How is the ligamentum flavum segmented?
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It is segmented between 2 vertebrae.
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How is the ligamentum flavum segmented?
It is segmented between 2 vertebrae.
Where does the occipital artery ascend after traveling posterosuperiorly?
In the superficial fascia of the scalp (occipital region).
What is the origin of the anterior spinal artery?
Union of anterior spinal branches of the vertebral artery.
Which region of the spinal cord does the anterior spinal artery supply blood to?
The anterior region of the spinal cord.
What does the transverse ligament of the atlas connect?
It connects the lateral masses of the atlas.
Where is the anterior atlantoaxial membrane attached?
From the front of the body of the axis to the lower border of the anterior arch of the atlas.
Where does the anterior spinal artery descend?
In the median fissure of the spinal cord.
Where do the anterior (ventral) roots and rootlets run from?
They run bilaterally from the anterior region of the spinal cord.
What do the rootlets merge to form?
The anterior root.
From which artery does the occipital artery originate?
The external carotid artery.
What are uncovertebral joints?
Small, synovial joints formed from the articulation between the uncinate process and the superior vertebral body.
Where is the posterior atlanto-axial membrane attached?
From the lower border of the posterior arch of the atlas to the upper edges of the lamina of the axis.
What does the anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL) connect?
The anterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies and intervening intervertebral discs.
What type of information do the posterior primary rami carry?
Sensory and motor information to the posterior cutaneous branches and the muscular branches.
Where is the superior attachment of the Splenius Cervicis?
Transverse processes of C1-C3.
What structure does the transverse ligament of the atlas create a pocket for?
The dens.
What is the function of the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane?
To prevent hyperflexion of the atlas at the atlanto-occipital joint.
What is the origin of the greater occipital nerve?
Posterior ramus of the second cervical nerve (C2).
What areas receive sensory innervation from the greater occipital nerve?
Scalp and dura mater in the posterior cranial fossa.
What are the posterior primary rami?
Branches of the spinal nerve that emerge after the nerve exits the intervertebral foramen.
What is the function of the supraspinous ligament?
It limits flexion of the vertebral column.
Which region of the spinal cord do the posterior spinal arteries supply blood to?
The posterior region of the spinal cord.
What do the rootlets merge to form?
The posterior root.
What is the action of the Semispinalis Capitis?
Extend and rotate the head (contralateral rotation).
Where is the pia mater free from attachment to the spinal cord?
Where it extends laterally from the denticulate ligaments and inferiorly from the filum terminale.
What are the components of the odontoid process (dens)?
Apex, anterior and posterior articular facets.
What ligaments attach to the odontoid process (dens)?
The apical ligament of dens and bilateral alar ligaments.
From which artery does the vertebral artery originate?
The subclavian artery.
Between which cervical vertebrae are uncovertebral joints found?
Only in C3-C6, with uncinate processes present on C7.
What is the function of the posterior atlanto-axial membrane?
It helps to stabilize the atlantoaxial joint and prevent excessive movement at the joint.
Where do the posterior spinal arteries originate from?
From the vertebral artery.
Where are the occipital condyles located in relation to the condylar fossa, jugular processes, and foramen magnum?
Anterior to condylar fossa, medial to jugular processes, lateral to foramen magnum.
Where is the superior attachment of the Semispinalis Capitis?
The space between the superior and inferior nuchal line on the occipital bone.
What type of axons are found in the anterior roots and what is their function?
Motor (efferent) axons, which carry the signal from the spinal cord to their targets in the body.
What is the lumbar enlargement responsible for?
Processing the lower extremities.
Where do the inferior fibers of the trapezius muscle attach?
The posterior aspect of the lateral â…“ of the clavicle and the acromion of the scapula.
What innervates the Semispinalis Cervicis muscle?
Medial branches of the posterior rami of the lower cervical and upper thoracic nerves.
What is the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane?
A sheet of connective tissue extending from the posterior arch of the atlas to the posterior margin of the foramen magnum.
Which areas does the occipital artery supply blood to?
The muscles of the neck and scalp, meninges, pinna of the ear, and mastoid air cells.
