p.2
Functions of the Digestive System
What are the functions of individual organs of the digestive system?
To break down food, absorb nutrients, and eliminate waste.
What is the treatment for gallstones?
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
p.29
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What is the primary function of the liver?
To process nutrients from the digestive system.
p.33
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What is the progression of alcoholic liver disease?
Alcoholic fatty liver → alcoholic hepatitis → fibrosis → cirrhosis.
What is steatorrhea?
Impaired digestion or absorption of fat.
p.22
Functions of the Digestive System
What is the role of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?
It kills pathogens, activates pepsinogen into pepsin, provides optimal pH for pepsin, and denatures proteins.
p.22
Functions of the Digestive System
What does pepsinogen convert into and how?
Pepsinogen is activated by hydrochloric acid (HCl) into pepsin for enzymatic digestion of protein.
p.22
Functions of the Digestive System
What is the function of intrinsic factor?
It binds and promotes intestinal absorption of vitamin B12, which is important for red blood cell synthesis.
p.27
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
What are some complications of gastroesophageal reflux disease?
Oesophagitis, ulceration, stricture of the oesophagus, and Barrett's esophagus, which increases the risk of oesophageal cancer.
p.33
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What are the risk factors for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease?
Obesity and Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
p.41
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What are the main components of pancreatic juice?
Mainly water, pancreatic enzymes, and bicarbonate ions.
How does the tongue initiate swallowing?
By pushing the food bolus posteriorly into the pharynx.
p.24
Functions of the Digestive System
What can override parasympathetic activation in the intestines?
Inhibitory stimuli when the intestine fills.
p.8
Peritoneum and Mesentery
What does the parietal peritoneum line?
The abdominopelvic cavity.
p.33
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What is non-alcoholic fatty liver disease associated with?
Abnormal lipid metabolism and liver inflammation.
p.34
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What is the final stage of Alcoholic Liver Disease?
Hepatocellular carcinoma.
How do longitudinal muscles assist in swallowing?
They contract, shortening the passageway ahead of the bolus.
p.21
Functions of the Digestive System
What is one of the motor functions of the stomach?
Serves as a reservoir for food.
p.41
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What is the role of bicarbonate ions in pancreatic juice?
They neutralize the acidic chyme from the stomach.
p.36
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
How are bile salts normally recycled?
Through enterohepatic circulation.
p.14
Structure and Layers of the Digestive Tract
What is the composition of the tongue?
It is composed of interlacing bundles of skeletal muscle fibers.
p.4
Structure and Layers of the Digestive Tract
What is the main component of the digestive system?
Alimentary/digestive/gastrointestinal canal (tract).
p.7
Structure and Layers of the Digestive Tract
What do goblet cells in the mucosa secrete?
Mucus for lubrication and protection.
What does a long reflex involve?
CNS integration centers and extrinsic autonomic nerves.
How do long reflexes communicate with the brain?
Via afferent nerves that send impulses to the brain.
What types of motor fibers enter the intestinal wall in long reflexes?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic motor fibers.
p.20
Functions of the Digestive System
What do enteroendocrine cells release?
A variety of chemical messengers such as histamine, serotonin, somatostatin, and gastrin.
p.6
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What does the pancreas secrete?
Bicarbonate ions, digestive enzymes (exocrine), and hormones (endocrine).
p.36
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What is the function of the gallbladder?
To concentrate and store bile.
p.40
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What is the primary purpose of ERCP?
To visualize and treat conditions of the bile duct and pancreatic duct.
How is the endoscope introduced during an ERCP procedure?
It is passed through the mouth.
p.26
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
What is Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)?
A condition where gastric acid regurgitates into the oesophagus causing symptoms or mucosal damage.
p.30
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What does the hepatic portal vein carry?
Venous blood laden with nutrients from digestive viscera.
p.10
Structure and Layers of the Digestive Tract
What are the two main nerve plexuses in the Enteric Nervous System?
Submucosal nerve plexus and myenteric nerve plexus.
p.33
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What types of viral hepatitis are there?
Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E.
p.19
Structure and Layers of the Digestive Tract
What is the fundus of the stomach?
The dome-shaped part of the stomach, tucked beneath the diaphragm.
What is the most common risk factor for developing peptic ulcer disease?
