Biological Macromolecules

A nitrogenous base, a pentose (five-carbon) sugar, and a phosphate group.

Double-helical, composed of two strands of nucleotides.

With bonds between phosphate and sugar groups of adjacent nucleotides.

At their bases with hydrogen bonds.

Because the strands coil about each other along their length, forming a double spiral.

Large molecules necessary for life built from smaller organic molecules.

Polyfunctionality, the capacity to form chemical bonds to at least two other monomer molecules.

Because carbon atoms, bonded to other carbon atoms or other elements, form the fundamental components of many molecules found in living things.

They have a ring structure and are hydrophobic.

Four electrons.

A hydrocarbon chain with an alcohol (–OH) group and a fatty acid.

Methane (CH4), in which four hydrogen atoms bind to a carbon atom.

Beeswax and lanolin.

Providing energy, particularly through glucose, and other important functions in humans, animals, and plants.

They may be structural, regulatory, contractile, protective, serve in transport, storage, or membranes, or be toxins or enzymes.

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides.

Enzymes are usually proteins that act as catalysts in biochemical reactions, such as digestion. They can break molecular bonds, rearrange bonds, or form new bonds.

Glucose.

Hormones are chemical signaling molecules, usually proteins or steroids, that act to control or regulate specific physiological processes, including growth, development, metabolism, and reproduction.

Lactose, maltose, and sucrose.

They form when two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration reaction, releasing a molecule of water and forming a covalent bond between atoms in the two sugar molecules.

A central carbon atom bonded to an amino group (–NH2), a carboxyl group (–COOH), and a hydrogen atom, with a variable R group.

Glucose and galactose.

They carry the genetic blueprint of a cell and carry instructions for the functioning of the cell.

In milk.

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).

From a dehydration reaction between two glucose molecules.

Monomers known as nucleotides.

Sucrose, or table sugar, composed of glucose and fructose.

A long chain of monosaccharides linked by covalent bonds, which may be branched or unbranched and contain different types of monosaccharides.

Because they are nonpolar molecules due to the presence of nonpolar carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds.

Energy storage, insulation, building blocks of hormones, and a constituent of the plasma membrane.

Glycerol and fatty acids.

A long chain of hydrocarbons with an acidic carboxyl group attached.

Saturated fatty acids have only single bonds between neighboring carbons, while unsaturated fatty acids contain double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.

Phospholipids.