What is the natural tendency of the patella regarding dislocation?
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The natural tendency of the patella is to dislocate laterally due to the upward and lateral pull by the Quadriceps.
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What is the natural tendency of the patella regarding dislocation?
The natural tendency of the patella is to dislocate laterally due to the upward and lateral pull by the Quadriceps.
What is the intertrochanteric line?
It is a roughened ridge running from the greater to the lesser trochanter.
What is the function of the synovial membrane in the knee joint?
The synovial membrane lines the capsule and is attached to the articular surface.
What does Trendelenburg's sign indicate?
It indicates the integrity of the hip abductors.
What is inversion at the subtalar joint?
Inversion is the movement in which the medial border of the foot is raised so that the sole faces medially.
What are the three main parts of the talus?
The three main parts of the talus are the head, neck, and body.
What are the lateral rotators of the thigh at the hip joint commonly referred to as?
Triceps of hip
What is the primary extensor of the knee?
Quadriceps femoris
To which bone is the weight transferred at the ankle?
At the ankle, the weight is transferred to the talus.
What role does the talus play in the foot's structure?
The talus is the keystone of a longitudinal arch formed by the tarsal and metatarsal bones, distributing weight evenly between the heel and the forefoot when standing.
What is the lateral (fibular) collateral ligament?
The lateral (fibular) collateral ligament is a ligament that provides stability to the outer side of the knee joint.
Where do the two hip bones articulate with one another?
The two hip bones articulate in front at the pubic symphysis.
What is the origin of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)?
The PCL arises from the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia.
Where is the trochanteric bursa located?
The trochanteric bursa is present between the tendons of the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus and the greater trochanter.
What happens to the lower limb during development?
The lower limb undergoes medial rotation through 180ยบ, causing the original dorsal or extensor surface to become anterior and the ventral or flexor surface to become posterior.
What structure deepens the acetabulum?
The acetabular labrum, which is made up of fibrocartilage.
What are the main components of the proximal end of the femur?
The proximal end of the femur consists of a head, neck, and two trochanters (greater and lesser).
What covers the head of the femur?
The head of the femur is covered with articular cartilage, except for a medially placed depression or pit, the fovea for the ligament of the head.
Which surfaces of the neck of the femur are intracapsular?
The anterior surface of the neck of the femur is completely intracapsular, whereas only the medial half of its posterior surface is intracapsular.
What is the primary function of the hip joint?
The hip joint is designed for stability over a wide range of movement.
What is the movement of the hip joint that rotates the thigh towards the midline?
Medial rotation
What are the potential consequences of sciatic nerve injury during hip dislocation?
Paralysis of the hamstrings and muscles distal to the knee joint (both anterior and posterior).
What is the shape of the medial meniscus?
The medial meniscus is C-shaped and broader posteriorly than anteriorly.
What is the keystone of the lateral longitudinal arch?
Cuboid
What are the two large, blunt elevations located where the neck of the femur joins the shaft?
The trochanters.
How do surrounding muscles contribute to the stability of the hip joint?
The strength of the surrounding muscles contributes to the stability of the hip joint.
What is the commonest site for intramuscular injection?
Gluteal region
How does the Sartorius muscle affect the position of the lower limb when sitting?
It abducts the thigh laterally to bring the lower limb into a sitting position.
What is the function of the ligamentum patellae?
The ligamentum patellae serves to connect the patella to the tibia and helps in stabilizing the knee joint.
Which part of the hip bone is the largest and contributes to the acetabulum?
The ilium.
What is the movement of the hip joint that brings the thigh closer to the midline of the body?
Adduction
What is an ACL injury?
An ACL injury refers to a rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament, which is one of the most common knee injuries.
How is Trendelenburg's sign tested?
It is tested by having the patient stand on one leg; if the pelvis drops on the opposite side, the sign is positive.
What often disrupts the blood supply to the head of the femur in hip fractures?
Fracture of the neck of the femur often disrupts the blood supply to the head of the femur.
What is the structure that supports the head of the femur?
The neck of the femur supports the head.
What is the function of the obturator externus muscle?
Lateral rotator of the thigh.
Which nerve innervates the tensor fascia lata?
Superior gluteal nerve.
What are the two layers of the hip joint capsule?
The outer longitudinal (retinacular) layer and the inner circular fibres.
What is the 'unhappy triad' in knee injuries?
The 'unhappy triad' refers to a combination of injuries including the ACL tear, TCL rupture, and damage to the meniscus.
What is the primary function of the human lower limb?
The human lower limb is built for support and propulsion.
How do the femurs of females compare to those of males?
The femurs of females are slightly more oblique than those of males, reflecting the greater width of their pelves.
What is the blood supply status of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)?
The ACL has a relatively poor blood supply.
Where does the PCL attach in the femur?
The PCL attaches to the anterior part of the lateral surface of the medial condyle of the femur.
What does a positive Trendelenburg's sign suggest?
A positive sign suggests weakness or dysfunction of the hip abductors on the standing leg side.
What is a common cause of a lateral ligament sprain?
A lateral ligament sprain is very common when the plantarflexed foot is excessively inverted.
Describe the shape and orientation of the patella.
It is a flat, triangular bone with the base facing upward and the apex downward.
