Functional Anatomy

Created by aj

p.39

What are agonist and antagonist muscle pairs?

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p.39

Agonist muscles are the primary muscles responsible for a specific movement, while antagonist muscles oppose that movement. For example:

  1. Bicep Curl:

    • Agonist: Biceps Brachii
    • Antagonist: Triceps Brachii
  2. Leg Extension:

    • Agonist: Quadriceps
    • Antagonist: Hamstrings
  3. Chest Press:

    • Agonist: Pectoralis Major
    • Antagonist: Latissimus Dorsi

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p.39
Agonist and Antagonist Muscle Pairs

What are agonist and antagonist muscle pairs?

Agonist muscles are the primary muscles responsible for a specific movement, while antagonist muscles oppose that movement. For example:

  1. Bicep Curl:

    • Agonist: Biceps Brachii
    • Antagonist: Triceps Brachii
  2. Leg Extension:

    • Agonist: Quadriceps
    • Antagonist: Hamstrings
  3. Chest Press:

    • Agonist: Pectoralis Major
    • Antagonist: Latissimus Dorsi
p.40
Major Muscle Groups in the Human Body

What are the major muscle groups displayed in the illustration?

The major muscle groups include:

  1. Deltoids
  2. Pectorals
  3. Biceps
  4. Abdominals
  5. Trapezius
  6. Triceps
  7. Latissimus Dorsi
  8. Quadriceps
  9. Gluteals
  10. Hamstrings
  11. Gastrocnemius (calf)
p.41
Types of Movement

What is the reference position of the body used to name various types of movement?

The reference position of the body is called the anatomical position.

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Types of Movement

What types of actions do muscles, bones, and joints perform when the body moves from the anatomical position?

Muscles, bones, and joints work together to allow twisting, turning, bending, straightening, and rotating movements.

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Types of Movement

What is a key characteristic of most movements in relation to each other?

Most movements have an opposite to them.

p.42
Types of Movement

What is flexion in terms of joint movement?

Flexion is the movement that involves bending and decreasing the angle between two bones.

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Types of Movement

What is extension in terms of joint movement?

Extension is the movement that involves straightening and increasing the angle between two bones, which is the opposite of flexion.

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Types of Movement

What is abduction in terms of body movement?

Abduction is the movement of a bone away from the centerline of the body in either the horizontal or vertical plane.

p.43
Types of Movement

What is adduction in terms of body movement?

Adduction is the movement of a bone towards the centerline of the body in either the horizontal or vertical plane, which is the opposite of abduction.

p.44
Types of Movement

What is circumduction in terms of joint movement?

Circumduction is the movement of a bone so that the end describes a circle, creating a conical shape as it moves around.

p.44
Types of Movement

How is rotation defined in the context of bone movement?

Rotation refers to the movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis.

p.45
Types of Movement

What is supination in terms of forearm movement?

Supination is the movement of the bones of the forearm so that the radius and ulna are parallel, resulting in the palms facing upwards.

p.45
Types of Movement

What is pronation in terms of forearm movement?

Pronation is the movement of the bones of the forearm so that the radius and ulna cross over each other, resulting in the palms facing downwards.

p.46
Types of Movement

What is inversion in terms of foot movement?

Inversion is the movement of the sole of the foot inwards at the ankle joint.

p.2
Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle Tissue

What are the key characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue?

The key characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue include:

  1. Contractibility - The ability to shorten and generate force.
  2. Extendibility - The ability to be stretched without damage.
  3. Elasticity - The ability to return to its original shape after being stretched.
p.2
Types of Muscle Contractions

What are the different types of muscle contractions?

The different types of muscle contractions include:

  1. Eccentric - Muscle lengthens while producing force.
  2. Concentric - Muscle shortens while producing force.
  3. Isometric - Muscle length remains the same while producing force.
p.2
Origin and Insertion Points of Skeletal Muscles

How do origin and insertion points of skeletal muscles determine their action?