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection.
p.51
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What happens to surplus amino acids?
Converted into fat in the liver.
p.7
Structure and Layers of the Digestive Tract
What is the function of glands in the mucosa?
Secretion of substances for digestion, such as digestive enzymes.
p.51
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
How does fat enter circulation?
Through the lymphatic system.
p.4
Functions of the Digestive System
What types of digestion occur in the digestive system?
Mechanical and chemical digestion.
p.52
Large Intestine Functions and Defecation
Which vitamins are synthesized by normal flora in the large intestine?
Vitamin K and vitamin B complex.
p.44
Small Intestinal Structure and Absorption
What role do enterocytes play in the small intestine?
They absorb nutrients and electrolytes and secrete intestinal juice.
p.7
Structure and Layers of the Digestive Tract
What is the serosa continuous with?
The parietal peritoneum and the mesentery.
p.8
Peritoneum and Mesentery
What are the two layers of the peritoneum?
Parietal peritoneum and visceral peritoneum.
p.34
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What follows Steatosis in the progression of Alcoholic Liver Disease?
Steatohepatitis (± fibrosis).
p.8
Peritoneum and Mesentery
What does the visceral peritoneum line?
The organs in the abdomen.
p.29
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What vitamins does the liver store?
Vitamins A, D, E, K, and B12.
p.36
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What is bilirubin?
A breakdown product of red blood cells and a waste product excreted through bile.
p.14
Functions of the Digestive System
What is one of the main functions of the tongue in relation to food?
It grips the food and constantly repositions it between the teeth.
p.19
Structure and Layers of the Digestive Tract
What is the function of the cardia in the stomach?
Surrounds the cardial orifice through which food enters the stomach from the esophagus.
p.56
Large Intestine Functions and Defecation
What is defecation?
The process of eliminating waste from the digestive tract through the anus.
p.32
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What is one of the primary functions of the liver related to waste?
The liver converts waste and toxic substances into a more soluble form for excretion through the kidney.
p.30
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
How does bile leave the liver?
Via the common hepatic duct to travel toward the duodenum.
p.21
Functions of the Digestive System
What is gastric emptying?
The process by which chyme is released from the stomach into the duodenum.
What is caput medusa?
Distention of superficial veins due to increased pressure.
p.41
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What type of gland is the pancreas?
It is both an exocrine and endocrine gland.
p.15
Oral Cavity and Salivary Glands
What is the appearance and composition of filiform papillae?
They contain keratin, which stiffens them and gives the tongue a whitish appearance.
What is a common treatment for H. pylori infection in peptic ulcer disease?
Antibiotics such as amoxicillin and clarithromycin.
p.15
Oral Cavity and Salivary Glands
What gives the fungiform papillae their reddish hue?
Each has a vascular core.
p.20
Structure and Layers of the Digestive Tract
What do gastric pits lead into?
Tubular gastric glands that produce gastric juice.
What triggers biliary colic pain?
Often occurs after a large and fatty meal.
p.39
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What is a potential outcome of open cholecystectomy?
A scar from the larger incision.
p.36
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What do bile salts do?
Emulsify fat to aid in fat digestion and absorption.
What happens to the lower esophageal sphincter during swallowing?
It relaxes, allowing food to enter the stomach.
p.36
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What is the role of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in bile?
To neutralize the acidic chyme.
p.35
Functions of the Digestive System
What does the hepatic portal vein collect blood from?
The intestine, stomach, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen.
p.8
Peritoneum and Mesentery
What is the mesentery?
The double-layered peritoneum that attaches the intestine to the posterior abdominal wall.
p.50
Small Intestinal Structure and Absorption
How do fatty acids and monoglycerides enter enterocytes?
They diffuse into the enterocytes.
p.33
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What can chronic damage to the liver lead to?
Cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma.
p.10
Functions of the Digestive System
What is largely automatic in the control of digestive patterns?
Segmentation and peristalsis, involving pacemaker cells and reflex arcs.
p.50
Small Intestinal Structure and Absorption
What is a chylomicron?
A lipoprotein for carrying dietary fat.
p.44
Small Intestinal Structure and Absorption
What are the three subdivisions of the small intestine?
Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum.
p.50
Small Intestinal Structure and Absorption
Where do chylomicrons enter after being formed?
The lacteal, then follow the lymph into systemic circulation.
p.20
Functions of the Digestive System
What do chief cells produce?
Pepsinogen and secrete lipase.
p.7
Structure and Layers of the Digestive Tract
What is the role of the muscularis externa?
Facilitates movement of GI tract contents through inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscles.
What causes the formation of gallstones?
Over secretion of cholesterol by the liver, too few bile salts, and incomplete gallbladder emptying.
p.50
Small Intestinal Structure and Absorption
How are water-soluble B vitamins and vitamin C absorbed?
Via specific active or passive transporters.
p.2
Oral Cavity and Salivary Glands
What structures are involved in the oral cavity and salivary glands?
Teeth, tongue, and salivary glands, which aid in digestion and lubrication.
What is the role of the epiglottis during swallowing?
To prevent food from entering the trachea.
p.31
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What is deamination?
The process of removing an amino group from an amino acid, important for protein metabolism.
p.2
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What are the functions of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas?
To produce bile, store bile, and secrete digestive enzymes, respectively.
p.2
Small Intestinal Structure and Absorption
How is the small intestinal mucosa adapted for absorption?
It has villi and microvilli that increase surface area.
p.39
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What is laparoscopic cholecystectomy?
A minimally invasive surgery to remove the gallbladder.
p.39
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
How does laparoscopic cholecystectomy differ from open cholecystectomy?
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is minimally invasive, while open cholecystectomy involves a larger incision.
p.23
Functions of the Digestive System
What is the role of mucus in the gastric glands?
It protects the gastric mucosa from acid and pepsin.
p.24
Functions of the Digestive System
What type of activation is associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?
Activation of digestive processes.
p.40
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What does ERCP stand for?
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography.
p.27
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
What lifestyle changes can help reduce the frequency of gastroesophageal reflux?
Avoiding trigger foods and drinks, not lying down soon after eating, sleeping with head elevated, eating small meals, quitting smoking, maintaining a healthy body weight, and wearing loose-fitting clothing.
p.29
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
How does the liver contribute to detoxification?
By filtering toxins from the blood.
p.27
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
What types of medications are used to treat gastroesophageal reflux?
Antacids and proton pump inhibitors to reduce acidity of gastric juice.
p.30
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What is the function of the hepatic artery proper?
Supply oxygen-rich arterial blood to the liver.
p.29
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What role does the liver play in metabolism?
It regulates blood sugar levels and stores glycogen.
p.40
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
Where does the endoscope reach during an ERCP?
The opening of the bile duct and pancreatic duct.
p.10
Functions of the Digestive System
What is the Enteric Nervous System?
The in-house nerve supply of the alimentary canal.
What is the role of circular muscles during peristalsis?
They contract, constricting the passageway and pushing the bolus down.
p.8
Peritoneum and Mesentery
What is the peritoneal cavity?
The space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum.
p.26
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
What are some risk factors for GERD?
Abnormal relaxation or weakened lower oesophageal sphincter, hiatal hernia, and increased intra-abdominal pressure (e.g., pregnancy, obesity).
p.40
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What is a common procedure performed during ERCP?
Stone extraction from the bile duct.
p.27
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
What is Barrett's esophagus?
A condition where normal squamous epithelium is replaced by columnar epithelium, increasing the risk of oesophageal cancer.
p.19
Structure and Layers of the Digestive Tract
What are rugae in the stomach?
Folds in the stomach lining.
p.26
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Which lifestyle choices can worsen GERD?
Smoking, fried, fatty and spicy foods, chocolate, coffee, alcohol, and large meals.
p.43
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What is acute pancreatitis?
Acute inflammation of the pancreas.
p.27
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
What is the significance of chronic injury and inflammation in the oesophagus?
It can lead to complications such as Barrett's esophagus and other structural changes.
p.41
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What are the pancreatic enzymes found in pancreatic juice?
Protease, amylase, lipase, and nuclease.
p.26
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
What are common symptoms of GERD?
Heartburn that worsens after eating or lying down, and acid regurgitation.
p.43
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What causes damage to the pancreas in acute pancreatitis?
