What is the action of the Supinator muscle?
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Elbow supination.
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What is the action of the Supinator muscle?
Elbow supination.
What is the action of the Rectus Abdominus?
Flexes trunk, compresses abdomen, stabilizes pelvis.
What does the anterior view refer to?
The front view of the body.
What is the action of the Platysma muscle?
Depresses and wrinkles skin of lower face and mouth, tenses skin of neck, aids forced depression of the mandible.
What is the unilateral action of the Internal Oblique muscle?
Bends trunk to the same side and rotates trunk to the same side.
What is the action of the Extensor Digitorum?
Wrist extension and extension of the 2nd to 5th digits.
What is the unilateral action of the External Oblique muscle?
Bends trunk to the same side and rotates trunk to the opposite side.
What does the posterior view refer to?
The back view of the body.
What are zygapophyseal joints commonly known as?
Facet joints.
What is the focus of Lecture 2 in PHSI 2502NEF?
Movement and Function of the Spine.
What are the bilateral actions of the Internal Oblique muscle?
Flexes trunk, compresses abdomen, stabilizes pelvis.
What is the action of the Brachialis muscle?
Elbow flexion.
What is the action of the flexor digitorum superficialis at the elbow?
Weak flexor.
What is the action of the Transverse Abdominus when acting unilaterally?
Rotates the trunk to the same side.
What actions does the Extensor Carpi Ulnaris perform?
Wrist extension and ulnar deviation of the hand.
What are the bilateral actions of the External Oblique muscle?
Flexes trunk, compresses abdomen, stabilizes pelvis.
What is the action of the Abductor Pollicis Brevis?
Abduction at the CMC joint of the thumb.
Where are zygapophyseal joints located?
In the vertebral arch.
Who is the instructor for the Movement Study & Exercise Science course?
Dr. Tim Yam.
Which muscle is responsible for elbow flexion?
Brachialis.
What joints does the flexor digitorum superficialis flex?
Wrist, MCP, and PIP joints of 2nd to 5th digits.
What is the action of the Transverse Abdominus when acting bilaterally?
Compresses the abdomen.
What bones are involved in the elbow joint?
Radius, Ulna, and Humerus.
What is the action of the unilateral contraction of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
Tilts head to the same side and rotates head to the opposite side.
What actions does the Adductor Pollicis perform?
Adduction at the CMC joint of the thumb and flexion at the MCP joint of the thumb.
What is the vascular supply status of spinal tissues?
All spinal tissues have a vascular supply except for the intervertebral disc.
What is the action of the Pronator Teres muscle?
Forearm pronation.
What is the posterior view of the elbow joint?
A view showing the Radius and Ulna from the back.
What happens during bilateral contraction of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
Extends the head and aids in respiration when the head is fixed.
What is the vascular condition of the nucleus in the intervertebral disc?
The nucleus is avascular.
What actions does the Flexor Carpi Radialis perform?
Wrist flexion and radial deviation.
What is the anterior view of the elbow joint?
A view showing the Radius and Ulna from the front.
What are the two heads of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
Sternal head and clavicular head.
What is the action of the descending part of the trapezius muscle?
Draws scapula down obliquely upward; rotates glenoid cavity superiorly; tilts head to same side and rotates to opposite.
What is the vertebral endplate?
A thin horizontal layer of hyaline cartilage placed between the disc and the vertebral body.
What are the implications of the nucleus being avascular?
It affects nutrient supply and waste removal, potentially impacting disc health.
What bones are involved in the elbow joint?
Radius, Ulna, and Humerus.
What is the function of the Flexor Carpi Ulnaris?
Wrist flexion and ulnar deviation.
What are the actions of the Pectoralis Major?
Adduction and internal rotation.
What does the transverse part of the trapezius muscle do?
Draws scapula medially.
What is the designation of the second cervical vertebra?
Axis (C2).
How thick is the vertebral endplate?
Less than 1 mm.
What is the lateral view of the elbow joint?
A view showing the radius and humerus from the outside.
What is the action of the Multifidus muscle when acting bilaterally?
Extends the spine.
What is the action of the Clavicular Part of the Pectoralis Major?
Adduction and internal rotation.
What is the water content of the Nucleus Proposus?
70 - 90% water.
What is the action of the ascending part of the trapezius muscle?
Draws scapula medially downward.
What type of joint is the elbow?
A hinge joint.