The origin and insertion points of skeletal muscles determine their action by:

  • Origin - The fixed attachment point that does not move during contraction.
  • Insertion - The movable attachment point that moves towards the origin during contraction.

The relative positions of these points influence the direction and type of movement produced by the muscle.

p.3
Functions of Skeletal Bones

What is the function of the cranium in the human skeleton?

The cranium protects the brain and forms the structure of the skull.

p.3
Major Muscle Groups in the Human Body

Which bone is known as the collarbone?

The clavicle is known as the collarbone, extending horizontally from the top of the rib cage.

p.3
Functions of Skeletal Bones

What bones make up the rib cage?

The rib cage consists of ribs that protect the heart and lungs.

p.3
Functions of Skeletal Bones

What is the longest bone in the human body?

The femur is the longest bone in the human body, extending from the hip to the knee.

p.3
Functions of Skeletal Bones

What is the role of the patella?

The patella, or kneecap, protects the knee joint and aids in leg movement.

p.3
Functions of Skeletal Bones

Which bone is located on the outer side of the lower leg?

The fibula is the outer bone of the lower leg, extending from the knee to the ankle.

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Functions of Skeletal Bones

What are metatarsals?

Metatarsals are the bones in the foot located between the ankle and the toes.

p.3
Functions of Skeletal Bones

What is the function of the mandible?

The mandible is the jawbone that allows for chewing and speaking.

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Functions of Skeletal Bones

What is the upper arm bone called?

The humerus is the upper arm bone, extending from the shoulder to the elbow.

p.3
Functions of Skeletal Bones

What is the role of the ulna in the forearm?

The ulna is the inner bone of the forearm, extending from the elbow to the wrist, and helps in forearm rotation.

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Functions of Skeletal Bones

What are carpals?

Carpals are the bones of the wrist that allow for wrist movement.

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Functions of Skeletal Bones

What is the function of metacarpals?

Metacarpals are the bones of the hand located between the wrist and the fingers, providing structure and support.

p.3
Functions of Skeletal Bones

What are phalanges?

Phalanges are the bones of the fingers and toes, allowing for dexterity and movement.

p.3
Functions of Skeletal Bones

What is the shinbone also known as?

The tibia is also known as the shinbone, extending from the knee to the ankle.

p.3
Functions of Skeletal Bones

What are tarsals?

Tarsals are the bones of the ankle that provide stability and support for the foot.

p.5
Major Muscle Groups in the Human Body

What are the major muscle groups located in the anterior view of the human body?

Muscle GroupLocation
DeltoidsNear the shoulder
PectoralsChest
BicepsUpper arm
AbdominalsStomach
QuadricepsThigh
p.5
Major Muscle Groups in the Human Body

What are the major muscle groups located in the posterior view of the human body?

Muscle GroupLocation
TrapeziusUpper back
TricepsUpper arm
Latissimus DorsiMid back
GlutealsButtocks
HamstringsBack of the thigh
Gastrocnemius (calf)Lower leg
p.6
Types of Muscle Tissue

What are the three types of muscle found in the human body?

  1. Involuntary Muscles: Also known as smooth muscles, found in internal organs like the intestine, and are not under conscious control.

  2. Cardiac Muscles: Found only in the heart, these muscles are also not under conscious control and are responsible for pumping blood throughout the body.

  3. Voluntary Muscles: Also called skeletal muscles or striped muscles, these are under our control and enable movement.

p.7
Types of Muscle Tissue

What are the three main types of muscle tissue?

The three main types of muscle tissue are:

  1. Skeletal Muscle: Voluntary control, responsible for movement of the skeleton.
  2. Smooth Muscle: Involuntary control, found in digestive, respiratory systems, and blood vessels.
  3. Cardiac Muscle: Involuntary control, makes up the heart muscle and contracts throughout a human's life without exhaustion.
p.8
Types of Muscle Tissue

What are the characteristics of smooth muscle tissue?