Premature activation of pancreatic enzymes.
p.14
Oral Cavity and Salivary Glands
What is the primary location of the tongue in the mouth?
It occupies the floor of the mouth.
p.51
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What happens to surplus glucose?
Converted into glycogen for short-term storage and fat for long-term storage.
p.30
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What are liver sinusoids?
Spaces between hepatocyte plates where blood from both the portal vein and hepatic artery proper percolates.
p.30
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What is the role of stellate macrophages in the liver?
Remove bacteria and worn-out blood cells.
p.20
Functions of the Digestive System
What is the function of parietal cells?
Secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor.
p.31
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What is one of the primary roles of the liver in metabolism?
Carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism.
p.7
Structure and Layers of the Digestive Tract
What does the submucosa contain?
Connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.
p.50
Small Intestinal Structure and Absorption
Which vitamins are absorbed along with fat?
Fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K.
p.21
Functions of the Digestive System
What role does the pyloric sphincter play in gastric emptying?
It is tonically contracted most of the time, regulating the rate at which chyme enters the duodenum.
What happens to the larynx during swallowing?
It moves up to receive the bolus.
What triggers the swallowing reflex?
When the bolus (chewed food) is pushed to the back of the throat (oropharynx).
What role does the epiglottis play in swallowing?
It tips down to prevent entry of the bolus into the trachea.
p.20
Structure and Layers of the Digestive Tract
What type of epithelium lines the stomach mucosa?
Simple columnar epithelium.
p.50
Small Intestinal Structure and Absorption
What role does intrinsic factor play in the absorption of vitamin B12?
It binds to B12 on mucosal receptor sites in the terminal ileum for active uptake by endocytosis.
What occurs when the upper esophageal sphincter relaxes?
The bolus is allowed to enter the esophagus.
What is the shape and characteristic of H. pylori?
Acid-resistant and corkscrew-shaped.
p.2
Functions of the Digestive System
What are the motor and secretory functions of the stomach?
To mix food with gastric juices and secrete enzymes and acids for digestion.
p.2
Functions of the Digestive System
What is the function of the gastric mucosal barrier?
To protect the stomach lining from acidic gastric juices.
p.6
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What is the function of the gallbladder?
Concentration and storage of bile.
p.21
Functions of the Digestive System
What happens to the fundus of the stomach upon receiving food?
It expands due to receptive relaxation.
p.43
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What can severe cases of acute pancreatitis lead to?
Shock and multi-organ failure.
p.41
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?
To secrete pancreatic juice.
p.43
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What is the major cause of acute pancreatitis related to gallstones?
Obstruction of the flow of pancreatic juice.
p.44
Small Intestinal Structure and Absorption
What is the function of circular folds in the small intestine?
They force chyme to spiral through the lumen, slowing its movement for nutrient absorption.
p.32
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What role does bile play in digestion?
It aids in the digestion and absorption of fat.
p.7
Structure and Layers of the Digestive Tract
What forms sphincter muscles in the GI tract?
Inner circular smooth muscles.
Which part of the brain controls the swallowing reflex?
The swallowing centre in the pons and medulla oblongata.
What type of medication is used to reduce stomach acid in peptic ulcer treatment?
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) like omeprazole.
What is the swallowing reflex?
A coordinated action that moves food from the mouth to the esophagus.
p.7
Structure and Layers of the Digestive Tract
What is the lumen in the context of the GI tract?
The space that connects to the external environment.
p.15
Oral Cavity and Salivary Glands
Where are the vallate papillae located?
In a V-shaped row at the back of the tongue.
What mechanism pushes food towards the stomach in the esophagus?
Peristaltic waves of the esophageal wall.
p.15
Oral Cavity and Salivary Glands
Where are foliate papillae located?
On the lateral aspects of the posterior tongue.
p.6
Small Intestinal Structure and Absorption
What is the primary function of the small intestine?
Site of enzymatic digestion and absorption.
p.6
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What is the role of bile?
Emulsifies lipid globules into droplets to increase surface area for pancreatic lipases.
p.6
Functions of the Digestive System
What do chief cells in the gastric glands produce?
Pepsinogen, which is converted to pepsin for protein digestion.
p.14
Oral Cavity and Salivary Glands
What role does the tongue play in speech?
