What is the action of the Supinator muscle?
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Elbow supination.
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What is the action of the Supinator muscle?
Elbow supination.
What is the action of the Brachialis muscle?
Elbow flexion.
What bones are involved in the elbow joint?
Radius, Ulna, and Humerus.
What is the action of the descending part of the trapezius muscle?
Draws scapula down obliquely upward; rotates glenoid cavity superiorly; tilts head to same side and rotates to opposite.
What is the action of the Clavicular Part of the Pectoralis Major?
Adduction and internal rotation.
What is the structure of cancellous bone?
A system of columns of bone that run vertically from end plate to end plate.
What is the primary function of the thoracic wall?
To protect the thoracic cavity and its organs.
What is the primary function of scapula movements?
To facilitate shoulder mobility and stability.
How many vertebrae are in the lumbar spine?
Five lumbar vertebrae (L1 to L5).
What are the main regions of the spine?
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.
What type of fibers are found in the Nucleus Proposus?
Fine collagen and elastin fibers.
What is the normal active range of motion for ulnar deviation of the wrist?
0 to 30 degrees.
What is the primary structure that makes up the vertebral column?
A series of vertebrae stacked on top of each other.
Which digits have distal phalanges?
1st to 5th digits.
What movement occurs when the scapula moves towards the spine?
Adduction (or retraction).
What is the focus of Lecture 2 in PHSI 2502NEF?
Movement and Function of the Spine.
What joints does the flexor digitorum superficialis flex?
Wrist, MCP, and PIP joints of 2nd to 5th digits.
What is the anterior view of the elbow joint?
A view showing the Radius and Ulna from the front.
What is the lateral view of the elbow joint?
A view showing the radius and humerus from the outside.
What is the normal active range of motion (AROM) for trunk flexion measured with?
A tape measure or inclinometer.
Which bones make up the elbow joint?
The humerus, radius, and ulna.
What do the fibers of the vertebral endplate continue into?
The disc.
What is the action of the Abdominal Part of the Pectoralis Major?
Adduction and internal rotation.
What is trunk extension?
A movement that increases the angle between the trunk and the legs.
What is the bilateral action of the Longissimus cervicis muscle?
Extends the spine.
What is the name of the first cervical vertebra?
Atlas (C1).
What are the actions of the Psoas major?
Hip joint: flexion and external rotation; lumbar spine: unilateral contraction bends the trunk laterally to the same side; bilateral contraction raises the trunk from the supine position.
What is the role of intercostal muscles in the thoracic wall?
To assist in breathing by expanding and contracting the rib cage.
What is trunk rotation?
A movement that involves twisting the trunk.
What role does the annulus fibrosus play in the intervertebral disc?
It provides structural support and contains the nucleus pulposus.
What is the function of the nucleus pulposus in the IVD?
To provide cushioning and distribute pressure.
How do the fibers in adjacent lamellae of the Annulus Fibrosus alternate?
They alternate to the left and right of the vertical axis.
What is the action of the Rectus Abdominus?
Flexes trunk, compresses abdomen, stabilizes pelvis.
What does the anterior view refer to?
The front view of the body.
What is the action of the Platysma muscle?
Depresses and wrinkles skin of lower face and mouth, tenses skin of neck, aids forced depression of the mandible.
What is the unilateral action of the Internal Oblique muscle?
Bends trunk to the same side and rotates trunk to the same side.
What is the action of the Extensor Digitorum?
Wrist extension and extension of the 2nd to 5th digits.
What is the unilateral action of the External Oblique muscle?
Bends trunk to the same side and rotates trunk to the opposite side.
What does the posterior view refer to?
The back view of the body.
What are zygapophyseal joints commonly known as?
Facet joints.
What are the bilateral actions of the Internal Oblique muscle?
Flexes trunk, compresses abdomen, stabilizes pelvis.
What is the action of the flexor digitorum superficialis at the elbow?
Weak flexor.
What is the action of the Transverse Abdominus when acting unilaterally?
Rotates the trunk to the same side.
What actions does the Extensor Carpi Ulnaris perform?
Wrist extension and ulnar deviation of the hand.