Which muscles receive motor innervation from the greater occipital nerve?
Obliquus capitis inferior and semispinalis capitis muscles.
Where do the posterior spinal arteries descend in the spinal cord?
In the posterolateral sulci of the spinal cord.
What are the anterior primary rami?
Branches of the spinal nerve that emerge after the nerve exits the intervertebral foramen.
Where is the inferior attachment of the Splenius Cervicis?
Spinous processes of T3-T6.
What actions does the Splenius Cervicis perform?
Extend, rotate, and laterally flex the neck at the cervical vertebral joints (ipsilateral rotation).
With which ligament is the supraspinous ligament continuous?
The nuchal ligament.
What type of innervation does the suboccipital nerve provide?
Motor innervation.
Which muscles are innervated by the suboccipital nerve?
Rectus capitis posterior major, rectus capitis posterior minor, obliquus capitis superior, obliquus capitis inferior.
What is the primary function of ligaments?
To connect bones to other bones and provide stability to joints.
What is the foramen magnum?
A large oval opening present at the anteroinferior aspect of the occipital bone.
What is the function of the posterior tubercle on the atlas?
It is equivalent to the spinous process.
Between which anatomical structures does the occipital artery travel posterosuperiorly?
Between the mastoid process and transverse process of C1.
What is the function of the anterior atlantoaxial membrane?
It maintains support and stability of the atlanto-axial joints and reduces excessive movement at the atlantoaxial joint.
What are the two oval, downwardly projecting processes from the inferior aspects of the lateral parts of the occipital bone called?
Occipital condyles.
What is the primary function of the anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL)?
To prevent excessive extension of the spine.
Where does the Semispinalis Cervicis muscle attach superiorly?
Spinous processes of C2-C5.
Where is the lumbar enlargement located?
Between L2 and S3 spinal level.
How far does the anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL) extend along the spine?
It extends the entire length of the spine, ending at the sacrum.
Which structure does the suboccipital nerve travel over?
Posterior arch of the atlas.
What anatomical landmarks are located posterior to the external acoustic meatus and posterolateral to the styloid process?
The mastoid process and mastoid notch.
What does the ligamentum flavum connect?
It connects lamina to lamina.
What is the function of the anterior atlanto-occipital membrane?
It maintains support and stability of the atlanto-occipital joint and reduces excessive extension at the joint.
What nerves innervate the Splenius Capitis?
Posterior rami of the 2nd and 3rd cervical nerves.
Where is the external occipital protuberance located?
Where the nuchal and occipital planes meet.
Describe the odontoid process (dens) of the axis.
It is a single, tooth-like, superiorly projecting process on the superior aspect of the axis.
Where are the veins of the epidural venous plexus located?
Imbedded in the epidural fat.
What is the posterior atlanto-axial membrane a continuation of?
The ligamentum flavum.
Why are the cervical and lumbar enlargements larger than the rest of the spinal cord?
They accommodate the nerve connections that process the upper and lower extremities.
Where is the cervical enlargement located?
Between C4 and T1 spinal level.
What is the cervical enlargement responsible for?
Processing the upper extremities.
What ligaments attach to the occipital condyles?
Alar ligaments.
What is the origin of the suboccipital nerve?
Posterior ramus of the first cervical nerve (C1).
Where does the Semispinalis Cervicis muscle attach inferiorly?
Transverse processes of T1-T6.
Where is the superior attachment of the Splenius Capitis?
Mastoid process of the temporal bone and the lateral â…“ of superior nuchal line of the occipital bone.
What is the pia mater?
A very thin, transparent, fibrous membrane wrapped directly onto the spinal cord.
What type of information do posterior roots contain?
Information traveling towards the spinal cord.
What is the action of the Splenius Capitis?
Extend and rotate the head (ipsilateral rotation).
What is the external occipital protuberance?
A palpable prominence along the external aspect of the occipital bone.
Where does the posterior longitudinal ligament attach more securely?
To the intervertebral discs.
Into what does the ligamentum flavum become at C1 and C2?
It becomes the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane and posterior atlantoaxial membrane.
What is the function of the atlanto-occipital joint?
