What significant year in the 17th century is noted?
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What significant year in the 17th century is noted?
What is the crucial role of early years in development?
They set the stage for adolescence and adulthood.
What century is referred to as the 18th century?
The period from 1701 to 1800.
What characterizes the changes observed in development?
Orderly, patterned, and relatively enduring changes in physical, psychological, and social behaviors.
What does it mean that childhood is socially constructed?
It means that the understanding of childhood varies based on societal norms and values.
What century is referred to as the 17th century?
The period from 1601 to 1700.
Which factors are considered when analyzing childhood definitions?
Cultural, ideological, economic, religious, and historical factors.
What does Developmental Psychology study?
The behavioral, emotional, social, and cognitive development of human beings over their lifespan.
What is Pieter Bruegel famous for?
His detailed depictions of peasant life and landscapes.
What type of research contributes to understanding childhood across different cultures?
Cross-cultural research.
What do different cultures and social classes provide regarding child development?
Particular patterns of beliefs, values, customs, and skills that specify what is considered a 'child'.
What is the dynamic relationship emphasized by Herder?
The relationship between thought and language.
What significant events occurred during the 17th century?
The Scientific Revolution, the Thirty Years' War, and the establishment of colonial empires.
How did industrialization affect parental roles?
Parents began to think of their children as people, leading to increased emotional attachment.
Why are the first 12 years important?
They significantly influence future development.
Is the concept of 'childhood' culturally and historically constant?
No, it is socially constructed and changes over generations.
What is the main line of development according to Johann Gottfried von Herder?
Socialization into a group or society.
How do children acquire their cultural identity according to Herder?
By being born into a specific cultural community, which shapes their minds through language and historical tradition.
How does your personality affect your responses?
It reflects your personality.
How can a change in visual perceptive experience affect development?
It can lead to a change in the representation of objects.
What does it mean for a process to be reversible?
It can return to a previous state.
What context is mentioned as influencing responses?
The historical or political context.
What can happen to severely neglected children placed in a secure environment?
They can show significant improvement in their developmental achievements.
What is the focus of developmental psychology?
The study of how people grow and change throughout their lifespan.
What is Shulamith Shahar's critique of Aries regarding medieval parents?
She argues that medieval parents were not indifferent to their children's death and had emotional attachments.
What significant movements emerged during the 18th century?
The Enlightenment and the beginnings of the Industrial Revolution.
How has developmental psychology been traditionally influenced?
It has been based on Western communities and research mainly on Western middle class populations.
Which philosopher's ideas about childhood gained prominence in the 18th century?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who emphasized the importance of natural development.
What role does socio-economic class play in shaping responses?
It reflects your socio-economic class.
How does the social world contribute to a child's understanding of reality according to Herder?
It provides structure to reality and helps the child make sense of it.
What does it mean for a process to be irreversible?
It cannot return to a previous state.
What concept did John Locke introduce regarding the child's mind?
The child's mind is a blank slate (tabula rasa).
According to John Locke, how do children acquire knowledge?
Through the imprinting of perceptual experiences.
What does John Locke emphasize as critically important for a child's development?
Experiences and training.
What significant change occurred in the 17th-18th centuries regarding childhood?
The 'discovery of childhood' advocating for children's special need for education.
How does learning contribute to development?
Our experiences produce relatively permanent changes in our feelings, thoughts, and behaviors.
What did Shahar suggest about parents' views on childhood?
Parents held well-defined conceptions about childhood, including childrearing theories and norms.
How did the 18th century influence views on childhood?
It led to new ideas about education, rights, and the nature of childhood.
What did Beer discover in his exploration of letters from the 15th-16th century in Nurnberg?
He found evidence of emotional bonds within families.
What type of schools were established in the sixteenth century for boys?
Elite schools to learn politics and economics.
What were girls taught in convents during the sixteenth century?
Obedience, modesty, and how to look after children and households.
What does differentiating refer to in development?
The process of becoming more refined and complex in skills and behaviors.
What was a key development in art during the 17th century?
The Baroque style emerged, characterized by dramatic expression and grandeur.
What does structuring refer to in development?
The formation of higher ordered and more complex neurobiological circuits and mental representations.
What childrearing practice was common in infancy?
Sending children off to wet-nurses.
How did children participate in society during medieval times?
