood?
Gas Exchange.
What is transpulmonary pressure?
The difference between alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure, which keeps the alveoli open.
What happens to the chest wall during a pneumothorax?
The chest wall expands.
What do the numbers in Figure 5 - 14 represent?
Pressures in cm H2O relative to atmospheric pressure (Patm).
What happens to the pressures in the alveoli and intrapleural space during inspiration?
Alveolar pressure decreases and intrapleural pressure becomes more negative.
What stages of the breathing cycle are illustrated in the figure?
Rest, halfway through inspiration, end of inspiration, and halfway through expiration.
What is the carina?
The ridge at the base of the trachea where it divides into the left and right primary bronchi.
What is the significance of the thyroid cartilage?
It forms the bulk of the laryngeal structure and is commonly known as the Adam's apple.
What is the role of the Eustachian tube?
It equalizes pressure in the middle ear.
What happens to alveolar pressure during inspiration?
It decreases, allowing air to flow in.
What occurs to intrapleural pressure during expiration?
It increases, helping to push air out of the lungs.
What can result from a deficiency of α1-antitrypsin?
It may lead to emphysema due to unchecked protease activity.
What is elastic recoil in the context of the lungs?
The ability of the lung tissue to return to its original shape after being stretched.
What is surface tension in the context of alveoli?
The force that causes the liquid lining the alveoli to resist being stretched or broken.
What role does surfactant play in the alveoli?
Surfactant reduces surface tension by interfering with hydrogen bonding.
What happens to the pressures in the alveoli during inspiration?
Alveolar pressure decreases, allowing air to flow in.
Why is transpulmonary pressure important?
It helps to keep the lungs inflated and prevents collapse.
How does the respiratory system assist in acid-base control?
By regulating carbon dioxide levels, which affects blood pH.
What is the significance of evaluating pulmonary pressures?
To assess normal and abnormal pulmonary function.
What do the yellow arrows indicate in the breathing cycle diagram?
The magnitude of transmural pressures.
What determines the relative pressures inside the alveoli?
The volume of air and the compliance of the lung tissue.
What are the two types of convection involved in respiration?
External and Internal convection.
What is the relationship between alveolar pressure and pleural pressure during normal breathing?
Alveolar pressure is typically higher than pleural pressure, creating a pressure gradient for airflow.
What is the function of the epiglottis?
It prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing.
What is the cricoid cartilage?
A ring-shaped cartilage that forms the base of the larynx.
What is the role of pulmonary (alveolar) capillaries?
They facilitate the exchange of gases between the blood and alveoli.
What is the function of Type II Alveolar Cells?
They produce surfactant, which reduces surface tension in the alveoli.
What is the first physiological process involved in respiration?
Ventilation.
What is transpulmonary pressure?
The difference between alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure.
What is the value of P PL in the given data?
-3.7 mm Hg.
What is the intrapleural pressure in option B?
-5 cm H2O.
What is the airway pressure in option C?
+15 cm H2O.
What is the conversion of 5 cm H2O to mm Hg?
5 cm H2O = 3.7 mm Hg.
What is the function of the olfactory epithelium?
It is responsible for the sense of smell.
What is transpulmonary pressure?
The difference between alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure, which keeps the alveoli open.
What is the function of the soft palate?
It separates the oral cavity from the nasopharynx during swallowing.
What is the pleural space?
The space between the visceral and parietal pleura that contains pleural fluid.
What are alveolar ducts?
They are passages that connect the respiratory bronchioles to the alveolar sacs.
What is the function of elastic connective tissue in the lungs?
It allows the lungs to expand and contract during breathing.
What is the composition of the alveolar-capillary membrane?
It consists of Type I Alveolar Cells, basement membranes, and capillary endothelium.
How do transairway pressures contribute to the breathing cycle?
They help maintain airway patency and facilitate airflow during breathing.
What is the value of P_B at sea level?
About 760 mm Hg.
What is the intrapleural pressure (P PL) in mm Hg during no airflow?
-3.7 mm Hg.
What happens to the thoracic cavity during inspiration?
Thoracic cavity increases and lungs expand.
What occurs to intrapleural pressure during expiration?
Intrapleural pressure increases, helping to push air out of the lungs.
What is the significance of the pressures during no airflow?
They indicate the pressure differences in the respiratory system.
What bones form the structure of the nasal cavity?
Frontal bone, maxilla, palatine bone, and sphenoidal bone.
What are the left primary bronchi responsible for?
They conduct air to the left lung.
What are corniculate cartilages?
Small cartilages located at the apex of the arytenoid cartilages, involved in the function of the vocal cords.
What is the significance of the laryngeal sinus?
It is a space that helps in sound production.
How do transairway pressures contribute to the breathing cycle?
They help maintain airway patency and facilitate airflow during breathing.
Which pressure combination indicates a risk of collapse?
Airway pressure = +15 cm H2O and intrapleural pressure = +20 cm H2O.
What are alveoli?
They are tiny air sacs in the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange occurs.
What is a pulmonary venule?
It is a small vein that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
What gases are exchanged in the alveoli?
Oxygen (O2) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2).
What is the significance of the intrapleural space?
It creates a negative pressure that aids in lung expansion.
What type of fiber provides elasticity to the lung tissue?
Elastic Fiber.
What is pulmonary edema?
It is a condition characterized by excess fluid in the lungs, affecting gas exchange.