It acts as a bridging point between the cranium and vertebral column and allows the 'yes' nodding motion.
What is the tectorial membrane?
A strong fibrous band that extends from the basilar part of the occipital bone to the posterior surface of the body of C2.
What are the components of the basilar part of the occipital bone?
Pharyngeal tubercle, medial portion of groove for inferior petrosal sinus, and posterior portion of clivus.
From where to where does the tectorial membrane extend?
From the basilar part of the occipital bone to the posterior surface of the body of C2.
What is the filum terminale externum?
The inferior portion of the filum terminale, composed of both pia and dura mater.
Where does the Obliquus Capitis Superior attach superiorly?
Posterior aspect of the occipital bone.
What is the nucleus pulposus?
The jelly-like center of an intervertebral disc.
What nerve innervates the Rectus Capitis Posterior Major?
Suboccipital nerve.
What is the largest artery in the human body?
The aorta.
What space does the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane cover?
The space between the atlas and cranium.
What is the anterior atlantoaxial membrane a continuation of?
The anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL).
What is the function of uncovertebral joints?
They allow flexion and extension, limit lateral flexion, and increase the stability of symphysis joints.
What is the supraspinous ligament?
A continuous ligament that joins the posterior tips of adjacent spinous processes.
What is the function of the transverse ligament of the atlas?
It preserves the position of the dens against the anterior arch of the atlas, preventing its displacement.
What is the anterior atlanto-occipital membrane?
A broad, densely woven, fibrous sheet.
Where is the mastoid notch located?
Along the medial aspect of the mastoid process.
What is the action of the Semispinalis Cervicis muscle?
Extend and rotate the neck (contralateral rotation).
Where is the anterior atlanto-occipital membrane attached?
From the anterior arch of the atlas to the anterior margin of the foramen magnum.
What type of axons carry signals to the spinal cord in the posterior roots?
Sensory (afferent) axons.
What is the arachnoid mater?
A thin opaque layer that sends fibers into the pia mater, creating a spider web appearance.
What movements are allowed by the atlanto-occipital joint?
Extension (20°), Flexion (10°), Lateral flexion (8° in both directions), and combined rotational movement.
Where is the arachnoid mater located among the meningeal layers?
It is the middle of the three meningeal layers.
Through which structures does the vertebral artery ascend?
The transverse foramina of C1-C6 vertebrae.
What is the primary function of the posterior longitudinal ligament?
To prevent excess flexion of intervertebral discs.
What are the lateral boundaries of the suboccipital triangle?
Obliquus capitis superior muscle.
What is the composition of the filum terminale internum?
It is composed of pia mater.
What joint is formed by the superior articular surfaces of the atlas?
The atlanto-occipital joint.
What are the two main components of an intervertebral disc?
Nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus.
What is the dura mater?
The dura mater is a tough fibrous membrane that protects and encloses the spinal cord.
What does the posterior longitudinal ligament become at the level of C2?
The tectorial membrane.
Where does the Obliquus Capitis Superior attach inferiorly?
Transverse processes of the atlas.
How does the tectorial membrane contribute to neck stability?
By stabilizing the cranium during flexion and extension of the neck.
In which plane are zygapophyseal joints present?
Oblique plane.
What does the dura mater transition to at the S2 vertebra?
The filum terminale externum.
Where does the Obliquus Capitis Inferior attach superiorly?
Transverse process of the atlas.
Which cervical vertebrae do not have a bifid spinous process?
C1 and C7.
What type of information do anterior roots contain?
Information traveling away from the spinal cord.
Is the anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL) continuous or segmented?
Continuous.
Where do the posterior (dorsal) roots and rootlets run from?
They run bilaterally from the posterior region of the spinal cord.
Where is the inferior attachment of the Semispinalis Capitis?
Superior articular facets of C4-C7 and the transverse processes of T1-T6.
What is the defining feature of the axis?
The odontoid process (dens).
What actions are performed by the superior fibers of the trapezius muscle?
Elevate, retract, and upwardly rotate the pectoral girdle at the sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints; extend and laterally flex the head and neck.
What joints do the occipital condyles form?
