What are agonist and antagonist muscle pairs?
Click to see answer
Agonist muscles are the primary muscles responsible for a specific movement, while antagonist muscles oppose that movement. For example:
Bicep Curl:
Leg Extension:
Chest Press:
Click to see question
What are agonist and antagonist muscle pairs?
Agonist muscles are the primary muscles responsible for a specific movement, while antagonist muscles oppose that movement. For example:
Bicep Curl:
Leg Extension:
Chest Press:
What are the major muscle groups displayed in the illustration?
The major muscle groups include:
What is the reference position of the body used to name various types of movement?
The reference position of the body is called the anatomical position.
What types of actions do muscles, bones, and joints perform when the body moves from the anatomical position?
Muscles, bones, and joints work together to allow twisting, turning, bending, straightening, and rotating movements.
What is a key characteristic of most movements in relation to each other?
Most movements have an opposite to them.
What is flexion in terms of joint movement?
Flexion is the movement that involves bending and decreasing the angle between two bones.
What is extension in terms of joint movement?
Extension is the movement that involves straightening and increasing the angle between two bones, which is the opposite of flexion.
What is abduction in terms of body movement?
Abduction is the movement of a bone away from the centerline of the body in either the horizontal or vertical plane.
What is adduction in terms of body movement?
Adduction is the movement of a bone towards the centerline of the body in either the horizontal or vertical plane, which is the opposite of abduction.
What is circumduction in terms of joint movement?
Circumduction is the movement of a bone so that the end describes a circle, creating a conical shape as it moves around.
How is rotation defined in the context of bone movement?
Rotation refers to the movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis.
What is supination in terms of forearm movement?
Supination is the movement of the bones of the forearm so that the radius and ulna are parallel, resulting in the palms facing upwards.
What is pronation in terms of forearm movement?
Pronation is the movement of the bones of the forearm so that the radius and ulna cross over each other, resulting in the palms facing downwards.
What is inversion in terms of foot movement?
Inversion is the movement of the sole of the foot inwards at the ankle joint.
What are the key characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue?
The key characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue include:
What are the different types of muscle contractions?
The different types of muscle contractions include:
How do origin and insertion points of skeletal muscles determine their action?
The origin and insertion points of skeletal muscles determine their action by:
The relative positions of these points influence the direction and type of movement produced by the muscle.
What is the function of the cranium in the human skeleton?
The cranium protects the brain and forms the structure of the skull.
Which bone is known as the collarbone?
The clavicle is known as the collarbone, extending horizontally from the top of the rib cage.
What bones make up the rib cage?
The rib cage consists of ribs that protect the heart and lungs.
What is the longest bone in the human body?
The femur is the longest bone in the human body, extending from the hip to the knee.
What is the role of the patella?
The patella, or kneecap, protects the knee joint and aids in leg movement.
Which bone is located on the outer side of the lower leg?
The fibula is the outer bone of the lower leg, extending from the knee to the ankle.
What are metatarsals?
Metatarsals are the bones in the foot located between the ankle and the toes.
What is the function of the mandible?
The mandible is the jawbone that allows for chewing and speaking.
What is the upper arm bone called?
The humerus is the upper arm bone, extending from the shoulder to the elbow.
What is the role of the ulna in the forearm?
The ulna is the inner bone of the forearm, extending from the elbow to the wrist, and helps in forearm rotation.
What are carpals?
Carpals are the bones of the wrist that allow for wrist movement.
What is the function of metacarpals?
Metacarpals are the bones of the hand located between the wrist and the fingers, providing structure and support.
What are phalanges?
Phalanges are the bones of the fingers and toes, allowing for dexterity and movement.
What is the shinbone also known as?
The tibia is also known as the shinbone, extending from the knee to the ankle.
What are tarsals?
Tarsals are the bones of the ankle that provide stability and support for the foot.
What are the major muscle groups located in the anterior view of the human body?
Muscle Group | Location |
---|---|
Deltoids | Near the shoulder |
Pectorals | Chest |
Biceps | Upper arm |
Abdominals | Stomach |
Quadriceps | Thigh |
What are the major muscle groups located in the posterior view of the human body?
Muscle Group | Location |
---|---|
Trapezius | Upper back |
Triceps | Upper arm |
Latissimus Dorsi | Mid back |
Gluteals | Buttocks |
Hamstrings | Back of the thigh |
Gastrocnemius (calf) | Lower leg |
What are the three types of muscle found in the human body?
Involuntary Muscles: Also known as smooth muscles, found in internal organs like the intestine, and are not under conscious control.
Cardiac Muscles: Found only in the heart, these muscles are also not under conscious control and are responsible for pumping blood throughout the body.