  • Spindle-shaped, nonstriated, uninucleated fibers
  • Occurs in walls of internal organs
  • Involuntary
p.8
Types of Muscle Tissue

What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue?

  • Striated, branched, uninucleated fibers
  • Occurs in walls of the heart
  • Involuntary
p.8
Types of Muscle Tissue

What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue?

  • Striated, tubular, multinucleated fibers
  • Usually attached to the skeleton
  • Voluntary
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Types of Muscle Tissue

How do smooth muscle and skeletal muscle differ in terms of structure and control?

FeatureSmooth MuscleSkeletal Muscle
Fiber ShapeSpindle-shaped, nonstriatedTubular, striated
NucleiUninucleatedMultinucleated
ControlInvoluntaryVoluntary
LocationWalls of internal organsAttached to skeleton
p.8
Types of Muscle Tissue

What is the primary function of cardiac muscle tissue?

The primary function of cardiac muscle tissue is to pump blood throughout the body, and it is involuntary in nature.

p.9
Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle Tissue

What are the common features of all three muscle types?

  • Controlled by nerve impulses
  • Capable of contraction and stretching with force while retaining elasticity
  • Subject to wasting (atrophy) or growth (hypertrophy)
p.10
Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle Tissue

What does contractibility mean in the context of skeletal muscle tissue?

Contractibility refers to the ability of skeletal muscle to contract forcefully when stimulated. It follows the 'All or none principle', meaning the muscle will either contract with full force or not at all, depending on whether the signal from the brain exceeds a certain threshold.

p.10
Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle Tissue

What is elasticity in skeletal muscle tissue?

Elasticity is the ability of skeletal muscles to return to their original length after contraction or extension.

p.11
Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle Tissue

What is extensibility in the context of skeletal muscle?

Extensibility refers to the muscle's ability to stretch without being damaged. Skeletal muscle can stretch beyond its normal resting length, up to one and a half times its normal length.

p.12
Origin and Insertion Points of Skeletal Muscles

What are the two ends of a muscle called in relation to its attachment to bones?

The two ends of a muscle are called the origin and the insertion. The origin is at the non-moving end, while the insertion is at the moving end.

p.12
Origin and Insertion Points of Skeletal Muscles

What role do tendons play in muscle attachment to bones?

Tendons are critical components of skeletal muscles, connecting muscles to bones at both ends, facilitating movement across joints.

p.12
Origin and Insertion Points of Skeletal Muscles

Why must muscles cross a joint for movement to occur?

Muscles must cross a joint to create movement because the contraction of the muscle pulls on the tendon at the insertion point, allowing the joint to move.

p.12
Origin and Insertion Points of Skeletal Muscles

In the context of the elbow joint, what are examples of muscles that demonstrate origin and insertion?

The Biceps and Triceps are examples of muscles that cross the elbow joint, with their tendons serving as origin and insertion points for movement.

p.13
Origin and Insertion Points of Skeletal Muscles

What is the definition of the origin in muscle anatomy?

The origin is where the bone originates or starts, and it is the stationary bone that the muscle attaches to. This represents the more stable joint or attachment.

p.13
Origin and Insertion Points of Skeletal Muscles

What is the definition of the insertion in muscle anatomy?

The insertion is where the bone attaches to another bone, specifically the point where the tendon joins the moving bone.

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Origin and Insertion Points of Skeletal Muscles

What is the origin and insertion of the gluteus maximus muscle?

MuscleOriginInsertion
Gluteus MaximusIlium, sacrum, and coccyxGluteal tuberosity of femur, iliotibial tract
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Origin and Insertion Points of Skeletal Muscles

What is the origin and insertion of the biceps femoris muscle?

MuscleOriginInsertion
Biceps FemorisIschial tuberosity (long head), linea aspera (short head)Head of fibula, lateral condyle of tibia
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Origin and Insertion Points of Skeletal Muscles

What is the origin and insertion of the semitendinosus muscle?