Atlantooccipital joints.
What color is the ligamentum flavum?
Yellow.
Which parts of the occipital bone form the margin of the foramen magnum?
Anteriorly by the basilar part, laterally by bilateral lateral parts, and posteriorly by the squamous part of the occipital bone.
What structures pass through the foramen magnum?
Vertebral arteries, anterior and posterior spinal arteries, spinal accessory nerve, and the cervicomedullary junction.
Where is the epidural space located?
Superficial to the dura mater.
Where does the nuchal ligament extend from and to?
From the external occipital protuberance down over the spinous processes of cervical vertebrae.
At which vertebra does the fusion of the dura mater and arachnoid mater occur?
At the S2 vertebra.
Can ligaments heal on their own after an injury?
Ligaments have limited blood supply, so they heal slowly and may require medical intervention for complete recovery.
What is the subarachnoid space?
The space between the pia mater and the arachnoid mater.
What areas does the vertebral artery supply blood to?
The deep neck muscles, vertebrae, spinal cord, and cerebellum.
What type of joints are the lateral atlantoaxial joints?
Plane synovial joints.
Where is the temporal bone located?
The temporal bone is located on the sides and base of the skull.
How many roots does the spinal accessory nerve have?
Two roots which join together.
Name two muscles that attach to the cervical spinous processes via the nuchal ligament.
Trapezius and splenius capitis.
Between which vertebrae are intervertebral discs not present?
Between C1 and C2.
How does the angle of zygapophyseal joints change as it approaches the thoracic spine?
The angle increases.
Where are the superior nuchal lines located?
Along the external aspect of the squamous part of the occipital bone.
With what does the dura mater blend?
With the epineurium of the spinal nerves.
What is the conus medullaris?
The conus medullaris is the tapered, lower end of the spinal cord, typically located around the L1-L2 vertebral level in adults.
What is the epidural space?
The epidural space is the area between the dura mater and the vertebral wall, containing fat and small blood vessels.
How many coccygeal nerves are there?
1 coccygeal nerve.
What is the mastoid process?
A large, blunt anteroinferior projection along the external surface of the mastoid part of the temporal bone.
Where does the supraspinous ligament end superiorly?
At C7.
What are the superior attachment points of the superior fibers of the trapezius muscle?
External occipital protuberance, the nuchal ligament, the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone, and the spinous process of the C7 vertebra.
How do the anterior primary rami communicate in the thoracic region?
They communicate with the lateral and anterior cutaneous branches by following the intercostal nerves around the ribs.
Where is the inferior attachment of the Splenius Capitis?
Spinous processes of C7-T3 and the nuchal ligament.
Which muscles attach to the mastoid process?
Splenius capitis, longissimus capitis, sternocleidomastoid, and the posterior belly of the digastric muscle.
From where to where do the denticulate ligaments extend?
From the foramen magnum to the T12 vertebra.
What is the posterior root ganglion?
The site where the afferent axon cell bodies reside.
What type of tissue are ligaments made of?
Dense regular connective tissue.
What is the superior attachment point for the filum terminale?
The conus medullaris.
Where does the filum terminale internum run?
From the inferior part of the conus medullaris to the filum terminale externum.
Describe the superior articular surfaces of the atlas.
They are concave, superomedially facing articular areas that form the atlanto-occipital joint.
What type of joints are intervertebral discs classified as?
Symphysis joints.
What are the inferior boundaries of the suboccipital triangle?
Obliquus capitis inferior muscle.
What muscles and structures attach to the basilar part of the occipital bone?
Longus capitis, rectus capitis anterior muscles, pharyngeal raphe, and anterior atlantooccipital membrane.
What are the attachment sites for the external occipital protuberance?
Descending trapezius fibers and the nuchal ligament.
With which bones does the basilar part of the occipital bone articulate?
Anteriorly with the posterior surface of the body of the sphenoid bone (spheno-occipital synchondrosis) and laterally with the petrous part of the temporal bone (petro-occipital synchondrosis).
Which structures form the lateral atlantoaxial joints?
The inferior articular facets on the lateral masses of the atlas and the sloping superior articular facets of the axis.