What are the bilateral actions of the External Oblique muscle?
Flexes trunk, compresses abdomen, stabilizes pelvis.
What is the action of the Abductor Pollicis Brevis?
Abduction at the CMC joint of the thumb.
Where are zygapophyseal joints located?
In the vertebral arch.
Who is the instructor for the Movement Study & Exercise Science course?
Dr. Tim Yam.
Which muscle is responsible for elbow flexion?
Brachialis.
What is the action of the Transverse Abdominus when acting bilaterally?
Compresses the abdomen.
What is the action of the unilateral contraction of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
Tilts head to the same side and rotates head to the opposite side.
What actions does the Adductor Pollicis perform?
Adduction at the CMC joint of the thumb and flexion at the MCP joint of the thumb.
What are the implications of the nucleus being avascular?
It affects nutrient supply and waste removal, potentially impacting disc health.
What is the action of the ascending part of the trapezius muscle?
Draws scapula medially downward.
What is the primary function of intervertebral discs?
To act as shock absorbers between the vertebrae.
What unique feature does the Axis (C2) have?
It has a peg-like odontoid process (dens) that fits into the atlas (C1).
How are the vertical columns of cancellous bone connected?
They are tied together with smaller transverse trabeculae.
What is the primary composition of the Annulus Fibrosus?
Primarily collagen fibers passing obliquely between vertebral bodies.
What is the normal active range of motion (AROM) for elbow flexion?
0 to 150 °.
What are the actions of the Coracobrachialis?
Flexion, adduction, and internal rotation.
What type of curvature does the thoracic spine have?
A kyphotic curvature.
What is a major component of the intervertebral disc (IVD)?
Proteoglycan.
What is unique about the orientation of successive lamellae in the Annulus Fibrosus?
They have reversed orientation fibers.
What are the major muscles surrounding the vertebral column?
Muscles that provide support and movement to the spine.
Which digits have middle phalanges?
2nd to 5th digits.
What is the normal active range of motion (AROM) for pronation of the forearm?
0 to 80 - 90 °.
What is the normal active range of motion (AROM) for thumb abduction?
0 to 70 degrees.
How many metacarpals are there?
5 metacarpals (1st to 5th digits).
What is the normal active range of motion for lateral flexion of the cervical spine?
0 to 35 degrees.
What is the primary function of the vertebral column?
To support the head and protect the spinal cord.
Which cervical vertebra is known as the axis?
C2, which allows for the rotation of the head.
What is the vascular supply status of spinal tissues?
All spinal tissues have a vascular supply except for the intervertebral disc.
What bones are involved in the elbow joint?
Radius, Ulna, and Humerus.
What type of joint is the elbow?
A hinge joint.
What is the medial view of the elbow joint?
A view showing the ulna and humerus from the inside.
What is the primary function of the cervical spine?
To support the head and allow for a range of motion.
What are the two main components of intervertebral discs?
The nucleus pulposus and the annulus fibrosus.
What structures make up the thoracic wall?
Ribs, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae.
What is the primary role of the intervertebral disc (IVD)?
To act as a cushion between vertebrae and absorb shock.
What is the role of the ligaments in the elbow?
To provide stability and support.
What is the normal active range of motion (AROM) for elbow extension?
0 °.
Which muscle assists in pronation of the forearm?
Pronator teres.
What are common causes of lordosis?
Obesity, pregnancy, and certain medical conditions.
What is the Longissimus thoracis muscle's primary action?
Not specified in the provided text.
At what angle are the fibers in the Annulus Fibrosus oriented relative to the vertical axis?
Approximately 60 degrees.
What role do the brachialis and brachioradialis play in elbow movement?
They assist in elbow flexion.
Name the main groups of abdominal muscles.
Rectus abdominis, external obliques, internal obliques, and transversus abdominis.
What does MCPJ stand for?
Metacarpophalangeal Joint.
What is the normal active range of motion (AROM) for thumb flexion?
Not applicable (NA).
What bones make up the hand?
The metacarpals and phalanges.
How many phalanges are in each finger?
Three phalanges, except for the thumb which has two.
What is the action of the Pronator Teres muscle?
Forearm pronation.