MuscleOriginInsertion
SemitendinosusIschial tuberosityMedial surface of tibia (pes anserinus)
p.15
Types of Muscle Contractions

What are the two basic types of skeletal muscle action?

The two basic types of skeletal muscle action are isometric contraction and isotonic contraction. Isotonic contractions further divide into concentric and eccentric contractions.

p.15
Types of Muscle Contractions

What is an isometric contraction?

An isometric contraction occurs when the muscle contracts but does not shorten, resulting in no movement.

p.15
Types of Muscle Contractions

What is a concentric contraction?

A concentric contraction occurs when the muscle shortens while generating force, resulting in movement.

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Types of Muscle Contractions

What is an eccentric contraction?

An eccentric contraction occurs when the muscle lengthens while generating force, also resulting in movement.

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Types of Muscle Contractions

What are isotonic contractions and what do they cause?

Isotonic contractions cause the muscle to change length and generate movement of a body part.

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Types of Muscle Contractions

What are the two types of isotonic contractions?

The two types of isotonic contractions are concentric and eccentric.

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Types of Muscle Contractions

What happens during concentric contractions?

During concentric contractions, the muscle shortens as it contracts.

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Types of Muscle Contractions

What is a common example of a concentric contraction?

Bending the elbow from a straight position to a flexed position causes the bicep brachii muscle to contract and shorten.

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Types of Muscle Contractions

How frequently do concentric contractions occur?

Concentric contractions occur frequently in daily and sporting activities.

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Types of Muscle Contractions

What are eccentric contractions and how do they differ from concentric contractions?

Eccentric contractions occur when the muscle lengthens as it contracts, in contrast to concentric contractions where the muscle shortens. Eccentric contractions are less common than concentric contractions.

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Types of Muscle Contractions

Can you provide an example of an eccentric contraction?

An example of an eccentric contraction is when moving the elbow from a flexed position to a straightened position, where the bicep is lengthening and contracting simultaneously.

p.18
Types of Muscle Contractions

What are isometric contractions and how do they occur?

Isometric contractions occur when there is no change in the length of the contracting muscle, meaning the muscle generates force without moving the joint. The force produced depends on the muscle's length at the point of contraction, with each muscle having an optimum length for maximum force production.

p.18
Types of Muscle Contractions

Can you provide an example of an isometric contraction?

One example of an isometric contraction is when you grip something, such as a tennis racket. In this case, there is no movement in the joints of the hand, but the muscles are contracting to maintain a steady hold on the racket.

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Types of Muscle Contractions

What factors influence the amount of force produced during isometric contractions?

The amount of force a muscle can produce during isometric contractions is influenced by the length of the muscle at the point of contraction. Each muscle has an optimum length at which it can generate maximum isometric force.

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Types of Muscle Contractions

What type of contraction occurs in the bicep during flexion of the elbow?

The bicep undergoes a concentric contraction during elbow flexion, where the muscle shortens as it generates force to lift the forearm.

p.19
Types of Muscle Contractions

What type of contraction occurs in the tricep during extension of the elbow?

The tricep undergoes an eccentric contraction during elbow extension, where the muscle lengthens while controlling the movement of the forearm.

p.20
Types of Muscle Contractions

How many types of muscle contractions are there?

There are three main types of muscle contractions:

  1. Isometric Contraction - Muscle length does not change.
  2. Isotonic Contraction - Muscle changes length while maintaining tension.
    • Concentric - Muscle shortens.
    • Eccentric - Muscle lengthens.
p.20
Types of Muscle Contractions

What is the contraction called in which the muscle does not change its length?

The contraction in which the muscle does not change its length is called Isometric Contraction.

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Origin and Insertion Points of Skeletal Muscles

Define the term origin in the context of muscle anatomy.