What are the superior boundaries of the fascia lata?
Anterior superior iliac spine, inguinal ligament, and pubic tubercle.
What is the keystone of the medial longitudinal arch?
Talus
How is the medial meniscus related to the tibial collateral ligament?
The medial meniscus is firmly adhered to the deep surface of the tibial collateral ligament.
What connects the lower ends of the tibia and fibula?
They are connected by a strong interosseous ligament.
Which nerve innervates the quadriceps femoris?
Femoral nerve
What is the function of the ilio-femoral ligament?
It is the strongest ligament that prevents hyperextension of the hip joint.
What does the pubo-femoral ligament prevent?
It prevents overabduction of the hip joint.
What is the primary function of the Sartorius muscle?
It flexes both the hip and knee joints.
What is the movement of the hip joint that decreases the angle between the thigh and the pelvis?
Flexion
What is the movement of the hip joint that increases the angle between the thigh and the pelvis?
Extension
What is the origin of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)?
The ACL arises from the anterior intercondylar area of the tibia, just posterior to the attachment of the medial meniscus.
What is a potential drawback of the angle of inclination?
A potential drawback is that it imposes considerable strain on the neck of the femur.
What nerve innervates the main abductors of the hip joint?
The main abductors of the hip joint are innervated by the Superior gluteal nerve.
What is eversion at the subtalar joint?
Eversion is the movement in which the lateral border of the foot is raised so that the sole faces laterally.
In what type of accidents are ACL injuries commonly seen?
ACL injuries are commonly seen in skiing accidents.
What happens to the tibia during an ACL rupture?
During an ACL rupture, the free tibia slides anteriorly under the femur.
What is the main function of the extensor muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh?
The main function is to extend the knee.
Where is the anterior end of the medial meniscus attached?
The anterior end (horn) of the medial meniscus is attached to the anterior intercondylar area of the tibia, anterior to the attachment of the ACL.
Which arteries supply blood to the head and neck of the femur?
Medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries, which are branches from the profunda femoris artery.
Which ligaments strengthen the capsule of the hip joint?
The iliofemoral, pubofemoral, and ischiofemoral ligaments strengthen the capsule of the hip joint.
How is weight transferred from the knee joint to the ankle joint?
Weight is transferred from the knee joint to the ankle joint by the tibia.
Does the fibula articulate with the femur?
No, the fibula does not articulate with the femur and does not bear weight.
What type of joint is the hip joint?
The hip joint is a strong and stable multiaxial ball and socket type of synovial joint.
What is the movement of the hip joint that moves the thigh away from the midline of the body?
Abduction
Which nerves are responsible for the innervation of the knee joint?
Femoral, Tibial, common peroneal, and Obturator nerves
What are the primary functions of the muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh?
The primary functions are flexion of the hip and extension of the knee.
What is the oblique popliteal ligament?
The oblique popliteal ligament is a ligament that is a reflection of the semi-membranosus muscle tendon and helps to reinforce the posterior aspect of the knee joint.
What role does the rigid bony pelvis play in relation to body weight?
The rigid bony pelvis transmits the body weight through the acetabulum to the lower limb.
Which bone is the larger and stronger of the two in the lower leg?
The tibia.
What are the main muscles located in the gluteal region?
The main muscles in the gluteal region include the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and gluteus minimus.
What are the two separate joints that form the transverse tarsal joint?
The two separate joints are the talocalcaneonavicular joint and the calcaneocuboid joint.
What happens to the retinacular arteries during a femoral neck fracture?
The retinacular arteries often are torn when the femoral neck is fractured or the hip joint is dislocated.
What muscle group is responsible for extension at the knee joint?
Quadriceps femoris
What are the main types of arches in the foot?
The main types of arches in the foot are the medial longitudinal arch, lateral longitudinal arch, and transverse arch.
What is the shape and size of the lateral meniscus compared to the medial meniscus?
The lateral meniscus is nearly circular, smaller, and more freely movable than the medial meniscus.
What is the role of the fibula in body weight transmission?
The fibula does not take part in the transmission of body weight.
Which arteries are involved in the trochanteric and cruciate anastomosis?
The superior and inferior gluteal arteries.
What is the function of the capsule in the hip joint?
The capsule encloses the joint and is attached to the acetabular labrum medially and the intertrochanteric line and posterior aspect of the neck of the femur laterally.
Name three bursae associated with the knee joint.
Suprapatellar bursa, Semimembranous bursa, Popliteal bursa.
What is a common cause of dislocation of the head of the femur?
A head-on collision during an automobile accident.
What is the acetabulum?
A cup-like cavity (socket) on the lateral aspect of the hip bone for articulation with the head of the femur.
Which nerve innervates the gluteus maximus?
The gluteus maximus is innervated by the inferior gluteal nerve.
What is plantar flexion and which muscles are mainly responsible for it?
Plantar flexion is the movement of the foot downwards away from the shin, mainly performed by the Gastrocnemius and Soleus.
What is the significance of the greater and lesser trochanters?
The greater and lesser trochanters serve as important muscle attachment sites for muscles that move the hip and thigh.
What happens to the tibia when the knee joint is flexed at a right angle in relation to the ACL?