It helps us form consonants like k, d, t, and so on.
p.19
Structure and Layers of the Digestive Tract
What is the body of the stomach?
The midportion of the stomach, continuous inferiorly with the pyloric antrum.
What are some common medications that can lead to peptic ulcer disease when misused?
NSAIDs such as aspirin and ibuprofen.
What is the first step in the swallowing process?
The soft palate is raised to seal off the entrance to the nasopharynx.
p.15
Oral Cavity and Salivary Glands
What is the function of the conical filiform papillae on the tongue?
They roughen the tongue surface, helping to lick semisolid foods and providing friction for manipulating foods.
p.2
Structure and Layers of the Digestive Tract
What are the 4 layers of the digestive tract wall?
Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa.
p.52
Large Intestine Functions and Defecation
What are the major functions of the large intestine?
1. Absorption of water and salts 2. Absorption of vitamins 3. Temporary storage of undigested material 4. Mass movement to rectum for defecation.
p.2
Peritoneum and Mesentery
What is the function of the peritoneum?
To support the abdominal organs and provide a conduit for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves.
p.43
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What is the treatment for mild cases of acute pancreatitis?
Pain control, NPO (nothing by mouth), IV fluids, and removal of gallstones.
p.52
Large Intestine Functions and Defecation
What is the role of mass movement in the large intestine?
To propel fecal content to the rectum for defecation.
What is biliary colic?
Sudden intense abdominal pain caused by gallstones obstructing bile flow.
p.31
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What substances does the liver store?
Glycogen, fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E), and iron.
p.12
Oral Cavity and Salivary Glands
What structures form the roof of the mouth?
Hard palate and soft palate.
What is choledocholithiasis?
Blockage of the common bile duct causing biliary colic, jaundice, and dark urine.
p.6
Functions of the Digestive System
What do G cells secrete?
Gastrin, which increases HCl production.
p.4
Functions of the Digestive System
What are the functions of the digestive system?
Ingestion, motility, secretion, digestion, absorption, and excretion.
p.26
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
What role does the lower oesophageal sphincter play in GERD?
It prevents gastric acid from regurgitating into the oesophagus; abnormal relaxation or weakening can lead to GERD.
What are additional risk factors for peptic ulcer disease?
Alcohol, coffee, smoking, emotional stress, and spicy food.
p.44
Small Intestinal Structure and Absorption
What are villi and their function in the small intestine?
Finger-like projections with a core of dense capillary bed and lacteal for nutrient absorption.
p.4
Functions of the Digestive System
How is GI function controlled?
Through neural (brain/enteric nervous system) and hormonal mechanisms.
p.15
Oral Cavity and Salivary Glands
Where are the fungiform papillae located on the tongue?
They are scattered widely over the tongue surface.
What action do pharyngeal muscles perform during swallowing?
They contract to push the bolus down.
p.4
Oral Cavity and Salivary Glands
What is the role of the salivary glands in digestion?
They secrete saliva to aid in digestion.
p.31
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What is angiotensinogen?
A protein produced by the liver that is part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
p.2
Small Intestinal Structure and Absorption
What is the process of digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, protein, and fat?
Carbohydrates are broken down into sugars, proteins into amino acids, and fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
p.6
Functions of the Digestive System
What is the function of the pyloric sphincter?
Controls the release of chyme into the duodenum.
p.30
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
How does bile flow from hepatocytes?
Through tiny canals called bile canaliculi towards the bile duct branches in the portal triads.
What are oesophageal varices and why are they dangerous?
Dilated veins in the esophagus that are prone to rupture, leading to massive hemorrhage.
p.56
Large Intestine Functions and Defecation
What role do sphincters play in defecation?
They control the release of stool from the rectum.
What is splenomegaly and how is it related to portal hypertension?
Enlargement of the spleen, which leads to a decrease in the number of blood cells.
p.43
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What are common signs and symptoms of acute pancreatitis?
Severe pain in the epigastric region, nausea, vomiting, and fever.
p.32
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What type of cells in the liver help defend the body against bacteria?
Kupffer cells (resident macrophages).
p.4
Structure and Layers of the Digestive Tract
What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?
Liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
p.31
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What types of proteins does the liver produce?