What type of joints are zygapophyseal joints?
Planar synovial joints.
At which vertebra does the dura mater taper?
At the S2 vertebra.
What type of joint is the median atlantoaxial joint?
A pivot joint.
How do the thickness of symphysis joints relative to bone height affect their function?
They allow more movement and provide shock absorption.
What type of blood do most arteries carry?
Oxygenated blood.
What nerve innervates the Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor?
Suboccipital nerve.
What does the subdural space contain?
Serous fluid.
How many cervical nerves are there?
8 cervical nerves.
What type of fibers does the posterior (dorsal) root contain?
Sensory (afferent) fibers.
What is the anterior atlanto-occipital membrane a continuation of?
The anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL).
What innervates the Splenius Cervicis?
Posterior rami of the lower cervical nerves.
What nerves innervate the Semispinalis Capitis?
Greater occipital nerve (C2) and the posterior rami of the third cervical nerves.
What is the conus medullaris?
The tapered end of the spinal cord.
Which nerves innervate the superior fibers of the trapezius muscle?
Spinal accessory nerve and the anterior rami of the 3rd and 4th cervical nerves.
Where is the conus medullaris located?
Deep to the L1 vertebra.
Which lines extend laterally from the external occipital protuberance?
The superior and supreme nuchal lines.
What is the cauda equina made up of?
Nerve roots at the posterior end of the spinal cord.
Where does the Rectus Capitis Posterior Major attach superiorly?
Inferior nuchal line of the occipital bone.
With which ligament is the nuchal ligament continuous at C7?
The supraspinous ligament.
What is the function of epidural fat?
It cushions the dural sac and nerves from impact to the spine.
What are the medial boundaries of the suboccipital triangle?
Rectus capitis posterior major muscle.
What resides within the subarachnoid space?
Cerebrospinal fluid.
What are the functions of the tectorial membrane?
It stabilizes the cranium during flexion and extension of the neck and reduces posterior movement of the dens.
What is the primary function of arteries?
To carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body.
Which artery travels deep to the suboccipital triangle?
Vertebral artery.
What important structures are housed within the petrous part of the temporal bone?
The petrous part of the temporal bone houses the inner ear structures, including the cochlea and vestibular system.
Where does the Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor attach inferiorly?
Posterior arch of the atlas.
Which muscles does the spinal accessory nerve innervate?
The trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles.
Which artery carries deoxygenated blood?
The pulmonary artery.
What nerve innervates the Obliquus Capitis Inferior?
Suboccipital nerve.
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31 pairs.
Where are the cell bodies of the motor fibers in the anterior (ventral) root located?
In the anterior horns of the spinal cord.
What type of joint is the atlanto-occipital joint?
Ellipsoid joint.
How many denticulate ligaments are there on each side of the spinal cord?
About 18 to 21.
What forms the synovial joint of the atlanto-occipital joint?
The pad-like occipital condyles lateral to the foramen magnum and the superior articular surfaces of the lateral masses of the atlas.
With which part of the atlas does the odontoid process (dens) articulate?
The anterior arch of the atlas.
What is the cervicomedullary junction?
The inferior end of the medulla and the start of the spinal cord.
Where is anesthesia typically injected in the epidural space?
Between L3 and L4.
Through which opening does the vertebral artery enter the cranial cavity?
The foramen magnum.
Where does the Rectus Capitis Posterior Major attach inferiorly?
Spinous process of the axis.
At which vertebra does the interspinous ligament stop superiorly?
C7.
How does epidural fat assist the dural sac during spine movement?
It allows the dural sac to glide along the vertebral arch when the spine is flexed and extended.
Which nerve travels through the suboccipital triangle?
Suboccipital nerve.
Where are the inferior nuchal lines located?
Along the external aspect of the squamous part of the occipital bone.
What is the action of the Obliquus Capitis Superior?
Laterally flexes and extends the head.
What movement does the tectorial membrane reduce?
Posterior movement of the dens.
What are the smaller branches of arteries called?
Arterioles.
What is the primary function of zygapophyseal joints in the cervical spine?
They are primarily responsible for the movement of the cervical spine.