What is the function of the Flexor Carpi Ulnaris?
Wrist flexion and ulnar deviation.
What is the name of the first cervical vertebra?
Atlas (C1).
What is the action of the Multifidus muscle when acting unilaterally?
Flexes the spine to the same side and rotates to the opposite side.
How many vertebrae are typically in the human spine?
33 vertebrae.
What is the primary function of typical lumbar vertebrae?
To support the weight of the upper body and allow for movement.
How does the Axis (C2) contribute to neck mobility?
It provides a pivot point for the rotation of the skull.
What is the nucleus pulposus?
The gel-like center of the intervertebral disc.
What is a common condition associated with the lumbar spine?
Lumbar disc herniation.
What does lateral flexion of the trunk involve?
Bending the trunk to the side.
What does the Longissimus cervicis muscle do unilaterally?
Bends the spine laterally to the same side.
What is the role of the second cervical vertebra?
Axis (C2) allows for rotation of the head.
What is the role of aggrecan in the IVD?
It maintains tissue hydration through osmotic pressure.
What are the main bones of the wrist?
The carpal bones.
What is the shape of the lumbar vertebral foramen?
Triangular.
How can lordosis affect health?
It can cause lower back pain and discomfort.
How many thoracic vertebrae are there in the human spine?
There are 12 thoracic vertebrae.
What is the function of the wrist joint?
To allow for a wide range of motion and flexibility.
What is the significance of the transversus abdominis?
It acts as a stabilizer for the pelvis and lower back.
What are the main regions of the vertebral column?
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.
What is the posterior view of the elbow joint?
A view showing the Radius and Ulna from the back.
What are the actions of the Pectoralis Major?
Adduction and internal rotation.
What role does the Axis (C2) play in the spine?
It allows for the rotation of the head.
What is the action of the Longissimus capitis muscle when acting bilaterally?
Extends the head.
What is the normal active range of motion for wrist extension?
0 to 70 degrees.
What is the unilateral action of the Quadratus lumborum muscle?
Bends the trunk to the same side.
How does the Atlas differ from other vertebrae?
It lacks a vertebral body and spinous process.
What is the action of the Iliopsoas muscle?
It acts conjointly in flexing and stabilizing the hip joint.
How many rings of lamellae make up the Annulus Fibrosus?
15 to 25 rings.
How do intervertebral discs contribute to spinal flexibility?
They allow for movement and flexibility between the vertebrae.
What is the primary function of the vertebral column?
To provide support and protection for the spinal cord.
What are the two main components of an intervertebral disc?
Nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus.
What muscle aids in supination of the forearm?
Supinator.
What are the primary functions of abdominal muscles?
Support the trunk, allow movement, and protect internal organs.
How do intervertebral discs contribute to spinal flexibility?
They allow for movement and flexibility between vertebrae.
What is the function of the annulus fibrosus in the IVD?
To contain the nucleus pulposus and provide structural support.
What are the two main groups of carpal bones?
Proximal and distal rows.
What is the function of the spinous processes in cervical vertebrae?
They provide attachment points for muscles and ligaments.
What is the curvature of the lumbar region of the vertebral column?
Lumbar lordosis.
What is the role of intervertebral discs?
To provide cushioning and allow movement between vertebrae.
What happens during bilateral contraction of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
Extends the head and aids in respiration when the head is fixed.
What does the transverse part of the trapezius muscle do?
Draws scapula medially.
What is the primary function of the spine?
To support the body and protect the spinal cord.
What is the primary function of the elbow muscles?
To facilitate movement and stability of the elbow joint.
How many vertebrae are in the thoracic spine?
Twelve vertebrae (T1 to T12).
What is the unilateral action of the Longissimus capitis muscle?
Flexes and rotates the head to the same side.
What is the normal active range of motion for radial deviation of the wrist?
0 to 20 degrees.
What happens to the end plates of cancellous bone under axial compression?
They bulge into the vertebral bodies.
What are the two main components of an intervertebral disc?
The nucleus pulposus and the annulus fibrosus.
What is the role of intervertebral discs?
To absorb shock and allow movement between vertebrae.
How is the gel in the Nucleus Proposus held together?