Voluntary Muscles: Also called skeletal muscles or striped muscles, these are under our control and enable movement.
What are the three main types of muscle tissue?
The three main types of muscle tissue are:
What are the characteristics of smooth muscle tissue?
What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue?
What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue?
How do smooth muscle and skeletal muscle differ in terms of structure and control?
Feature | Smooth Muscle | Skeletal Muscle |
---|---|---|
Fiber Shape | Spindle-shaped, nonstriated | Tubular, striated |
Nuclei | Uninucleated | Multinucleated |
Control | Involuntary | Voluntary |
Location | Walls of internal organs | Attached to skeleton |
What is the primary function of cardiac muscle tissue?
The primary function of cardiac muscle tissue is to pump blood throughout the body, and it is involuntary in nature.
What are the common features of all three muscle types?
What does contractibility mean in the context of skeletal muscle tissue?
Contractibility refers to the ability of skeletal muscle to contract forcefully when stimulated. It follows the 'All or none principle', meaning the muscle will either contract with full force or not at all, depending on whether the signal from the brain exceeds a certain threshold.
What is elasticity in skeletal muscle tissue?
Elasticity is the ability of skeletal muscles to return to their original length after contraction or extension.
What is extensibility in the context of skeletal muscle?
Extensibility refers to the muscle's ability to stretch without being damaged. Skeletal muscle can stretch beyond its normal resting length, up to one and a half times its normal length.
What are the two ends of a muscle called in relation to its attachment to bones?
The two ends of a muscle are called the origin and the insertion. The origin is at the non-moving end, while the insertion is at the moving end.
What role do tendons play in muscle attachment to bones?
Tendons are critical components of skeletal muscles, connecting muscles to bones at both ends, facilitating movement across joints.
Why must muscles cross a joint for movement to occur?
Muscles must cross a joint to create movement because the contraction of the muscle pulls on the tendon at the insertion point, allowing the joint to move.
In the context of the elbow joint, what are examples of muscles that demonstrate origin and insertion?
The Biceps and Triceps are examples of muscles that cross the elbow joint, with their tendons serving as origin and insertion points for movement.
What is the definition of the origin in muscle anatomy?
The origin is where the bone originates or starts, and it is the stationary bone that the muscle attaches to. This represents the more stable joint or attachment.
What is the definition of the insertion in muscle anatomy?
The insertion is where the bone attaches to another bone, specifically the point where the tendon joins the moving bone.
What is the origin and insertion of the gluteus maximus muscle?
Muscle | Origin | Insertion |
---|---|---|
Gluteus Maximus | Ilium, sacrum, and coccyx | Gluteal tuberosity of femur, iliotibial tract |
What is the origin and insertion of the biceps femoris muscle?
Muscle | Origin | Insertion |
---|---|---|
Biceps Femoris | Ischial tuberosity (long head), linea aspera (short head) | Head of fibula, lateral condyle of tibia |
What is the origin and insertion of the semitendinosus muscle?
Muscle | Origin | Insertion |
---|---|---|
Semitendinosus | Ischial tuberosity | Medial surface of tibia (pes anserinus) |
What are the two basic types of skeletal muscle action?
The two basic types of skeletal muscle action are isometric contraction and isotonic contraction. Isotonic contractions further divide into concentric and eccentric contractions.
What is an isometric contraction?
An isometric contraction occurs when the muscle contracts but does not shorten, resulting in no movement.
What is a concentric contraction?
A concentric contraction occurs when the muscle shortens while generating force, resulting in movement.
What is an eccentric contraction?
An eccentric contraction occurs when the muscle lengthens while generating force, also resulting in movement.
What are isotonic contractions and what do they cause?
Isotonic contractions cause the muscle to change length and generate movement of a body part.
What are the two types of isotonic contractions?
The two types of isotonic contractions are concentric and eccentric.
What happens during concentric contractions?
During concentric contractions, the muscle shortens as it contracts.
What is a common example of a concentric contraction?
Bending the elbow from a straight position to a flexed position causes the bicep brachii muscle to contract and shorten.
How frequently do concentric contractions occur?
Concentric contractions occur frequently in daily and sporting activities.
What are eccentric contractions and how do they differ from concentric contractions?
Eccentric contractions occur when the muscle lengthens as it contracts, in contrast to concentric contractions where the muscle shortens. Eccentric contractions are less common than concentric contractions.
Can you provide an example of an eccentric contraction?
An example of an eccentric contraction is when moving the elbow from a flexed position to a straightened position, where the bicep is lengthening and contracting simultaneously.
What are isometric contractions and how do they occur?