In muscle anatomy, the term origin refers to the point where a muscle attaches to a stationary bone, typically located closer to the center of the body. It is the fixed attachment point that does not move during muscle contraction.

p.20
Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Elasticity refers to what in muscle tissue?

Elasticity in muscle tissue refers to the ability of muscle fibers to return to their original length after being stretched or contracted. This property allows muscles to withstand stretching and maintain their shape and function during movement.

p.20
Types of Muscle Contractions

Describe, in detail, what types of contractions are occurring during a full bicep curl.

During a full bicep curl, the following types of contractions occur:

  1. Concentric Contraction - As you lift the weight towards your shoulder, the biceps muscle shortens, causing the arm to flex.
  2. Eccentric Contraction - As you lower the weight back down, the biceps muscle lengthens while still under tension, controlling the descent of the weight.
  3. Isometric Contraction - At the top of the curl, if you hold the weight in place, the biceps may engage in isometric contraction to maintain the position without changing length.
p.22
Functions of Skeletal Bones

What are the four types of bones and provide examples for each?

Type of BoneExamples
LongFemur, Humerus, Tibia, Fibula, Radius, Ulna
ShortCarpals, Tarsals
FlatScapula
IrregularMandible, Pelvis, Vertebrae
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Functions of Skeletal Bones

What are the primary functions of skeletal bones?

The primary functions of skeletal bones include:

  1. Support - Provides structural support for the body.
  2. Protection - Protects vital organs (e.g., skull protects the brain, rib cage protects the heart and lungs).
  3. Storage - Stores minerals such as calcium and phosphorous.
  4. Red Blood Cell Production - Occurs in the red marrow of long bones.
  5. Movement - Provides attachment points for skeletal muscles, facilitating movement.
p.24
Types of Joints

What are joints and how are they classified?

Joints are sites where bone meets bone and are classified according to the amount and type of movement they permit.

p.24
Types of Joints

What is the function of ligaments in relation to joints?

Ligaments connect bone to bone across joints, providing stability and preventing dislocation. They are slightly elastic, allowing for some small movement of the bones at the joint.

p.26
Types of Joints

What are immoveable or fibrous joints and their characteristics?

Immoveable or fibrous joints are joints where bones are fixed or fused together by strong bands of fibrous tissue. They allow no movement and primarily serve the function of protection. Examples include sutures in the skull, the pelvis, the sacrum, and the sternum.

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Types of Joints

What are slightly moveable or cartilaginous joints and where can they be found?

Slightly moveable or cartilaginous joints are joints where the bone ends are separated by a disc or plate of cartilage. Only small amounts of movement are possible. Examples include the vertebrae and the joints where the ribs join the sternum.

p.28
Types of Joints

What are the characteristics of freely moveable or synovial joints?

  • Bone ends are covered with cartilage
  • The cavity of the joint contains a lubricating fluid called synovial fluid
  • Ligaments usually hold the bones together
  • They are the most common type of joint in the body
  • Examples include: knee, elbow, ankle, hip, shoulder, finger, wrist
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Types of Joints

What are the types of freely moving/synovial joints?

The types of freely moving/synovial joints include:

  1. Hinge - allows movement in one plane, like a door.
  2. Pivot - allows rotation around a single axis.
  3. Gliding - allows sliding movements between flat surfaces.
  4. Ball and Socket - allows movement in multiple directions, like the shoulder and hip.
  5. Saddle - allows movement in two planes, resembling a saddle shape.
  6. Condylar - allows movement but with limited rotation, like the wrist.
p.30
Types of Joints

What are the characteristics of hinge joints?

  • Convex surface fits into concave surface
  • Movement is only possible in one plane
  • Movement is similar to a door swinging on its hinges
  • Examples include the elbow, knee, and knuckle.
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Types of Joints

What is the primary characteristic of ball and socket joints?