What types of movements do zygapophyseal joints allow?
Lateral flexion, flexion/extension, and rotation.
What do the superior nuchal lines separate?
The occipital and nuchal planes of the squamous part of the occipital bone.
What is the subarachnoid space?
The subarachnoid space is the area between the arachnoid mater and pia mater, filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
What are the two roots that connect spinal nerves to the spinal cord?
Posterior (dorsal) root and anterior (ventral) root.
What is the function of the ligamentum flavum?
It keeps adjacent laminae together, helps maintain upright posture, and prevents hyperflexion.
What is the function of the denticulate ligaments?
They attach the spinal cord to the dura mater and stabilize the spinal cord.
What does the interspinous ligament connect?
Adjacent spinous processes deeply.
What is the difference between ligaments and tendons?
Ligaments connect bones to bones, while tendons connect muscles to bones.
How many joints make up the atlantoaxial joints?
Three joints: 2 lateral plane synovial joints and 1 median pivot joint.
Where is the interspinous ligament located in relation to the ligamentum flavum and supraspinous ligament?
Between the ligamentum flavum and supraspinous ligament.
What is the primary function of the atlantoaxial joints?
Rotation of the head.
What is the tectorial membrane a superior continuation of?
The posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL).
What is the action of the Rectus Capitis Posterior Major?
Extend and rotate the head.
What joint is formed by the inferior articular surfaces of the atlas?
The lateral atlantoaxial joints.
What is another function of the nuchal ligament?
It provides attachment points for many extrinsic back muscles that attach to cervical spinous processes.
What is the annulus fibrosus?
The outer portion of an intervertebral disc.
Where does the spinal root of the spinal accessory nerve originate?
From the accessory nucleus (anterior horn) of the spinal cord at C1-C6.
What nerve innervates the Obliquus Capitis Superior?
Suboccipital nerve.
Which structures form the median atlantoaxial joint?
The dens of the axis and the anterior arch of the atlas.
What is the action of the Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor?
Extends the head.
What is the action of the Obliquus Capitis Inferior?
Rotates the head.
What is the role of the endothelium in arteries?
It is the inner lining that helps regulate blood flow and pressure.
What is the significance of the lumbar cistern?
The lumbar cistern is an enlargement of the subarachnoid space in the lower lumbar region, often used for lumbar punctures to obtain cerebrospinal fluid.
Where are the cell bodies of the sensory fibers in the posterior (dorsal) root located?
In the spinal ganglia.
What is the filum terminale internum?
The superior portion of the filum terminale, running from the inferior part of the conus medullaris to the filum terminale externum, composed of pia mater.
What separates the arachnoid mater from the dura mater?
The subdural space.
Where does the vertebral artery travel after ascending through the transverse foramina?
Along the groove for the vertebral artery on C1.
Which crest extends inferiorly from the external occipital protuberance?
The external occipital crest.
What functions does the cauda equina provide?
Motor and sensory innervation to the legs, bladder, and the anus.
What is the spinal accessory nerve also known as?
Cranial nerve XI.
What is one function of the nuchal ligament?
It limits excessive flexion of the cervical spine.
What type of nerve is the spinal accessory nerve?
Motor nerve.
What is the function of the interspinous ligament?
To limit hyperflexion of the spine.
Where is the dura mater superiorly attached?
To the foramen magnum.
What are the main parts of the temporal bone?
The main parts of the temporal bone are the squamous part, tympanic part, mastoid part, and petrous part.
Where does the Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor attach superiorly?
Inferior nuchal line of the occipital bone.
From where do the inferior nuchal lines extend?
From the mid external occipital crest and curve across the nuchal plane towards the jugular processes of the occipital bone.
How does the dura mater extend laterally?
With the nerve roots to cover the nerves that emerge from the spinal cord.
What muscles attach to the superior nuchal lines?
Descending trapezius, occipital belly of occipitofrontalis muscle, sternocleidomastoid, and splenius capitis muscle.
What is the name of the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle?
Coronary arteries.
What are the three meningeal layers surrounding the spinal cord?
The three meningeal layers are the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.
How many sacral nerves are there?