Isometric contractions occur when there is no change in the length of the contracting muscle, meaning the muscle generates force without moving the joint. The force produced depends on the muscle's length at the point of contraction, with each muscle having an optimum length for maximum force production.
Can you provide an example of an isometric contraction?
One example of an isometric contraction is when you grip something, such as a tennis racket. In this case, there is no movement in the joints of the hand, but the muscles are contracting to maintain a steady hold on the racket.
What factors influence the amount of force produced during isometric contractions?
The amount of force a muscle can produce during isometric contractions is influenced by the length of the muscle at the point of contraction. Each muscle has an optimum length at which it can generate maximum isometric force.
What type of contraction occurs in the bicep during flexion of the elbow?
The bicep undergoes a concentric contraction during elbow flexion, where the muscle shortens as it generates force to lift the forearm.
What type of contraction occurs in the tricep during extension of the elbow?
The tricep undergoes an eccentric contraction during elbow extension, where the muscle lengthens while controlling the movement of the forearm.
How many types of muscle contractions are there?
There are three main types of muscle contractions:
What is the contraction called in which the muscle does not change its length?
The contraction in which the muscle does not change its length is called Isometric Contraction.
Define the term origin in the context of muscle anatomy.
In muscle anatomy, the term origin refers to the point where a muscle attaches to a stationary bone, typically located closer to the center of the body. It is the fixed attachment point that does not move during muscle contraction.
Elasticity refers to what in muscle tissue?
Elasticity in muscle tissue refers to the ability of muscle fibers to return to their original length after being stretched or contracted. This property allows muscles to withstand stretching and maintain their shape and function during movement.
Describe, in detail, what types of contractions are occurring during a full bicep curl.
During a full bicep curl, the following types of contractions occur:
What are the four types of bones and provide examples for each?
Type of Bone | Examples |
---|---|
Long | Femur, Humerus, Tibia, Fibula, Radius, Ulna |
Short | Carpals, Tarsals |
Flat | Scapula |
Irregular | Mandible, Pelvis, Vertebrae |
What are the primary functions of skeletal bones?
The primary functions of skeletal bones include:
What are joints and how are they classified?
Joints are sites where bone meets bone and are classified according to the amount and type of movement they permit.
What is the function of ligaments in relation to joints?
Ligaments connect bone to bone across joints, providing stability and preventing dislocation. They are slightly elastic, allowing for some small movement of the bones at the joint.
What are immoveable or fibrous joints and their characteristics?
Immoveable or fibrous joints are joints where bones are fixed or fused together by strong bands of fibrous tissue. They allow no movement and primarily serve the function of protection. Examples include sutures in the skull, the pelvis, the sacrum, and the sternum.
What are slightly moveable or cartilaginous joints and where can they be found?
Slightly moveable or cartilaginous joints are joints where the bone ends are separated by a disc or plate of cartilage. Only small amounts of movement are possible. Examples include the vertebrae and the joints where the ribs join the sternum.
What are the characteristics of freely moveable or synovial joints?
What are the types of freely moving/synovial joints?
The types of freely moving/synovial joints include:
What are the characteristics of hinge joints?
What is the primary characteristic of ball and socket joints?
The primary characteristic of ball and socket joints is that the ball of one bone fits into the socket of another, allowing for the greatest range of movement among joint types.
Can you provide examples of ball and socket joints in the human body?
Examples of ball and socket joints in the human body include the shoulder joint and the hip joint.
What are the characteristics of gliding joints?
What are some examples of gliding joints in the human body?
Examples of gliding joints include:
What is the structure of a saddle joint and how does it function?
A saddle joint has a saddle-like structure where one bone fits into the other. This allows for a range of motion, particularly enabling the thumb to be placed across the hand. An example of a saddle joint is found between the carpal and metacarpal of the thumb.
What is the structure of a pivot joint and what type of movement does it allow?
A pivot joint consists of a ring-like structure of one bone that fits around the pivot-like structure of another bone, allowing for rotational movement.
Can you provide examples of pivot joints in the human body?
Examples of pivot joints include:
What is the defining characteristic of an ovoid or condylar joint?
An ovoid or condylar joint is characterized by an oval-shaped head of one bone fitting into a shallow cavity on another bone, allowing for movement in two anatomical planes.
What types of movements are allowed by ovoid or condylar joints?
Ovoid or condylar joints allow movement in two anatomical planes, enabling a range of motion that includes flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.
Can you provide examples of ovoid or condylar joints in the human body?
Examples of ovoid or condylar joints include:
What are the locations and movements associated with Ball and Socket joints?
Location | Movements |
---|---|
Shoulder, Hip | Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction |
What are the locations and movements associated with Hinge joints?