The primary characteristic of ball and socket joints is that the ball of one bone fits into the socket of another, allowing for the greatest range of movement among joint types.

p.31
Types of Joints

Can you provide examples of ball and socket joints in the human body?

Examples of ball and socket joints in the human body include the shoulder joint and the hip joint.

p.32
Types of Joints

What are the characteristics of gliding joints?

  • Bone surfaces are almost flat
  • Allow only a very slight gliding motion
  • When many gliding joints work together, they can produce significant movement
p.32
Types of Joints

What are some examples of gliding joints in the human body?

Examples of gliding joints include:

  • Carpal bones
  • Tarsal bones
p.33
Types of Joints

What is the structure of a saddle joint and how does it function?

A saddle joint has a saddle-like structure where one bone fits into the other. This allows for a range of motion, particularly enabling the thumb to be placed across the hand. An example of a saddle joint is found between the carpal and metacarpal of the thumb.

p.34
Types of Joints

What is the structure of a pivot joint and what type of movement does it allow?

A pivot joint consists of a ring-like structure of one bone that fits around the pivot-like structure of another bone, allowing for rotational movement.

p.34
Types of Joints

Can you provide examples of pivot joints in the human body?

Examples of pivot joints include:

  1. Radio-ulna joint
  2. Joint between the 1st and 2nd vertebrae (allows head rotation)
p.35
Types of Joints

What is the defining characteristic of an ovoid or condylar joint?

An ovoid or condylar joint is characterized by an oval-shaped head of one bone fitting into a shallow cavity on another bone, allowing for movement in two anatomical planes.

p.35
Types of Movement

What types of movements are allowed by ovoid or condylar joints?

Ovoid or condylar joints allow movement in two anatomical planes, enabling a range of motion that includes flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.

p.35
Types of Joints

Can you provide examples of ovoid or condylar joints in the human body?

Examples of ovoid or condylar joints include:

  • Carpals of the wrist and the radius
  • Articulation between the metacarpals of the palm and the phalanges of the fingers
p.36
Types of Joints

What are the locations and movements associated with Ball and Socket joints?

LocationMovements
Shoulder, HipFlexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction
p.36
Types of Joints

What are the locations and movements associated with Hinge joints?

LocationMovements
Elbow, Knee, Interphalangeal joints (fingers, toes)Flexion, extension
p.36
Types of Joints

What are the locations and movements associated with Gliding joints?

LocationMovements
Intercarpal joints (wrist), Intertarsal joints (ankle)Sliding or gliding in multiple directions
p.36
Types of Joints

What are the locations and movements associated with Saddle joints?

LocationMovements
Carpometacarpal joint of the thumbFlexion, extension, abduction, adduction, opposition
p.36
Types of Joints

What are the locations and movements associated with Pivot joints?

LocationMovements
Atlantoaxial joint (C1-C2 vertebrae), Proximal radioulnar jointRotation around a single axis
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Types of Joints

What are the locations and movements associated with Ovoid joints?

LocationMovements
Radiocarpal joint (wrist), Metacarpophalangeal joints (knuckles)Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction
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Types of Joints

What are the types of synovial joints and their locations?

Type of Synovial JointLocation of Joint
Ball and SocketShoulder, Hip
HingeElbow, Knee, Finger, Thumb
GlidingAdjacent Vertebrae, Carpal bones, Tarsal Bones
SaddleJoint between carpal and metacarpal bones
PivotRadio Ulna Joint, 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae
OvoidJoint between carpal and the radius, Joint between metacarpal and phalange, Joint between metatarsal and phalange
p.37
Types of Joints

What movements occur in ball and socket joints?

Flexion/Extension, Abduction/Adduction, Circumduction

p.37
Types of Joints

What movements are associated with hinge joints?

Flexion/Extension

p.37
Types of Joints

What type of movement occurs in gliding joints?

A little movement in all directions

p.37
Types of Joints

What movements can be performed by saddle joints?