Loosely by an irregular network of fibers.
What is the curvature of the spine?
The spine has natural curves that help with balance and weight distribution.
What type of movement do lumbar vertebrae primarily facilitate?
Flexion, extension, and some lateral bending.
What movements are facilitated by the cervical spine?
Flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation.
What are the main regions of the vertebral column?
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.
What unique structure do cervical vertebrae possess that aids in the rotation of the head?
Transverse foramen, which allows for the passage of the vertebral arteries.
What is the normal active range of motion (AROM) for thumb adduction?
0 degrees.
How do abdominal muscles contribute to movement?
They facilitate flexion, rotation, and lateral bending of the trunk.
Which cervical vertebra is known as the atlas?
C1, which supports the skull.
What type of joint is the wrist?
A complex synovial joint.
What is the vascular condition of the nucleus in the intervertebral disc?
The nucleus is avascular.
What is the designation of the second cervical vertebra?
Axis (C2).
What is the normal active range of motion for wrist flexion?
0 to 80 degrees.
What components make up the Nucleus Proposus?
Proteoglycan and water gel.
What is kyphosis?
A condition characterized by an excessive outward curvature of the spine, leading to a hunchback appearance.
Which muscle is primarily responsible for elbow flexion?
Biceps brachii.
How many vertebrae are in the cervical spine?
There are seven cervical vertebrae (C1 to C7).
What are the upper limb muscles responsible for?
Facilitating various movements of the upper limb.
How many pairs of ribs are in the human thoracic wall?
12 pairs.
What is the term for the movement of the scapula away from the spine?
Abduction (or protraction).
What is the function of the biceps brachii at the elbow?
To facilitate flexion.
How do intervertebral discs contribute to spinal flexibility?
They allow for movement and flexibility between the vertebrae.
What is the function of the triceps brachii at the elbow?
To facilitate extension.
How can kyphosis affect health?
It can lead to back pain, stiffness, and respiratory issues.
Which digits have proximal phalanges?
1st to 5th digits.
What is the downward rotation of the scapula?
The movement that brings the scapula back to its resting position after upward rotation.
What role do abdominal muscles play in posture?
They help maintain proper posture by stabilizing the spine.
What is the curvature of the thoracic region of the vertebral column?
Thoracic kyphosis.
What is the fifth carpal bone?
Trapezium.
What is the curvature of the cervical region of the vertebral column?
Cervical lordosis.
What actions does the Flexor Carpi Radialis perform?
Wrist flexion and radial deviation.
How thick is the vertebral endplate?
Less than 1 mm.
In what direction do the fibers of the vertebral endplate run?
Horizontal and parallel to the vertebral bodies.
What actions are performed by the Sternocostal Part of the Pectoralis Major?
Adduction and internal rotation.
What are the key movements included in trunk movements?
Flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation.
How are the fibers in the Nucleus Proposus arranged?
Radially and embedded in a highly hydrated aggrecan-containing gel.
What is the primary function of the thoracic spine?
To support the rib cage and protect the heart and lungs.
How many typical lumbar vertebrae are there in the human spine?
Five.
What are the three types of phalanges in the fingers?
Distal, middle, and proximal phalanges.
What occurs to the columns of cancellous bone during compression?
They experience compression and appear to bend.
What movements are primarily facilitated by the lumbar spine?
Flexion, extension, lateral bending, and rotation.
What is the role of the Psoas minor?
It acts conjointly with the Iliopsoas in flexing and stabilizing the hip joint.
How many vertebrae are typically found in the human vertebral column?
33 vertebrae.
What is a characteristic feature of typical cervical vertebrae?
They have a small body and a large vertebral foramen.
What is the normal active range of motion for cervical spine flexion?
0 to 45 degrees.
What does bilateral contraction of the Psoas major achieve?
It raises the trunk from the supine position.
How many typical cervical vertebrae are there in the human spine?
There are seven typical cervical vertebrae (C1 to C7).
What is the first carpal bone?
Scaphoid.
What type of movement is primarily allowed by the thoracic vertebrae?
Rotation and limited flexion/extension.
What are the two heads of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
Sternal head and clavicular head.