Children shared their parents' activities, whether in work or play.
What was not a significant marker of childhood in medieval society?
Chronological age.
When did the first birth (baptism) registers appear?
In the 16th century.
What type of change does development include?
Both quantitative and qualitative change.
What was a notable trend in childhood from 1960 to 1980?
Children became consumers and a target audience for entertainment and marketing.
What is maturation in the context of development?
The biological unfolding of the individual guided by gene expression.
What is the definition of development in the context of Developmental Psychology?
Systematic continuities and changes in the individual from conception to death.
Who influences the changing concept of childhood?
Generations of adults and children.
What is development?
A process involving progression and regression.
What influences your responses according to the text?
Family and general life experience.
What does the holistic aspect of development imply?
Changes in one aspect (e.g., physical) affect other aspects (e.g., cognitive and psychosocial).
What is development in the context of differentiation and structuralization?
It involves differentiating and structuring cognitive, motor, emotional, and social skills and behaviors.
What is the significance of emerging adulthood in human development?
It represents a distinct period of life between adolescence and full adulthood.
Can you give an example of differentiation in prosocial behavior?
In infancy and toddlerhood, prosocial behavior evolves from undifferentiated to selective targets based on similarity and expectation of reciprocation.
Why might mothers refrain from becoming too fond of their children?
Until their survival beyond the early years was assured.
What role do parents play in a child's development according to Rousseau?
Parents mediate and stimulate curiosity while teaching social order.
What cognitive traits are common in children?
Children are curious, inquisitive, and open-minded, motivated to learn about the world.
What does cumulative change in development indicate?
Changes at each major phase can have important implications for the future.
What are some key characteristics of a child?
Key characteristics include rapid physical growth, cognitive development, emotional changes, and social learning.
What social issue influenced childrearing practices in the past?
Huge social class differences.
What types of inheritance influence maturation?
Species-typical and individual biological inheritance.
What is the relationship between maturation and learning?
They interact mutually in the development process.
What did LeRoy Ladurie find in his reconstruction of family life in a 14th century French village?
He found a strong emotional bond between mother and child.
What was a common belief about children in the 18th century?
Children were often seen as miniature adults with less emphasis on their developmental needs.
What is the focus of Arnett's overview of human development?
Emerging adulthood.
What are regressive processes?
Processes that involve going back to a previous state, especially to less adapted patterns of behavior and feeling.
Which major philosophical movement began in the 17th century?
Rationalism, with thinkers like René Descartes.
What does Cohen's four stages of maturity encompass?
Different phases individuals go through as they mature.
What does plasticity in development refer to?
The capacity for change in response to positive or negative life experiences.
What are the biological characteristics of children?
Physical immaturity, vulnerability, small size, brain development, and high rate of cell division.
What are the three ways environmental experiences occur, according to Locke?
Through rewards and punishments, imitation, and associations between stimuli.
How does Rousseau describe the child's role in development?
The child is active in acquiring skills and knowledge.
What type of parenting does Locke advocate for?
Training and encouraging, rather than harsh punishment.
Which movements advocated for the education of children during Medieval and Renaissance times?
Religious movements.
What legal criteria differentiate children from adults?
Children are not yet able to vote, drive, or engage in other adult activities.
What are the main topics covered in developmental psychology?
Physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development.
Who is Pieter Bruegel?
A Flemish painter known for his landscapes and peasant scenes.
What factors influence definitions of childhood?
Cultural, ideological, economic, and religious factors.
What aspects of human beings does Developmental Psychology focus on?
Behavioral, emotional, social, and cognitive aspects.
What is development described as?
A holistic and plastic/flexible process.
What is a key limitation of traditional developmental psychology research?
It primarily reflects the experiences of Western middle class populations.
How does culture influence your responses?
It reflects your culture and ideology.
What was the infant mortality rate during infancy and toddlerhood?
50 - 75%.
How was the concept of childhood viewed in medieval society according to Aries?
The idea of childhood did not exist; children were seen as miniature adults.
At what age were children expected to start contributing to the workforce during Medieval and Renaissance times?
Roughly age 7 years onwards.
What types of work were children involved in during Medieval and Renaissance times?
Farming, crafts, household chores, and other contributions to the local economy.
Were there any special clothes, games, education, or toys for children during this period?