When the joint is flexed at a right angle, the tibia cannot be pulled anteriorly because it is held by the ACL.
What is the fascia lata?
The deep fascia of the thigh that encloses the thigh like a sleeve.
Why is the ankle joint considered unstable in plantarflexion?
The ankle joint is unstable in plantarflexion, as seen in tiptoe movements during ballet dancing.
What ligaments support the subtalar joint?
The subtalar joint is supported by medial, lateral, posterior, and interosseous talocalcaneal ligaments.
What type of joint is the inferior tibiofibular joint?
Syndesmosis variety of fibrous joint, which is the strongest of all three joints.
What are the lateral boundaries of the fascia lata?
Iliac crest.
How does the shape of an arch contribute to its stability?
The curved shape of an arch allows for the distribution of weight downwards and outwards, which helps to maintain its stability.
What is the origin of the Psoas major muscle?
Originates from the lumbar vertebrae to the lesser trochanter of the femur (L1 to L4 ventral rami).
What type of movements occur at the small joints of the foot?
Limited movements that are adapted for flexible rigidity and propulsion.
Why must the menisci be able to move on the tibial plateau?
The menisci must move as the points of contact between the femur and the tibia change.
What are the inferior boundaries of the fascia lata?
Front and sides of the knee and its capsule.
Which spinal segments regulate flexion, adduction, and medial rotation?
L2 and L3 spinal segments
What are the factors that prevent lateral dislocation of the patella?
What are the functions of the ischio-femoral ligament?
It prevents hyperextension of the hip joint and limits medial rotation of the hip.
What are bursae and how are they formed in relation to the synovial membrane?
Bursae are outpocketings of the synovial membrane.
What condition can result from sciatic injuries?
Foot drop
Why is the angle of inclination advantageous for bipedal walking?
It is advantageous for bipedal walking because it enhances the mobility of the femur at the hip joint.
What is the primary function of the femur?
The primary function of the femur is to support the weight of the body and allow for movement of the lower limb.
Which muscles are primarily responsible for hip abduction?
The gluteus medius and gluteus minimus are primarily responsible for hip abduction.
Which nerve may be injured during a posterior dislocation of the hip joint?
The sciatic nerve.
What is the movement of the hip joint that rotates the thigh away from the midline?
Lateral rotation
What type of joint is formed at the superior tibiofibular joint?
Plane synovial joint between the head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia.
What surrounds the subtalar joint?
The subtalar joint is surrounded by a weak joint capsule.
Where are the menisci attached in the knee joint?
In transverse section, the menisci are firmly attached at their ends to the intercondylar area of the tibia, and their external margins are attached to the fibrous layer of the capsule of the knee joint.
What muscles are responsible for hip joint extension?
Gluteus maximus and hamstrings.
How do the movements at the hip joint compare to those at the shoulder joint?
Movements in the hip region are more restricted compared to the relatively free shoulder joint.
Which muscle in the gluteal region is responsible for hip abduction?
The gluteus medius is primarily responsible for hip abduction.
What role does the medial longitudinal arch play during locomotion?
It provides a propulsive force.
What is a common clinical issue associated with the obturator nerve?
A common clinical issue is obturator nerve entrapment, which can lead to pain and weakness in the adductor muscles.
Which muscles are primarily located in the medial/adductor compartment of the thigh?
The primary muscles include the adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, gracilis, and pectineus.
What is the term for the circular movement of the hip joint?
Circumduction.
How is body weight transferred from the vertebral column to the femurs?
Body weight is transferred from the vertebral column through the sacroiliac joints to the pelvic girdle and from the pelvic girdle through the hip joints to the femurs.
Which muscles of the leg do not attach to the fibula?
The muscles that do not attach to the fibula are Tibialis anterior, Gastrocnemius, and Plantaris.
What is the role of the ACL in the knee joint?
The ACL serves as a pivot for rotatory movements of the knee.
What can cause the ACL to tear?
The ACL may tear subsequent to the rupture of the TCL.
What are the three primary bones that form each hip bone?
Ilium, ischium, and pubis.
What are the two types of articulations involved in the knee joint?
Lateral and medial femorotibial condyles (condylar type) and femoropatellar articulation (saddle type)
What type of dislocation occurs when the femoral head is forced out of the acetabulum?
Posterior dislocation of the hip joint.
How does the weight of the upper body affect the hip joint during standing?
During standing, the entire weight of the upper body is transmitted through the 2 hip bones to the head and neck of the 2 femurs.
What nerve innervates the Sartorius muscle?
Femoral nerve
What are the menisci of the knee joint?
The menisci are crescentic plates of fibrocartilage on the articular surface of the tibia that deepen the surface and play a role in shock absorption.
Why is the medial meniscus more prone to injury than the lateral meniscus?
The medial meniscus is more prone to injury due to its firm attachment to the tibial collateral ligament and greater movement during rotational activities.
What is the transverse tarsal joint?
The transverse tarsal joint is a compound joint formed by the talonavicular part of the talocalcaneonavicular and the calcaneocuboid joints.
What nerve innervates the Tensor fascia lata?
Superior gluteal nerve
What are the intersegmental ties that maintain the lateral longitudinal arch?
Long and short plantar ligaments
What is the characteristic of the anterior aspect of the patella?