Plasma proteins, including albumin and blood clotting factors.
What happens after the bolus passes through the upper esophageal sphincter?
The sphincter closes and the pharynx returns to its resting position.
p.44
Small Intestinal Structure and Absorption
What do duodenal glands produce?
Alkaline mucus to neutralize acidic chyme from the stomach.
p.15
Oral Cavity and Salivary Glands
Which types of papillae house taste buds?
Fungiform, vallate, and foliate papillae.
p.21
Functions of the Digestive System
How does the stomach mix and grind food?
Through mechanical breakdown and mixing waves along with peristaltic waves.
p.56
Large Intestine Functions and Defecation
What triggers the defecation reflex?
The stretching of the rectum as it fills with stool.
p.19
Structure and Layers of the Digestive Tract
What is the pyloric antrum?
The funnel-shaped part of the stomach that narrows to form the pyloric canal.
p.12
Oral Cavity and Salivary Glands
What structures are involved in the process of ingestion?
Mouth, salivary glands, pharynx.
What are the primary symptoms of peptic ulcer disease?
Epigastric pain and discomfort.
p.31
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What is gluconeogenesis?
The process of producing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.
p.44
Small Intestinal Structure and Absorption
What are microvilli?
Cytoplasmic extensions of absorptive cells that bear brush border enzymes for digestion.
p.12
Oral Cavity and Salivary Glands
What are the three types of salivary glands?
Parotid gland, sublingual gland, submandibular gland.
How does H. pylori contribute to peptic ulcer disease?
It burrows through the mucus and destroys the protective mucosal layer.
p.44
Small Intestinal Structure and Absorption
What do enteroendocrine cells secrete?
Secretin and cholecystokinin.
p.15
Oral Cavity and Salivary Glands
What distinguishes vallate papillae from fungiform papillae?
Vallate papillae have an additional surrounding furrow.
What is peptic ulcer disease?
A condition characterized by sores on the stomach or intestinal lining.
p.6
Large Intestine Functions and Defecation
What is the primary function of the large intestine?
Dehydration of indigestible materials in preparation for elimination.
p.6
Functions of the Digestive System
What is the function of mucous cells in the gastric glands?
Secrete mucus to protect the stomach lining.
p.50
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
Why are patients with chronic liver disease often deficient in fat-soluble vitamins?
The diseased liver cannot produce sufficient bile for digestion and absorption of fat.
p.20
Functions of the Digestive System
What is the purpose of the mucosal barrier in the stomach?
To protect the stomach against corrosively acidic gastric juice.
p.31
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What is the urea cycle responsible for?
Excretion of excess nitrogen in the form of urea.
p.32
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
How does the liver contribute to the body's defense mechanism?
All blood from the gut first enters the liver before entering the general circulation, allowing it to filter out bacteria.
p.2
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
What is gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
A condition where stomach acid frequently flows back into the esophagus.
p.31
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What is the role of the liver in fat metabolism?
Synthesis and breakdown of fatty acids and synthesis of cholesterol.
p.15
Oral Cavity and Salivary Glands
What is the terminal sulcus?
A groove that distinguishes the portion of the tongue in the oral cavity from its posterior portion in the oropharynx.
p.6
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions
What nutrients are delivered to the liver through the hepatic portal vein?
Water-soluble nutrients like glucose and amino acids.
p.6
Functions of the Digestive System
What is the role of parietal cells?
Secrete HCl to activate pepsinogen and intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 absorption.
p.52
Structure and Layers of the Digestive Tract
What are the sections of the large intestine in order?
Cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus.
p.44
Small Intestinal Structure and Absorption
What is the role of Paneth cells in the small intestine?
They release antimicrobial agents like defensins and lysozyme.
What is the function of the oropharynx?
It transports ingested food to the stomach.
p.6
Oral Cavity and Salivary Glands
What is the role of salivary glands?
Produce saliva for lubrication, digestion of carbohydrates (amylase), and fats (lipase).
p.6
Small Intestinal Structure and Absorption
How does the small intestine neutralize acidic chyme?
By secreting bicarbonate from the pancreas.
p.6
Functions of the Digestive System
What do gastric glands secrete?
Gastric juice, including pepsinogen, HCl, intrinsic factor, and mucus.