Location | Movements |
---|---|
Elbow, Knee, Interphalangeal joints (fingers, toes) | Flexion, extension |
What are the locations and movements associated with Gliding joints?
Location | Movements |
---|---|
Intercarpal joints (wrist), Intertarsal joints (ankle) | Sliding or gliding in multiple directions |
What are the locations and movements associated with Saddle joints?
Location | Movements |
---|---|
Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb | Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, opposition |
What are the locations and movements associated with Pivot joints?
Location | Movements |
---|---|
Atlantoaxial joint (C1-C2 vertebrae), Proximal radioulnar joint | Rotation around a single axis |
What are the locations and movements associated with Ovoid joints?
Location | Movements |
---|---|
Radiocarpal joint (wrist), Metacarpophalangeal joints (knuckles) | Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction |
What are the types of synovial joints and their locations?
Type of Synovial Joint | Location of Joint |
---|---|
Ball and Socket | Shoulder, Hip |
Hinge | Elbow, Knee, Finger, Thumb |
Gliding | Adjacent Vertebrae, Carpal bones, Tarsal Bones |
Saddle | Joint between carpal and metacarpal bones |
Pivot | Radio Ulna Joint, 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae |
Ovoid | Joint between carpal and the radius, Joint between metacarpal and phalange, Joint between metatarsal and phalange |
What movements occur in ball and socket joints?
Flexion/Extension, Abduction/Adduction, Circumduction
What movements are associated with hinge joints?
Flexion/Extension
What type of movement occurs in gliding joints?
A little movement in all directions
What movements can be performed by saddle joints?
Joint Type | Movements Possible |
---|---|
Saddle Joint | Flexion/Extension, Abduction/Adduction, Circumduction |
What is the primary movement of pivot joints?
Joint Type | Primary Movement |
---|---|
Pivot Joint | Rotation |
What movements occur in ovoid joints?
Joint Type | Movements Possible |
---|---|
Ovoid Joint | Flexion/Extension, Abduction/Adduction, Circumduction |
What are immovable joints also referred to as?
Immovable joints are also referred to as fibrous joints.
What are slightly moveable joints referred to as?
Slightly moveable joints are referred to as cartilaginous joints.
What are freely moveable joints also referred to as?
Freely moveable joints are also referred to as synovial joints.
How many different types of freely moveable joints are there?
There are six different types of freely moveable joints.
What type of joint is a hinge joint classified as?
A hinge joint is classified as a uniaxial joint.
Which joint allows the most movement?
The ball-and-socket joint allows the most movement.
Describe one type of freely moveable joint and give an example of where it is found in the body.
One type of freely moveable joint is the ball-and-socket joint. It allows for rotational movement and movement in multiple directions. An example is the shoulder joint, where the humerus fits into the scapula, allowing for a wide range of motion.
What is eversion in terms of foot movement?
Eversion is the movement of the sole of the foot outwards at the ankle joint, which is the opposite of inversion.
What is dorsiflexion in terms of foot movement?
Dorsiflexion is the movement of the top of the foot towards the tibia, which is the opposite action to plantar flexion.
What is plantar flexion in terms of foot movement?
Plantar flexion is the movement of the top of the foot away from the tibia, achieved by pointing the toes.
What is elevation in terms of shoulder movement?
Elevation is the movement that involves raising the shoulder girdle upwards in relation to the head.
What is depression in terms of shoulder movement?
Depression is the movement that involves lowering the shoulder girdle downwards in relation to the head, which is the opposite of elevation.
What is the origin in muscle attachments?
The origin is the tendon attachment at the non-moving end of the muscle.
What is the insertion in muscle attachments?
The insertion is the tendon attachment at the moving end of the muscle.
What must muscles do to facilitate movement at a joint?
Muscles must cross a joint for movement to occur, and movement occurs at that joint.
What is the origin and insertion of the Deltoid muscle?
Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Main Action |
---|---|---|---|
Deltoid | Clavicle, Scapula | Humerus | Abduction, flexion, extension of shoulder |
What is the origin and insertion of the Quadriceps muscle?
Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Main Action |
---|---|---|---|
Quadriceps | Femur, Ilium | Patellar tendon to Tibia | Knee extension |
What is the origin and insertion of the Gastrocnemius muscle?
Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Main Action |
---|---|---|---|
Gastrocnemius | Femur | Achilles tendon to Calcaneus | Plantar flexion of foot, knee flexion |
What is the origin and insertion of the Biceps muscle?
Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Main Action |
---|---|---|---|
Biceps | Scapula | Radius | Elbow flexion, forearm supination |
What is the origin and insertion of the Abdominals muscle?
Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Main Action |
---|---|---|---|
Abdominals | Pubis, Ribs | Linea alba, Pubis | Trunk flexion, stabilization |