What is the name of the first cervical vertebra?
Atlas (C1).
What role does the Axis (C2) play in the spine?
It allows for the rotation of the head.
What is the primary function of the spine?
To support the body and protect the spinal cord.
What is the normal active range of motion for wrist flexion?
0 to 80 degrees.
In what direction do the fibers of the vertebral endplate run?
Horizontal and parallel to the vertebral bodies.
What is the normal active range of motion (AROM) for trunk flexion measured with?
A tape measure or inclinometer.
What region of the spine does the thoracic spine refer to?
The middle section of the vertebral column.
What is the structure of cancellous bone?
A system of columns of bone that run vertically from end plate to end plate.
What is the action of the Flexor Pollicis Brevis?
Flexion at the CMC joint of the thumb.
What is the primary function of intervertebral discs?
To act as shock absorbers between the vertebrae.
What is the medial view of the elbow joint?
A view showing the ulna and humerus from the inside.
What is the action of the Multifidus muscle when acting unilaterally?
Flexes the spine to the same side and rotates to the opposite side.
What is the action of the Longissimus capitis muscle when acting bilaterally?
Extends the head.
What is the primary function of the elbow muscles?
To facilitate movement and stability of the elbow joint.
What components make up the Nucleus Proposus?
Proteoglycan and water gel.
What actions are performed by the Sternocostal Part of the Pectoralis Major?
Adduction and internal rotation.
Which bones make up the elbow joint?
The humerus, radius, and ulna.
What is the primary function of the lumbar spine?
To support the weight of the upper body and provide flexibility and movement.
What is the primary function of the thoracic wall?
To protect the thoracic cavity and its organs.
What is the primary function of the Atlas vertebra?
To support the skull and allow for nodding movements.
What unique feature does the Axis (C2) have?
It has a peg-like odontoid process (dens) that fits into the atlas (C1).
What is the primary function of the cervical spine?
To support the head and allow for a range of motion.
How many vertebrae are typically in the human spine?
33 vertebrae.
What is the normal active range of motion for wrist extension?
0 to 70 degrees.
How many vertebrae are in the thoracic spine?
Twelve vertebrae (T1 to T12).
What is kyphosis?
A condition characterized by an excessive outward curvature of the spine, leading to a hunchback appearance.
What are the key movements included in trunk movements?
Flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation.
What do the fibers of the vertebral endplate continue into?
The disc.
What does IVD stand for?
Intervertebral Disc.
What is the primary function of scapula movements?
To facilitate shoulder mobility and stability.
What action does the Opponens Pollicis perform?
Opposition at the CMC joint of the thumb.
How are the vertical columns of cancellous bone connected?
They are tied together with smaller transverse trabeculae.
What are the two main components of intervertebral discs?
The nucleus pulposus and the annulus fibrosus.
What is the primary function of typical lumbar vertebrae?
To support the weight of the upper body and allow for movement.
What is the unilateral action of the Quadratus lumborum muscle?
Bends the trunk to the same side.
What is the unilateral action of the Longissimus capitis muscle?
Flexes and rotates the head to the same side.
Which muscle is primarily responsible for elbow flexion?
Biceps brachii.
How are the fibers in the Nucleus Proposus arranged?
Radially and embedded in a highly hydrated aggrecan-containing gel.
What is the action of the Abdominal Part of the Pectoralis Major?
Adduction and internal rotation.
What movements are primarily allowed at the elbow?
Flexion and extension.
How many vertebrae are in the lumbar spine?
Five lumbar vertebrae (L1 to L5).
What is the primary composition of the Annulus Fibrosus?
Primarily collagen fibers passing obliquely between vertebral bodies.
What is the primary function of intervertebral discs?
To act as shock absorbers between the vertebrae.
What structures make up the thoracic wall?
Ribs, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae.
How does the Axis (C2) contribute to neck mobility?
It provides a pivot point for the rotation of the skull.
How does the Atlas differ from other vertebrae?
It lacks a vertebral body and spinous process.
What is the normal active range of motion for radial deviation of the wrist?
0 to 20 degrees.
How many vertebrae are in the cervical spine?
There are seven cervical vertebrae (C1 to C7).
What is the primary function of the thoracic spine?
To support the rib cage and protect the heart and lungs.
What is trunk extension?
A movement that increases the angle between the trunk and the legs.
What is lordosis?