The anterior aspect is convex and rough.
What are the factors that maintain the arches of a stone bridge?
The factors include the shape of the arch, the weight distribution of the materials, and the use of keystones that lock the structure in place.
What are the intermuscular septa of the thigh?
The intermuscular septa of the thigh are connective tissue structures that separate the thigh muscles into compartments.
What is the primary function of the medial/adductor compartment of the thigh?
The primary function is to adduct the thigh, bringing it closer to the midline of the body.
How is the knee 'unlocked'?
The popliteus contracts, rotating the femur laterally about 5ยฐ on the tibial plateau to allow flexion of the knee.
What is the significance of the saphenous opening?
It allows for the passage of structures such as the great saphenous vein.
What are the clinical implications of femoral nerve injury?
Injury to the femoral nerve can result in weakness of the quadriceps muscle, leading to difficulty in extending the knee and loss of sensation in the anterior thigh.
What anatomical feature contributes to the stability of the hip joint by providing depth?
The depth of the acetabulum contributes to the stability of the hip joint.
What is the role of the obturator artery in the blood supply of the hip joint?
The obturator artery supplies blood to the head of the femur.
When is the ACL taut?
The ACL is taut during flexion of the knee.
What is the angle of inclination in the proximal femur?
The angle of inclination refers to the bending of the proximal femur (L-shaped) where the long axis of the head and neck projects superomedially at an angle to the obliquely oriented shaft.
What type of joint is the knee joint classified as?
Modified hinge joint
Which muscles are the main abductors of the hip joint?
The main abductors of the hip joint are the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus.
What role does the medial (tibial) collateral ligament play?
The medial (tibial) collateral ligament stabilizes the inner side of the knee joint and prevents excessive side-to-side movement.
Where does the subtalar joint occur?
The subtalar joint occurs where the talus rests on and articulates with the calcaneus.
Which nerve is responsible for the innervation of the Gracilis muscle?
Obturator nerve
How does the femur contribute to hip joint movement?
The femur allows for a wide range of movements at the hip joint, including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation.
What type of movement commonly causes meniscal tears?
Twisting strains, such as kicking a football with a slightly flexed knee, commonly cause meniscal tears.
Which muscles are responsible for flexion at the knee joint?
Hamstrings
How does the popliteus muscle protect the lateral meniscus?
The popliteus muscle protects the lateral meniscus by pulling the posterior horn backward, preventing it from being crushed between the articular surfaces.
What is the primary function of the femoral nerve?
The femoral nerve primarily innervates the quadriceps muscle and provides sensation to the anterior thigh and part of the medial leg.
What are the intersegmental ties that maintain the medial longitudinal arch?
Spring ligament, Interosseous ligaments, Interosseous talocalcaneal ligament
Where does the tibia articulate with the femur?
At the knee joint.
Where do the hamstring muscles insert?
Into one of the bones of the leg.
Which muscles are responsible for medial rotation of the hip joint?
Anterior fibres of gluteus minimus and medius, and tensor fascia lata.
What muscles are found in the anterior compartment of the thigh?
The anterior compartment of the thigh primarily contains the quadriceps femoris muscle group.
What are the functions of the hamstring muscles?
They are flexors of the knee and extensors of the hip joint.
Which arch of the foot is higher, the medial or the lateral arch?
The medial arch is higher than the lateral arch.
What are the names of the tarsal bones?
The tarsal bones are the calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuboid, and the three cuneiform bones (medial, intermediate, and lateral).
What is the primary function of the tensor fascia lata?
Abducts the hip joint and maintains the extended position of the knee joint through the iliotibial tract.
What are the two main components that articulate in the hip joint?
The hemispherical head of the femur and the cup-shaped acetabulum of the hip bone.
How does the angle of inclination affect the mobility of the femur at the hip joint?
The angle of inclination allows greater mobility of the femur at the hip joint by placing the head and neck more perpendicular to the acetabulum.
What are the components of the hip joint?
The femoral head acts as the ball, and the acetabulum serves as the socket.
What is the primary function of the gluteus maximus?
The gluteus maximus is the chief extensor of the hip joint during standing up from a sitting position and climbing upstairs.
What is dorsiflexion and which muscle primarily performs it?
Dorsiflexion is the movement of the foot upwards towards the shin, primarily performed by the Tibialis anterior.
Where is the femoral head located?
The femoral head is located at the proximal end of the femur and articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvis.
What functions does the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) serve?
The ACL prevents posterior displacement of the femur on the tibia and hyperextension of the knee joint.
What type of joint is the subtalar joint?
The subtalar joint is a synovial joint.
How are the menisci structured in terms of thickness?
The menisci are thicker at their external margins and taper to thin, unattached edges in the interior of the joint.
What is the anterior drawer sign?
The anterior drawer sign is a clinical sign indicating that the tibia is sliding anteriorly under the femur, often associated with ACL injuries.
What are the primary movements at the hip joint?
Flexion, extension, and restricted rotations.
What is the deep fascia of the thigh called?
Fascia lata
What is the role of the fibula in the lower leg?
To provide stability and support to the ankle.
What features are present on the posterior aspect of the patella?
The posterior aspect has medial and lateral articular surfaces.