5 sacral nerves.
How do ligaments contribute to joint stability?
By limiting the range of motion and preventing excessive movements that could cause injury.
Where is the basilar part of the occipital bone located?
Anterosuperior to foramen magnum, continuous posteriorly with bilateral lateral parts of the occipital bone.
What joint is formed by the articulation of the odontoid process (dens) with the anterior arch of the atlas?
The atlantoaxial joint.
How does the width of the posterior longitudinal ligament compare to the anterior longitudinal ligament?
The posterior longitudinal ligament is more narrow.
What is the inion?
The craniometric point at the tip of the external occipital protuberance.
Is the posterior longitudinal ligament continuous or segmented?
Continuous.
Describe the inferior articular surfaces of the atlas.
They are smooth, flat, inferomedially facing articular areas that form the lateral atlantoaxial joints.
Why is the filum terminale externum composed of both pia and dura mater?
Because it is located where these two maters merge.
What is the epidural venous plexus?
A network of veins running along the spinal canal.
What is the function of the filum terminale externum?
It helps to anchor the spinal cord to the coccyx.
What muscles attach to the inferior nuchal lines?
Rectus capitis posterior major and minor muscles.
Which muscle lies deep to the suboccipital triangle?
Semispinalis capitis muscle.
Which part of the temporal bone contains the external auditory meatus?
The tympanic part of the temporal bone contains the external auditory meatus.
Where does the Obliquus Capitis Inferior attach inferiorly?
Spinous processes of the axis.
Which cranial nerve passes through the temporal bone?
The facial nerve (Cranial Nerve VII) passes through the temporal bone via the internal acoustic meatus.
What is the filum terminale?
The filum terminale is a fibrous extension of the pia mater that anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx.
How many thoracic nerves are there?
12 thoracic nerves.
What type of fibers does the anterior (ventral) root contain?
Motor (efferent) fibers.
Describe the course of the spinal accessory nerve.
It ascends into the cranial vault through the foramen magnum, unites with the cranial root, then exits through the jugular foramen.
Which muscle lies superomedial to the suboccipital triangle and is the smallest of the suboccipital group?
Rectus capitis posterior minor muscle.
Which 'capitis' muscle does not attach to the head?
Obliquus capitis inferior muscle.
From where do the superior nuchal lines extend?
From the external occipital protuberance towards the lateral angles of the occipital bone.
What is the condition called when arteries become narrowed or blocked?
Atherosclerosis.
What is the cauda equina?
The cauda equina is a bundle of spinal nerves and nerve roots that extend from the lower end of the spinal cord.
What happens to the roots of the spinal nerve before entering the spinal cord?
They split into multiple rootlets.
What is the function of the transverse foramina?
Allows passage of vertebral arteries and veins.
What is the function of the mastoid process of the temporal bone?
The mastoid process serves as an attachment point for several neck muscles and contains air cells that help with sound transmission.
What is the subdural space?
The subdural space is the area deep to the spinal dura that separates the dura mater from the arachnoid mater.
What are the cervical and lumbar enlargements?
The cervical and lumbar enlargements are areas of the spinal cord that are enlarged due to the high density of nerves that supply the upper and lower limbs, respectively.
How many lumbar nerves are there?
5 lumbar nerves.
What are the transverse foramina?
Pair of small, oval, laterally located openings on transverse processes of cervical vertebrae.
What is a bifid spinous process?
A spinous process with an increased surface area for attachment of muscles.
What are the anterior and posterior tubercles of the atlas?
Rough, small prominences found on the midline of the anterior and posterior arch. The posterior tubercle is equivalent to the spinous process.
What is the articular facet for dens on the atlas?
A concave, oval, posterior-facing articular area along the posterior aspect of the anterior arch that forms the median atlantoaxial joint.
Describe the anterior and posterior arch of the atlas.
They are curved anteromedially and posteromedially, and the atlas has no vertebral body.
What is the groove for the vertebral artery on the atlas?
A large, smooth depression on the upper aspect of the posterior arch for the vertebral artery and cervical nerve.
What type of joint does the articular facet for dens form?
The median atlantoaxial joint.