A condition characterized by an excessive inward curvature of the spine, often seen in the lower back.
What are the main regions of the spine?
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.
What is the normal active range of motion (AROM) for elbow flexion?
0 to 150 °.
Name a movement of the scapula that involves raising it towards the ears.
Elevation.
What is the primary role of the intervertebral disc (IVD)?
To act as a cushion between vertebrae and absorb shock.
What is the nucleus pulposus?
The gel-like center of the intervertebral disc.
What is the action of the Iliopsoas muscle?
It acts conjointly in flexing and stabilizing the hip joint.
What happens to the end plates of cancellous bone under axial compression?
They bulge into the vertebral bodies.
What are the upper limb muscles responsible for?
Facilitating various movements of the upper limb.
How many typical lumbar vertebrae are there in the human spine?
Five.
What are the bilateral actions of the Quadratus lumborum muscle?
Bearing down, expiration, and stabilizing the 12th rib.
What is the bilateral action of the Longissimus cervicis muscle?
Extends the spine.
What type of fibers are found in the Nucleus Proposus?
Fine collagen and elastin fibers.
What are the actions of the Coracobrachialis?
Flexion, adduction, and internal rotation.
What muscle is involved in elbow extension?
Triceps brachii.
What is a common condition associated with the lumbar spine?
Lumbar disc herniation.
What is the role of the ligaments in the elbow?
To provide stability and support.
What are the two main components of an intervertebral disc?
The nucleus pulposus and the annulus fibrosus.
How many rings of lamellae make up the Annulus Fibrosus?
15 to 25 rings.
How many pairs of ribs are in the human thoracic wall?
12 pairs.
What are the three types of phalanges in the fingers?
Distal, middle, and proximal phalanges.
What joint does the Atlas form with the occipital bone?
The atlanto-occipital joint.
What is the name of the first cervical vertebra?
Atlas (C1).
What is the normal active range of motion for ulnar deviation of the wrist?
0 to 30 degrees.
What type of curvature does the thoracic spine have?
A kyphotic curvature.
What are common causes of kyphosis?
Poor posture, degenerative diseases, and spinal injuries.
What does lateral flexion of the trunk involve?
Bending the trunk to the side.
What is the normal active range of motion (AROM) for elbow extension?
0 °.
What is the role of intervertebral discs?
To absorb shock and allow movement between vertebrae.
How do intervertebral discs contribute to spinal flexibility?
They allow for movement and flexibility between the vertebrae.
What is the term for the movement of the scapula away from the spine?
Abduction (or protraction).
What occurs to the columns of cancellous bone during compression?
They experience compression and appear to bend.
What role does the annulus fibrosus play?
It provides strength and stability to the intervertebral disc.
What are the actions of the Psoas major?
Hip joint: flexion and external rotation; lumbar spine: unilateral contraction bends the trunk laterally to the same side; bilateral contraction raises the trunk from the supine position.
What is the primary structure that makes up the vertebral column?
A series of vertebrae stacked on top of each other.
What is a major component of the intervertebral disc (IVD)?
Proteoglycan.
What is a distinguishing feature of lumbar vertebrae compared to other vertebrae?
They have larger bodies to support more weight.
What does the Longissimus cervicis muscle do unilaterally?
Bends the spine laterally to the same side.
Which muscle assists in pronation of the forearm?
Pronator teres.
How is the gel in the Nucleus Proposus held together?
Loosely by an irregular network of fibers.
What is the primary function of the vertebral column?
To provide support and protection for the spinal cord.
What is the function of the biceps brachii at the elbow?
To facilitate flexion.
What movements are primarily facilitated by the lumbar spine?
Flexion, extension, lateral bending, and rotation.
What is the nucleus pulposus?
The gel-like center of the intervertebral disc.
What is the role of intercostal muscles in the thoracic wall?
To assist in breathing by expanding and contracting the rib cage.
Which digits have distal phalanges?
1st to 5th digits.
What is unique about the orientation of successive lamellae in the Annulus Fibrosus?
They have reversed orientation fibers.
What type of movement does the Atlas allow?
Flexion and extension of the head (nodding).
What is the role of the second cervical vertebra?
Axis (C2) allows for rotation of the head.
What are common causes of lordosis?
Obesity, pregnancy, and certain medical conditions.
What is the curvature of the spine?
The spine has natural curves that help with balance and weight distribution.
What are the two main components of an intervertebral disc?
Nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus.
How do intervertebral discs contribute to spinal flexibility?
They allow for movement and flexibility between the vertebrae.
What is the role of the Psoas minor?
It acts conjointly with the Iliopsoas in flexing and stabilizing the hip joint.
What structures articulate with the thoracic vertebrae?
The ribs.
What is trunk rotation?
A movement that involves twisting the trunk.
What movement occurs when the scapula moves towards the spine?
Adduction (or retraction).
What are the major muscles surrounding the vertebral column?
Muscles that provide support and movement to the spine.
What is the normal active range of motion (AROM) for supination of the forearm?
0 to 80 - 90 °.
What is the role of aggrecan in the IVD?
It maintains tissue hydration through osmotic pressure.
What is the Longissimus thoracis muscle's primary action?
Not specified in the provided text.
What type of movement do lumbar vertebrae primarily facilitate?
Flexion, extension, and some lateral bending.
What muscle aids in supination of the forearm?
Supinator.
What is the function of the triceps brachii at the elbow?
To facilitate extension.
How many vertebrae are typically found in the human vertebral column?
33 vertebrae.
What role does the annulus fibrosus play in the intervertebral disc?
It provides structural support and contains the nucleus pulposus.
What is the role of intervertebral discs in the lumbar spine?
To absorb shock and allow for movement between vertebrae.
What is the significance of the sternum in the thoracic wall?
It serves as an attachment point for ribs and protects the heart.
Which digits have middle phalanges?
2nd to 5th digits.
What does DIPJ stand for?
Distal Interphalangeal Joint.
At what angle are the fibers in the Annulus Fibrosus oriented relative to the vertical axis?
Approximately 60 degrees.
What are the main bones of the wrist?
The carpal bones.
What movements are facilitated by the cervical spine?
Flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation.
What are the primary functions of abdominal muscles?
Support the trunk, allow movement, and protect internal organs.
How can kyphosis affect health?
It can lead to back pain, stiffness, and respiratory issues.
What is a characteristic feature of typical cervical vertebrae?
They have a small body and a large vertebral foramen.
What is the function of the nucleus pulposus in the IVD?
To provide cushioning and distribute pressure.
What does unilateral contraction of the Psoas major do?
It bends the trunk laterally to the same side.
What is the movement of the scapula that involves rotating it upward?
Upward rotation.
What is the normal active range of motion (AROM) for pronation of the forearm?
0 to 80 - 90 °.
What types of collagen are primarily found in the IVD?
Type I (70%) and Type II (20%).
What role do the brachialis and brachioradialis play in elbow movement?
They assist in elbow flexion.
What is the shape of the lumbar vertebral foramen?
Triangular.
What are the main regions of the vertebral column?
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.
How do intervertebral discs contribute to spinal flexibility?
They allow for movement and flexibility between vertebrae.
Which digits have proximal phalanges?
1st to 5th digits.
What is the normal active range of motion for cervical spine flexion?
0 to 45 degrees.
How do the fibers in adjacent lamellae of the Annulus Fibrosus alternate?
They alternate to the left and right of the vertical axis.
What does PIPJ stand for?
Proximal Interphalangeal Joint.
What is a typical characteristic of thoracic vertebrae?
They have facets for rib articulation.
What is the normal active range of motion (AROM) for thumb abduction?
0 to 70 degrees.
How many carpal bones are there in the wrist?
Eight carpal bones.
Name the main groups of abdominal muscles.
Rectus abdominis, external obliques, internal obliques, and transversus abdominis.
How can lordosis affect health?
It can cause lower back pain and discomfort.
What unique structure do cervical vertebrae possess that aids in the rotation of the head?
Transverse foramen, which allows for the passage of the vertebral arteries.
What is the function of the annulus fibrosus in the IVD?
To contain the nucleus pulposus and provide structural support.
What is the downward rotation of the scapula?
The movement that brings the scapula back to its resting position after upward rotation.
What does bilateral contraction of the Psoas major achieve?
It raises the trunk from the supine position.
What function does collagen serve in the intervertebral disc?
Provides tensile strength and anchors the tissue to the bone.
What is the orientation of the lumbar articular processes?
They are oriented in a sagittal plane.
What is the role of intervertebral discs?
To absorb shock and allow movement between vertebrae.
How many metacarpals are there?
5 metacarpals (1st to 5th digits).
