13B - 17B

In the plasma membrane.

They connect cells near the apical surface to prevent movement of proteins from the basolateral membrane to the apical membrane.

Primary active transport and secondary active transport.

Maintaining cell membrane potential, transporting nutrients, regulating cell volume, and signal transduction.

Liver disease and several inherited neurological disorders, such as neuroacanthocytosis.

Phospholipids and proteins.

Proteins that are either attached to integral membrane proteins or associated with the polar region of the lipid bilayer due to electrostatic interactions.

Glycerophospholipids, especially phosphatidyl-cholines and phosphatidyl-ethanolamines.

Increased levels of cholesterol and sphingomyelin, and decreased levels of phosphatidylcholine.

It pumps 3 sodium ions out and 2 potassium ions in, leading to membrane polarization.

The function of the particular membrane.

Facilitate the diffusion of glucose from extracellular space to the cells.

Chemical gradients established by the action of ATPases.

Random movement of gases or small uncharged molecules, continuing until equilibrium is reached.

Outer layer contains phosphatidyl cholines, sphingomyelins, and some glycolipids; inner layer contains phosphatidyl ethanolamines and phosphatidyl serines.

Non-specific endocytosis and specific (receptor-mediated) endocytosis.

Transport of ions and molecules, and some act as enzymes.

Single-passing or multi-passing proteins, including membrane receptors.

The temperature when the membrane transitions from gel to liquid state.

The Golgi apparatus.

It influences their activity.

It is not even; proteins in apical and basal/lateral membranes can diffuse in their own domains.

Involved in the absorption of nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract, like glucose or amino acids.

Acanthocytes.

Proteins embedded in the whole bilayer that interact strongly with hydrophobic fatty acid chains.

A Na+ channel that is permeable for sodium ions after binding of acetylcholine.

They bind and hydrolyze ATP and are involved in multidrug resistance of tumor cells.

They transfer a variety of endogenous substances across membranes and extrude exogenous substances like drugs and toxins.

Via water-selective facilitated diffusion through aquaporins (AQPs).

Transport of substances from extracellular space into the cells, especially large polar molecules that cannot pass through the plasma membrane.

Specific, saturable, and inhibitable.

Into mobile carriers and channel forming.

They allow controlled entry of ions into the cell.

They are tightly arranged, creating an ordered system (gel-crystalline state).

Transport of compounds to the plasma membrane or through the plasma membrane out of the cells.

It lowers fluidity by interacting with negatively charged phospholipid head groups.

Vesicle trafficking, docking, and fusion with the plasma membrane.

Fusion of vesicles with membrane lipids, incorporating proteins or lipids into the membrane or releasing proteins or peptides to the extracellular matrix.

The attachment of extracellular amino acids to glutamic acid of intracellular glutathione.

A type of transport that requires energy and moves substances against the concentration gradient, from low to high concentration.

Hydrophilic cytosolic domain, hydrophobic membrane-spanning domain, and hydrophilic extracellular domain.

Stretch, pressure, vibration, and displacement.

Plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase (PMCA), sarco-/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA), and secretory pathway Ca2+-ATPase (SPCA).

Glucose uniport.

It removes calcium from cells in exchange for sodium ions.

Three sodium ions for one calcium ion.

The viscosity of the lipid bilayer affecting the movement of lipids in the membrane.

They are involved in signal transduction, structural stability, and cell-cell or cell-extracellular matrix interactions.

In the plasma membrane of intestinal epithelial cells.

Neuronal glutamate receptors that are permeable for calcium.

They create kinks that prevent tight packing, increasing fluidity.

Higher membrane permeability for water and other hydrophilic substances.

Through lateral diffusion and rotational diffusion.

The asymmetric distribution of transporters in the apical and basolateral membranes of epithelial cells.

3 molecules of ATP.

Spherical cells with irregularly spaced, long spiny thorn-like projections.

An inherited disorder associated with pathologically low blood cholesterol levels.

They are predominantly alpha helices composed mainly of hydrophobic amino acids like valine, leucine, isoleucine, and tyrosine.

Phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol.

Movement of substances that does not require energy and occurs down the concentration gradient.

It makes the membrane less permeable and is most abundant in plasma membranes and myelin sheath.

Because the rate of simple diffusion for some substances is not high enough to meet physiological demands.

It maintains sodium balance and regulates volume and pH, especially in the kidney.

The sodium gradient established by Na+/K+ ATPase.

Specialized intercellular connections between neighboring cells that allow small molecules to pass directly through.

A specific form of endocytosis involving the internalization of solid particles, such as bacteria, by phagocytes.

Increased fluidity.

It acts as an external signal associated with an increase in intracellular Ca2+, triggering the release of hormones or neurotransmitters.

Modification of membrane fluidity, altering the functioning of membrane receptors and ion channels.

Transport of substances or ions through epithelial cells.

γ-glutamyl amino acid, which is then hydrolyzed to amino acid and 5-oxoproline.

It is present on the apical membrane of parietal cells in the gastric mucosa and pumps 1 potassium ion in exchange for 1 proton out.

P-glycoproteins and Multidrug Resistance Protein (MRP).

Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion.

Cardiolipin is almost exclusively present in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

They interact temporarily and can dissociate after performing their function in the cytoplasm.

Hydrophobic interactions of hydrocarbon chains of fatty acids.

Random invagination of transported particles by the plasma membrane, producing an endocytosis vesicle.

Binding of the transported substance to a specific receptor, leading to the formation of a clathrin-coated vesicle.

They fuse with lysosomes to break down the content, which is then returned to the cytoplasm.

It decreases fluidity.

Release of components to the extracellular matrix or delivery of newly synthesized membrane proteins and lipids.

It is important for the uptake of amino acids by tissues such as the liver, kidney, heart, and brain.

Regulate the flow of water and control water distribution across the membrane.

Organic substances that disturb the concentration gradient of ions and facilitate their transport across membranes.

Channel proteins, gated channel proteins, and carrier proteins.

Temperature and lipid composition of the membrane.

According to their gating mechanisms: voltage dependent and ligand dependent.

Shorter chains increase fluidity.

Ca2+ triggered (regulated) and non Ca2+ triggered (constitutive).

Phagocytosis, cell growth, and death.

The attachment of a vesicle to the plasma membrane.

In the plasma membrane.

It is used in medicine, particularly for diagnosing alcoholic liver disease.