No, there were no special clothes, games, education, or toys.
What moral characteristics are observed in children?
Children may show an inability to take responsibility for their actions, leading to parents being held accountable.
How do socioeconomic factors affect children?
Children experience economic dependence on adults and their living circumstances.
What is an example of qualitative change in development?
Changes in forms of friendship.
Who is the author mentioned in the context of developmental psychology?
Melinda Pohárnok, PhD.
What is childhood considered to be?
A social construction.
In what year did Pieter Bruegel create notable works?
What historical aspect is important in the study of childhood?
The history of childhood in Europe.
What are progressive processes in development?
Processes that move forward or onward in development.
How many stages of maturity did Cohen identify?
Four stages.
What societal change occurred with the advent of industrialization?
Families moved from an agriculturally based economy to an industrial-based economy.
What is an example of how early puberty affects development?
Physical changes can influence self-esteem and popularity in peer groups.
What does Philippe Aries argue about childhood in his work 'Centuries of Childhood'?
Childhood is a relatively recent invention.
How does Rousseau's view align with constructivism?
He believed children are born curious and want to understand their worlds, akin to Jean Piaget's ideas.
What is development described as?
A continual and cumulative process.
How is a 'child' defined?
A child is typically defined as a young human being, usually considered to be between the ages of infancy and adolescence.
What dynamic does Rousseau emphasize in child development?
The dynamic between energetic instincts and the demands of the social environment.
What philosophical movement is John Locke considered a forerunner of?
Behaviorism and empiricism.
What was the responsibility of parents regarding their children's moral and religious upbringing?
Parents were responsible for the moral and religious socialization of children.
What is referred to as the 'lost childhood' starting from 1980?
A crisis of childhood characterized by the decomposition of the traditional family and the impact of new media.
What approach is Johann Gottfried von Herder considered a forerunner of?
The sociocultural approach of development.
What concept did Jean-Jacques Rousseau introduce regarding children?
The child as a 'Noble savage' who acts on impulse according to natural instincts.
What is the nativist perspective on children according to Rousseau?
Children act on instincts, similar to the views of Sigmund Freud.
What was the impact of the 17th century on literature?
The rise of classic literature and notable authors like Shakespeare and Molière.
What does Aries suggest about the affection for children in medieval society?
Affection for children existed, but the awareness of the particular nature of childhood was lacking.
What was a common practice for children after infancy?
Sending them to tutors and craft masters.
What cultural or ideological expectations are placed on children?
Children are often expected to obey and respect adults, and may be told to 'be seen and not heard.'
Give an example of cumulative change in development.
Early language skills leading to school achievement.
What does Otto Hansmann describe about childhood between medieval and modern times?
He discusses the changing nature of childhood during this period.
What radical changes occurred in traditional lifestyles during 1960-1980?
Changes included shifts in living arrangements and mealtime rituals.
What was the impact of industrialization on child care for working-class parents?
Increased role of institutionalized child-care, such as daycares and kindergartens.
What is an example of structuring in newborns?
Newborn reflexes evolve into complex, voluntary actions and interpersonal behavior.
How were physical and emotional closeness viewed in childrearing?
Not considered necessary.
What were the legal marriage age restrictions for children in Europe during Medieval and Renaissance times?
Under 12 years for girls and under 14 years for boys.
What role does play have in a child's development?
Play is crucial for a child's social, emotional, cognitive, and physical development.
What responsibility did parents have regarding their children's future homes?
Parents were responsible for setting their children up in their own homes until they got married.
How do children exhibit emotional and social characteristics?
They depend on adults for protection and care, needing attention, love, and a special connection with parents.
What does continuity in development imply?
Change is constant in normal development.
What age range is commonly associated with childhood?
Childhood is commonly associated with the age range from birth to around 12 years old.
What significant shift in parenting occurred after 1950 according to Lloyd De Mause?
Parents began to empathize with children's inner states and support their genuine development.
How does Locke view the child's role in their own development?
The child is passive in their own development.
What was more important than education for children during the 17th-18th centuries?
Using them as workers.
What is an example of quantitative change in development?
Vocabulary spurt in toddlerhood, where a child goes from 18 months with 50 active words to acquiring 10-20 new words per week.
How did the traditional concept of childhood change after 1980?
It began to disappear due to various societal changes.