What are the essential movements at the knee and ankle joints?
Flexion and extension.
Which part of the patella articulates with the femur?
The large lateral surface articulates with the lateral femoral condyle.
Which muscles are primarily involved in the abductor mechanism?
The primary muscles involved in the abductor mechanism are the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and tensor fasciae latae.
What role do keystones play in the structure of an arch?
Keystones are the central stone at the top of an arch that locks the other stones in place, providing structural integrity and stability.
How does the abductor mechanism contribute to stability during walking?
The abductor mechanism helps maintain pelvic stability during walking by preventing the pelvis from dropping on the opposite side when the weight is shifted.
What bones articulate at the ankle joint?
The lower end of the tibia and the two malleoli above, and the body of the talus below.
How do tendons crossing in front and behind the ankle joint affect its stability?
They provide additional support and stability to the ankle joint.
What role do the muscles play in maintaining the arches of the foot?
Muscles such as the tibialis posterior and intrinsic foot muscles help maintain the arches by providing dynamic support.
What is the function of the phalanges in the foot?
The phalanges provide structure and support to the toes, allowing for movement and balance.
Where is the gluteal region located?
The gluteal region or buttock lies behind the pelvis and hip, above the posterior compartment of the thigh.
Which spinal segments are responsible for extension, abduction, and lateral rotation?
L4 and L5 spinal segments
What is the line of axis of the foot?
The line of axis of the foot passes through the second toe.
What factors related to the femur affect the stability of the hip joint?
The length and obliquity of the neck of the femur affect the stability of the hip joint.
Who are the chief flexors of the knee joint?
The chief flexors of the knee joint include the hamstring muscles.
What are the hip extensors during walking on flat ground?
The hip extensors during walking on flat ground primarily include the gluteus maximus and hamstrings.
How does the action of hip extensors affect hip flexion when the knee is extended?
The action of hip extensors restricts the range of hip flexion when the knee is extended, such as during toe touching.
Which part of the hip bone forms the posteroinferior part of the acetabulum?
The ischium.
Which muscles are responsible for flexing the hip in the anterior compartment of the thigh?
The flexors of the hip include the iliopsoas and rectus femoris.
What is the primary function of the obturator nerve?
The obturator nerve primarily innervates the adductor muscles of the thigh.
In which position is the ankle joint stable?
The ankle joint is stable in dorsiflexion.
What are the main movements of the knee joint?
Flexion and extension are the main knee movements; some rotation occurs when the knee is flexed.
What is the role of the femur in weight-bearing?
The femur plays a crucial role in weight-bearing by transferring forces from the pelvis to the lower leg during standing and walking.
Where is the posterior end of the medial meniscus attached?
The posterior end of the medial meniscus is attached to the posterior intercondylar area, anterior to the attachment of the PCL.
What are the main types of femoral neck fractures?
The main types of femoral neck fractures are intracapsular and extracapsular fractures.
Which muscles facilitate hip joint abduction?
Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fascia latae, and sartorius.
What is the common origin of the hamstring muscles?
Ischial tuberosity.
Describe the body of the talus.
The body of the talus is the largest part and articulates with the tibia and fibula, forming the ankle joint.
What ligaments cover the interosseous ligament at the tibiofibular joints?
Anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments.
What is the distal end of the fibula called?
The lateral malleolus.
Which arch is primarily responsible for shock absorption?
The medial longitudinal arch is primarily responsible for shock absorption.
Which metatarsals are most commonly affected by March fractures?
The second and third metatarsals are most commonly affected by March fractures.
What is another name for the spring ligament?
Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
How can flat feet affect the arches of the foot?
Flat feet can lead to a collapse of the arches, resulting in pain and difficulty in walking.
Why is the medial arch more pliant?
It is more pliant due to the presence of talocalcaneonavicular and subtalar joints.
What is the typical treatment for a March fracture?
Treatment usually involves rest, ice, elevation, and possibly immobilization with a boot or cast, along with gradual return to activity.
Which ligaments are responsible for maintaining side-to-side stability of the knee joint?
Medial and lateral collateral ligaments.
What is the nerve supply for the Obturator Internus muscle?
Nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1)
Where does the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) attach?
The ACL extends superiorly, posteriorly, and laterally to attach to the posterior part of the medial surface of the lateral condyle of the femur.
What are the main parts of the femur?
The main parts of the femur include the head, neck, greater and lesser trochanters, and the shaft.
How is each hip bone connected to the sacrum?
Each hip bone is firmly fixed to the lateral part of the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint.
What are the two main bones of the lower leg?
The tibia and fibula.
What part of the hip bone does the pubis form?
The anterior part of the acetabulum and the anteromedial part of the hip bone.
What is the largest sesamoid bone in the human body?
The patella.
Where does the obturator nerve originate?
The obturator nerve originates from the lumbar plexus, specifically from the L2 to L4 spinal nerves.
What is the role of the adductor group of muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh?
The adductor group of muscles primarily functions to adduct the thigh.
What areas does the obturator nerve provide sensory innervation to?
The obturator nerve provides sensory innervation to the skin of the medial thigh.
What are the hamstring muscles located in the posterior compartment of the thigh?
Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus, Biceps femoris, and ischial head of Adductor magnus.