Joint TypeMovements Possible
Saddle JointFlexion/Extension, Abduction/Adduction, Circumduction
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Types of Joints

What is the primary movement of pivot joints?

Joint TypePrimary Movement
Pivot JointRotation
p.37
Types of Joints

What movements occur in ovoid joints?

Joint TypeMovements Possible
Ovoid JointFlexion/Extension, Abduction/Adduction, Circumduction
p.38
Types of Joints

What are immovable joints also referred to as?

Immovable joints are also referred to as fibrous joints.

p.38
Types of Joints

What are slightly moveable joints referred to as?

Slightly moveable joints are referred to as cartilaginous joints.

p.38
Types of Joints

What are freely moveable joints also referred to as?

Freely moveable joints are also referred to as synovial joints.

p.38
Types of Joints

How many different types of freely moveable joints are there?

There are six different types of freely moveable joints.

p.38
Types of Joints

What type of joint is a hinge joint classified as?

A hinge joint is classified as a uniaxial joint.

p.38
Types of Joints

Which joint allows the most movement?

The ball-and-socket joint allows the most movement.

p.38
Types of Joints

Describe one type of freely moveable joint and give an example of where it is found in the body.

One type of freely moveable joint is the ball-and-socket joint. It allows for rotational movement and movement in multiple directions. An example is the shoulder joint, where the humerus fits into the scapula, allowing for a wide range of motion.

p.46
Types of Movement

What is eversion in terms of foot movement?

Eversion is the movement of the sole of the foot outwards at the ankle joint, which is the opposite of inversion.

p.47
Types of Movement

What is dorsiflexion in terms of foot movement?

Dorsiflexion is the movement of the top of the foot towards the tibia, which is the opposite action to plantar flexion.

p.47
Types of Movement

What is plantar flexion in terms of foot movement?

Plantar flexion is the movement of the top of the foot away from the tibia, achieved by pointing the toes.

p.48
Types of Movement

What is elevation in terms of shoulder movement?

Elevation is the movement that involves raising the shoulder girdle upwards in relation to the head.

p.48
Types of Movement

What is depression in terms of shoulder movement?

Depression is the movement that involves lowering the shoulder girdle downwards in relation to the head, which is the opposite of elevation.

p.49
Agonist and Antagonist Muscle Pairs

What is the origin in muscle attachments?

The origin is the tendon attachment at the non-moving end of the muscle.

p.49
Agonist and Antagonist Muscle Pairs

What is the insertion in muscle attachments?

The insertion is the tendon attachment at the moving end of the muscle.

p.49
Agonist and Antagonist Muscle Pairs

What must muscles do to facilitate movement at a joint?

Muscles must cross a joint for movement to occur, and movement occurs at that joint.

p.50
Origin and Insertion Points of Skeletal Muscles

What is the origin and insertion of the Deltoid muscle?

MuscleOriginInsertionMain Action
DeltoidClavicle, ScapulaHumerusAbduction, flexion, extension of shoulder
p.50
Origin and Insertion Points of Skeletal Muscles

What is the origin and insertion of the Quadriceps muscle?

MuscleOriginInsertionMain Action
QuadricepsFemur, IliumPatellar tendon to TibiaKnee extension
p.50
Origin and Insertion Points of Skeletal Muscles

What is the origin and insertion of the Gastrocnemius muscle?

MuscleOriginInsertionMain Action
GastrocnemiusFemurAchilles tendon to CalcaneusPlantar flexion of foot, knee flexion
p.50
Origin and Insertion Points of Skeletal Muscles

What is the origin and insertion of the Biceps muscle?

MuscleOriginInsertionMain Action
BicepsScapulaRadiusElbow flexion, forearm supination
p.50
Origin and Insertion Points of Skeletal Muscles

What is the origin and insertion of the Abdominals muscle?

MuscleOriginInsertionMain Action
AbdominalsPubis, RibsLinea alba, PubisTrunk flexion, stabilization
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