What is the action of the Multifidus muscle when acting bilaterally?
Extends the spine.
What region of the spine does the thoracic spine refer to?
The middle section of the vertebral column.
What is the primary function of the lumbar spine?
To support the weight of the upper body and provide flexibility and movement.
What does IVD stand for?
Intervertebral Disc.
What movements are primarily allowed at the elbow?
Flexion and extension.
What is lordosis?
A condition characterized by an excessive inward curvature of the spine, often seen in the lower back.
What are the bilateral actions of the Quadratus lumborum muscle?
Bearing down, expiration, and stabilizing the 12th rib.
What joint does the Atlas form with the occipital bone?
The atlanto-occipital joint.
What role does the annulus fibrosus play?
It provides strength and stability to the intervertebral disc.
What is the nucleus pulposus?
The gel-like center of the intervertebral disc.
What structures articulate with the thoracic vertebrae?
The ribs.
What is the role of intervertebral discs in the lumbar spine?
To absorb shock and allow for movement between vertebrae.
What does unilateral contraction of the Psoas major do?
It bends the trunk laterally to the same side.
What does PIPJ stand for?
Proximal Interphalangeal Joint.
What is the orientation of the lumbar articular processes?
They are oriented in a sagittal plane.
Name the carpal bones.
Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate.
What is the normal active range of motion for cervical spine rotation?
0 to 60 degrees.
How many metacarpal bones are in the hand?
Five metacarpal bones.
What is the curvature of the lumbar region of the vertebral column?
Lumbar lordosis.
What is the vertebral endplate?
A thin horizontal layer of hyaline cartilage placed between the disc and the vertebral body.
What is the water content of the Nucleus Proposus?
70 - 90% water.
What is the action of the Flexor Pollicis Brevis?
Flexion at the CMC joint of the thumb.
What is the primary function of the Atlas vertebra?
To support the skull and allow for nodding movements.
What action does the Opponens Pollicis perform?
Opposition at the CMC joint of the thumb.
What is the primary function of intervertebral discs?
To act as shock absorbers between the vertebrae.
Name a movement of the scapula that involves raising it towards the ears.
Elevation.
What muscle is involved in elbow extension?
Triceps brachii.
What are common causes of kyphosis?
Poor posture, degenerative diseases, and spinal injuries.
What is a distinguishing feature of lumbar vertebrae compared to other vertebrae?
They have larger bodies to support more weight.
What type of movement does the Atlas allow?
Flexion and extension of the head (nodding).
What is the normal active range of motion (AROM) for supination of the forearm?
0 to 80 - 90 °.
What does DIPJ stand for?
Distal Interphalangeal Joint.
What types of collagen are primarily found in the IVD?
Type I (70%) and Type II (20%).
How many carpal bones are there in the wrist?
Eight carpal bones.
What is the normal active range of motion for cervical spine extension?
0 to 65 degrees.
What is the shape of the body of a typical thoracic vertebra?
The body is heart-shaped.
What is the normal active range of motion (AROM) for thumb extension?
Not applicable (NA).
What is the role of the phalanges?
To form the fingers.
What is the significance of the sternum in the thoracic wall?
It serves as an attachment point for ribs and protects the heart.
What is the movement of the scapula that involves rotating it upward?
Upward rotation.
What is a typical characteristic of thoracic vertebrae?
They have facets for rib articulation.
What is the role of intervertebral discs?
To absorb shock and allow movement between vertebrae.
What does CMCJ stand for?
Carpometacarpal Joint.
What is the orientation of the spinous processes in thoracic vertebrae?
The spinous processes are long and angled downward.
What is the significance of the sacral region in the vertebral column?
It connects the spine to the pelvis.
What function does collagen serve in the intervertebral disc?
Provides tensile strength and anchors the tissue to the bone.
What is the curvature of the cervical region of the vertebral column?
Cervical lordosis.
What is the function of the IPJ?
Interphalangeal Joint allows flexion and extension of the fingers.
How many vertebrae are typically found in the human vertebral column?
33 vertebrae.
What is the curvature of the thoracic region of the vertebral column?
Thoracic kyphosis.