What may be the only remaining source of blood to the proximal fragment after a femoral neck fracture?
The artery to the ligament of the femoral head may be the only remaining source of blood to the proximal fragment.
What characterizes an intracapsular femoral neck fracture?
An intracapsular femoral neck fracture occurs within the hip joint capsule, often affecting the blood supply to the femoral head.
Why is the artery to the ligament of the femoral head often inadequate?
This artery is frequently inadequate for maintaining the femoral head; consequently, the fragment may undergo aseptic vascular necrosis.
How many main compartments are created by the intermuscular septa in the thigh?
The intermuscular septa create three main compartments in the thigh: anterior, medial, and posterior.
What causes a March fracture?
March fractures are caused by repetitive impact or stress on the metatarsals, often from activities like running or marching.
Where does the Iliacus muscle originate?
From the upper two thirds of the floor of the iliac fossa, inner lip of the iliac crest, and upper surface of the lateral part of the sacrum to the lesser trochanter of the femur.
What muscles are involved in lateral rotation of the hip joint?
Piriformis, obturator internus, obturator externus, superior and inferior gemelli, and quadratus femoris.
What is the orientation of the cruciate ligaments in the knee joint?
The cruciate ligaments cross each other obliquely like the letter X.
What type of joint is the knee joint classified as?
The knee joint is classified as a hinge joint.
What does the Pauwels classification indicate?
The Pauwels classification indicates the angle of the fracture line, which can affect the stability and healing process.
What movements are possible at the ankle joint?
The movements possible at the ankle joint are dorsiflexion and plantarflexion.
Where does the Piriformis muscle insert?
Apex of greater trochanter
Where does the Gemellus Superior muscle insert?
Medial surface of greater trochanter
What is the nerve supply for the Quadratus Femoris muscle?
Nerve to quadratus femoris (L5, S1)
Which muscles are involved in knee extension?
The quadriceps femoris group, including the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius, is involved in knee extension.
What is the primary function of the PCL?
The PCL prevents anterior displacement of the femur on the tibia and posterior displacement of the tibia on the femur, as well as helps prevent hyperflexion of the knee joint.
Which muscles are involved in hip joint flexion?
Psoas major, iliacus, sartorius, rectus femoris, and pectineus.
In what position is the PCL the main stabilizing factor for the femur?
In the weight-bearing flexed knee, such as when walking downhill.
What happens when the leg is fully extended with the foot on the ground?
The knee passively 'locks' due to medial rotation of the femur on the tibia, making the lower limb a solid column for weight bearing.
What structures act as tie beams for the lateral longitudinal arch?
Plantar aponeurosis (lateral part) and intrinsic muscles of the little toe
What is the function of the iliotibial band?
It stabilizes the knee both in extension and in partial flexion.
Which tendons function as slings in the maintenance of the lateral longitudinal arch?
Fibularis brevis and tertius tendons
What are the posterior boundaries of the fascia lata?
Sacrum, coccyx, and sacrotuberous ligament.
What is an extracapsular femoral neck fracture?
An extracapsular femoral neck fracture occurs outside the hip joint capsule and typically has a better blood supply than intracapsular fractures.
What muscle is responsible for lateral rotation at the knee joint?
Biceps femoris
Which ligaments contribute to the stability of the ankle joint?
Strong medial and lateral collateral ligaments provide stability.
What is the significance of the Garden classification?
The Garden classification helps in assessing the stability and treatment options for femoral neck fractures.
What is the blood supply to the medial/adductor compartment of the thigh?
The blood supply mainly comes from the profunda femoris artery and its branches.
What is the impact of weakness in the abductor mechanism?
Weakness in the abductor mechanism can lead to gait abnormalities, such as Trendelenburg gait, where the pelvis drops on the opposite side during walking.
What lines the inner surface of the ankle joint capsule?
The synovial membrane lines the inner surface of the capsule.
What is the function of the patella in the knee joint?
The patella protects the knee joint and improves the leverage of the quadriceps muscle.
What are common injuries associated with the knee joint?
Common injuries include ligament tears, meniscus tears, and patellar dislocations.
What role does the iliotibial tract play in knee stability?
It helps in stabilizing a partially flexed knee.
Where do the adductor muscles originate?
The adductor muscles primarily originate from the pubis and ischium.
Which artery supplies most of the blood to the head and neck of the femur?
The medial circumflex femoral artery supplies most of the blood to the head and neck of the femur.
What is the function of the head of the talus?
The head of the talus articulates with the navicular bone and plays a crucial role in the ankle joint's movement.
Which muscles are primarily located in the anterior aspect of the thigh?
Sartorius, Quadriceps femoris, and Adductors
What is the significance of the neck of the talus?
The neck of the talus connects the head to the body and is important for the stability and movement of the ankle joint.
What muscles are innervated by the obturator nerve?
The obturator nerve innervates the adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, and gracilis muscles.
What is a March fracture?
A March fracture is a type of metatarsal fracture that typically occurs due to repetitive stress or overuse, often seen in military recruits or athletes.
What is the role of the close interlocking of the articular surfaces in the stability of the ankle joint?
It allows the tibiofibular mortise to grip the wedge-shaped body of the talus, enhancing stability.
