Chapter 4 questions

It reduces the need for farm hands and industrial workers while increasing wealth.

Service employment.

To identify the most consequential features of society today and map the major contours of contemporary life.

There are shaky foundations on which Bell constructs his theory of a new type of society.

A post-industrial society.

Increases in productivity allow employees to shift from agriculture and industry to services.

The Coming of Post-Industrial Society.

It retains appeal among many Information Society adherents despite its flaws.

He based his theories on close analysis of real-world events rather than unworldly models.

He rejects totalistic/holistic theories, arguing that societies are not integrated as a single system.

He states that 'the post-industrial society is an Information Society'.

Less than 3 percent.

Bell addresses big questions and societal changes, while mainstream sociology often focuses on manageable topics and intricate case studies.

Computer tomography and scanners were developed by EMI but later divested due to misalignment with their commercial strategy.

Increased wealth creates new needs that require more services.

A quantitative increase in information and a qualitative shift towards 'theoretical knowledge'.

An analytical construct, not a picture of a specific or concrete society.

It evolves into a caring society where professionals focus on the development of individuals rather than profit.

In post-industrial society, life is 'a game between persons' where information is the key resource, unlike the reliance on muscle power in pre-industrial and machines in industrial societies.

Information and knowledge.

More professional work, increased roles for intellectuals, greater importance on qualifications, and more person-to-person employment.

He believes they are independent and that changes in one realm do not automatically influence others.

It reduces the need for muscle power while increasing output.

He faced a hostile response, being criticized for oversimplification and political partisanship, as well as for tying theory too closely to empirical analysis.

Rationalization.

The nineteenth-century Protestant character structure, which encouraged investment and thrift.

Daniel Bell.

The notion of post-industrial society and a critical examination of Bell's theory.

He believes they are three autonomous spheres, allowing him to hold different views in each.

A typology dependent on the predominant mode of employment at any stage of development.

It implies that technologies are the decisive agents of social change and aloof from the social world.

It generates greater quantities of information, leading to decisive qualitative changes in society.

He implies that changes in one sector of society do not necessarily indicate they are the most consequential parts of society.

He identifies increases in productivity and the principle of rationalization (efficiency) as key factors in the transition.

Technological innovations that allow more food from fewer farmers and more goods from factories with fewer workers.

It allows him to avoid addressing the interconnections and influences between the realms.

Improvements in agricultural practices, crop rotation, and animal husbandry led to increased agricultural surpluses, allowing people to leave farms for factory jobs.

They find it dubious, as it overlooks the roles of people, capital, politics, classes, and interests.

He was born to impoverished Polish immigrants and faced early hardships.

Social structure, politics, and culture.

They are person-oriented and often intangible, making machine productivity increases unfeasible.

Professionals in health, education, research, and government.

It will ultimately reduce to very few workers due to automation.

The march of mechanization and automation.

He contends that social structure is separate from politics and that post-industrial society emerges from changes only in the social structure.

A prominent thinker known for his work on post-industrial society.

The author admires Bell but believes his post-industrial theory is untenable.

Technologies are important for social changes but are influenced by social relations and economic circumstances.

As 'intellectually bolder and tougher by far than anything else in the literature of futurology.'

He suggests a movement from pre-industrial, through industrial, to post-industrial societies.

The explosive technological changes in advanced societies during the late 1970s and early 1980s.

Professionals are disposed towards planning, replacing the unpredictability of the free market with forecasts and strategies.

The professional, equipped by education and training to meet the demands of the society.

There is a decline in workers employed in industry.

The author believes it is difficult to avoid concluding that PIS is a superior form of society.

He perceives that information plays an increasing role in social, economic, and political affairs.

Extractive, fabrication, and information activities.

As a positive development that eliminates unpleasant manual labor and reduces radical politics.

Bell's work is described as 'good bad' while others produce 'bad books'.

Henri Saint-Simon and Auguste Comte.

The breakdown of a once common value system across culture, economics, and politics.

The fallacy of historicism and the trap of teleological thinking.

Essays he had previously written, which he published as his dissertation titled The End of Ideology.

It suggests that history has identifiable trends of development towards Western societies, implying a lack of agency in societal change.

He claims that rationalization is a more foundational cause of change that drives technology.

PIS emerges through changes in social structure rather than in politics or culture.

'More for less' principle.

Intelligent journals aimed at policy makers and political thinkers, such as Dissent and the New Leader.

More than 30%.

Jobs in hotels, tourism, psychotherapy, fitness training, and more.

He predicts that post-industrialism will be a major feature in the social structures of the United States, Japan, the Soviet Union, and Western Europe.

They were bringing significant turmoil and changes to society.

The increased presence of professionals in society.

Ralph Miliband and Ralph Dahrendorf, who also faced reputational challenges for their non-mainstream approaches.

As a thinker of the very first rank, whose work remains influential.

It is seen as unsustainable when compared to real social trends and is flawed empirically, theoretically, and methodologically.

Information work, primarily in the service sector.

It is seen as evasive and intellectually dishonest, ignoring the interconnections in human existence.

Britain was pre-industrial in the early eighteenth century, industrial by the late nineteenth century, and is now showing signs of post-industrialism.

A fine tradition in sociology that emphasizes the importance of understanding societal changes through both theory and empirical analysis.

Opportunities in services aimed at fulfilling new needs.

The role of information and developing information technologies.

Sophisticated computers and automation.

A heightened presence and significance of information.

Changes along one axis can represent a new social order while other dimensions may show continuities.

The author believes it would be unjust to condemn Bell for mistakes in his sociology.

A shift towards a communal society that prioritizes community needs over individual self-interest.

It is academically rich, boldly constructed, and a remarkable achievement despite its flaws.

He is alert to shortcomings like technological determinism and technocratic assumptions.

Bell argues that changes in occupations signify a new social order, despite continuities in other dimensions.

He worked as a journalist covering labor affairs.

As the growth of an ethos of 'more for less' and a spirit of functional efficiency and measurement.

It marks the end of job displacement due to technical innovations.

The breakdown of an integrated cultural ethos and its requirements for social structure.

Increased wealth leads to new needs, creating more service jobs.

Professional technical services, particularly scientists and engineers.

Despite addressing emergent trends, it was published at a time when sociology was skeptical of big-picture approaches.

The development of the internet and World Wide Web.

Concerns like the environment, care of the elderly, and education achievements are prioritized over economic output.

Needs for education, healthcare, and care for the elderly.

He means that the realms of society operate independently from one another.

Economizing, which involves allocating resources based on principles like least cost and optimization.

They require services like chauffeurs, personal trainers, and style advisors.

It can be seen as an extension of Weber's account of rationalization in western industrial societies.

His name has been less frequently drawn upon compared to figures like Bill Gates.

PIS shifts from an 'economising' ethos to a 'sociologising' mode of life focused on public interest.

He suggests that PIS is a superior form of society and a higher stage of development that all capable societies are moving towards.