What is the function of the lateral longitudinal arch?
It functions as a static support and helps in weight transmission.
What are the main bones that form the knee joint?
The main bones that form the knee joint are the femur, tibia, and patella.
Which muscles are located in the medial compartment of the thigh?
The medial compartment of the thigh includes the adductor muscles, such as adductor longus, adductor brevis, and adductor magnus.
What are the two types of foot arches mentioned?
Pes cavus (high arched foot) and Pes planus (flat foot).
What does the capsule of the ankle joint do?
The capsule encloses the joint and is attached to the articular margins.
How does the adductor magnus muscle differ in function compared to other adductors?
The adductor magnus has both adductor and hamstring components, allowing it to also extend the thigh.
What is the origin of the Gemellus Inferior muscle?
Upper part of ischial tuberosity, Lower part of lesser sciatic notch
What muscles contribute to ankle dorsiflexion?
The tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and extensor digitorum longus contribute to ankle dorsiflexion.
What is the primary function of the adductor group of muscles?
The primary function of the adductor group of muscles is to adduct the thigh, bringing it closer to the midline of the body.
How are the tibia and fibula connected at the middle tibiofibular joint?
By a fibrous joint connected by the interosseous membrane.
What is one function of the arches in the foot?
They distribute the body weight to the weight bearing points of the sole.
What is the function of the transverse ligament of the knee?
The transverse ligament of the knee is a slender fibrous band that joins the anterior edges of the menisci, allowing them to move together during knee movements.
How do the arches of the foot act as a shock absorber?
They absorb shock while jumping.
What is the primary function of the abductor mechanism in the hip?
The primary function of the abductor mechanism in the hip is to facilitate the movement of the leg away from the midline of the body.
Where does the femoral nerve originate?
The femoral nerve originates from the lumbar plexus, specifically from the L2, L3, and L4 spinal nerves.
Which structures act as tie beams for the medial longitudinal arch?
Plantar aponeurosis (medial part), abductor hallucis, and flexor hallucis brevis
What separates the lateral meniscus from the fibular collateral ligament?
The tendon of the popliteus separates the lateral meniscus from the fibular (lateral) collateral ligament.
What are the common injuries associated with the gluteal region?
Common injuries include strains of the gluteal muscles and bursitis.
What nerve innervates the medial/adductor compartment of the thigh?
The obturator nerve primarily innervates the medial/adductor compartment.
How do the concavities of the arches protect the foot?
They protect the nerves and vessels of the sole.
What is the function of the inferior transverse tibiofibular ligament in ankle stability?
It acts as a syndesmosis, contributing to the overall stability of the ankle joint.
What type of joint is the ankle joint?
The ankle joint is a synovial hinge joint.
How are March fractures diagnosed?
March fractures are diagnosed through clinical evaluation and imaging studies, such as X-rays, which may show a fracture line or stress reaction.
What role do the menisci play in the knee joint?
The menisci act as shock absorbers and help stabilize the knee joint.
How many metatarsal bones are present in the foot?
There are 5 metatarsal bones in the foot.
What is the blood supply to the knee joint?
The blood supply to the knee joint primarily comes from the genicular branches of the femoral and popliteal arteries.
What is the nerve supply for the Gemellus Inferior muscle?
Nerve to quadratus femoris (L4, L5, S1)
What muscles are involved in hip abduction?
The gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and tensor fasciae latae are involved in hip abduction.
What is the primary function of the tibia?
To bear weight and support the body.
What is the primary function of the gluteus maximus?
The primary function of the gluteus maximus is to extend and laterally rotate the hip joint.
What is a standard method for surgical amputation of the foot?
Transection across the transverse tarsal joint is a standard method for surgical amputation of the foot.
What is the benefit of the knee being locked?
When the knee is locked, the thigh and leg muscles can relax briefly without making the knee joint too unstable.
What are the intra-articular ligaments within the knee joint?
The intra-articular ligaments consist of the cruciate ligaments and menisci.
What muscles are involved in hip joint adduction?
Adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, pectineus, and gracilis.
What are the common classifications of femoral neck fractures?
Common classifications include Garden classification (I-IV) and Pauwels classification (type I-III).
How does the iliotibial band contribute to movement?
It is constantly used while walking and running.
What structures support the arches of the foot?
The arches of the foot are supported by ligaments, tendons, and the arrangement of bones.
What is located below the knee?
The leg, which extends to the foot.
What muscles are found in the posterior compartment of the thigh?
The posterior compartment of the thigh contains the hamstring muscles, including biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus.
What is the origin of the Piriformis muscle?
Pelvic surface of middle three pieces of sacrum
What is the origin of the Quadratus Femoris muscle?
Lateral border of ischial tuberosity
Which muscles are involved in hip extension?
The gluteus maximus, hamstrings, and adductor magnus are involved in hip extension.
Which muscles are involved in medial rotation of the knee joint?
Semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and popliteus
What is the function of the arches of the foot?
The arches of the foot provide support, absorb shock, and help in weight distribution during walking and running.
What are the medial boundaries of the fascia lata?
Pubis, pubic arch, and ischial tuberosity.
What is located above the knee?
The thigh.
What role does the gluteus medius play in the abductor mechanism?
The gluteus medius plays a crucial role in the abductor mechanism by abducting the thigh and stabilizing the pelvis during locomotion.
What are the symptoms of a March fracture?
Symptoms include localized pain, swelling, and tenderness in the affected metatarsal area, especially during weight-bearing activities.
What is the role of the gracilis muscle in the medial/adductor compartment?
The gracilis muscle assists in adduction of the thigh and also flexes the knee.
What is the function of the intermuscular septa?
The intermuscular septa provide structural support and compartmentalization for the muscles, aiding in their function and movement.
What is the origin of the Gemellus Superior muscle?
Posterior surface of ischial spine
What muscles are responsible for knee flexion?
The hamstrings, which include the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus, are responsible for knee flexion.
What is the role of the gluteus minimus?
The gluteus minimus assists in hip abduction and medial rotation.
What is the role of the popliteus tendon in relation to the knee joint?
The popliteus tendon is intra-articular during part of its course.
In which demographic are femoral neck fractures especially common?
These fractures are especially common in individuals over 60 years, particularly in women due to osteoporosis.
Which nerve supplies the hamstring muscles?
Tibial part of the sciatic nerve (except the short head of biceps, which is supplied by the common peroneal part of the sciatic nerve).
What is the pathway of the femoral nerve in the lower limb?
The femoral nerve passes under the inguinal ligament and enters the thigh, where it divides into several branches to innervate the anterior compartment of the thigh.
What are the main components of the skeleton of the foot?
The skeleton of the foot consists of 26 bones, including the tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.
What is the role of the medial arch in foot movement?
The medial arch is more involved in propulsion.
How do the surrounding muscles and tendons contribute to knee joint stability?
They provide strength and actions that help stabilize the joint.
How do the cruciate ligaments connect the femur and tibia?
The cruciate ligaments join the femur and tibia, criss-crossing within the joint capsule but outside the articular cavity.
How do the tibia and fibula connect to each other?
Through the interosseous membrane.
What happens to the tension of the cruciate ligaments in different positions?
Because of their oblique orientation, in every position one cruciate ligament, or parts of one or both ligaments, is tense.
How does the transverse arch of the foot run?
The transverse arch of the foot runs from side to side.
What is the function of the medial and lateral parts of the longitudinal arch?
They serve as pillars for the transverse arch.
Which muscles are responsible for hip adduction?
The adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, and gracilis are responsible for hip adduction.
What is the innervation of the adductor group of muscles?
The adductor group is primarily innervated by the obturator nerve, with some contributions from the femoral nerve and sciatic nerve.
What muscles function as slings to support the medial longitudinal arch?
Tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus, and tibialis anterior tendons
Why is weight distribution important in maintaining the arches of a stone bridge?
Proper weight distribution prevents excessive stress on any single part of the arch, which could lead to failure or collapse.
Which nerve innervates the Iliacus muscle?
Innervated by the femoral nerve.
What are the primary movements allowed at the knee joint?
The primary movements allowed at the knee joint are flexion and extension.
What ligaments are crucial for the stability of the knee joint?
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) are crucial for knee stability.
What bones form the transverse arch of the foot?
The transverse arch is formed by the cuboid, 3 cuneiforms, and bases of the metatarsals.
What is the nerve supply for the Gemellus Superior muscle?
Nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1, S2)
How many tarsal bones are in the foot?
There are 7 tarsal bones in the foot.
What is the function of the acetabular labrum?
The acetabular labrum deepens the socket of the hip joint, providing stability and support.
What is the ligamentum teres?
The ligamentum teres is a ligament that runs from the acetabulum to the fovea of the femur, providing some stability to the hip joint.
What structural factors contribute to the weakness of the knee joint?
Incongruence of its articular surfaces, small and shallow tibial condyles, shallow articular surfaces of femur and patella, and outward angulation between the long axes of femur and tibia.
What is the nerve supply for the Piriformis muscle?
Ventral rami of S1, S2
Which nerves supply the ankle joint?
The deep peroneal and tibial nerves supply the ankle joint.
What is the significance of the arches in the foot's skeleton?
The arches of the foot help to distribute weight, absorb shock, and provide balance during movement.
What is the origin of the Obturator Internus muscle?
Pelvis surface of obturator membrane and surrounding bones
What are the primary muscles responsible for hip flexion?
The primary muscles responsible for hip flexion include the iliopsoas, rectus femoris, and sartorius.
Which muscles are responsible for ankle plantarflexion?
The gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris are responsible for ankle plantarflexion.
Which muscles are included in the adductor group?
The adductor group includes the adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, pectineus, and gracilis.
What ligaments maintain anteroposterior stability in the knee joint?
Cruciate ligaments.
Where does the Quadratus Femoris muscle insert?
Quadrate tubercle on intertrochanteric crest and area below it
Which muscles contribute to internal rotation of the hip?
The gluteus medius and gluteus minimus contribute to internal rotation of the hip.
What muscles are involved in external rotation of the hip?
The piriformis, obturator internus, and quadratus femoris are involved in external rotation of the hip.
What role do the adductor muscles play in hip joint movements?
The adductor muscles play a crucial role in stabilizing the hip joint and assisting in movements such as walking, running, and lateral movements.