What are the only branches of the ascending aorta?
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The two coronary arteries to the heart.
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What are the only branches of the ascending aorta?
The two coronary arteries to the heart.
What is the cross-sectional area of capillaries?
40 μm²
What type of cells line the capillaries?
Single layer endothelial cells lined by a basal lamina
What is located in the anterior mediastinum?
Lymph nodes
What is notable about the Great Saphenous Vein?
It is the longest vein in the body.
What is Mediastinal Syndrome?
Different pathological conditions that affect the organs within the mediastinum, such as infiltration, entrapment, or compression.
What veins join to form the hepatic portal vein?
The superior mesenteric and splenic veins join to form the hepatic portal vein.
What does coarctation mean in the context of aortic coarctation?
Coarctation means narrowing of part of the aorta.
What happens to blood after gaseous exchange within the capillaries?
Blood enters venules.
How do the anterior cerebral arteries connect?
The anterior cerebral arteries of each side anastomose through the anterior communicating artery.
What do venules drain into?
Venules will drain into the Superior and Inferior Pulmonary veins.
What is an anastomosis?
An anastomosis is a union.
Into which arteries does the internal carotid artery divide?
Anterior and middle cerebral arteries.
What is the function of Albumin in plasma?
Maintains osmotic pressure of the blood.
What are the common symptoms associated with plague formation?
Common symptoms include swollen lymph nodes (buboes), fever, chills, and fatigue.
What is the function of arteries?
Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
What do arteries branch into?
Arteries branch into smaller vessels called arterioles.
What is the term for the narrowing of an artery?
Arterial stenosis
What is a key difference between veins and arteries regarding the brachiocephalic structure?
Veins have a brachiocephalic on both the right and left sides, unlike arteries.
What is an aneurysm?
An abnormal dilatation of a vessel, usually occurring in the aorta.
What are the three branches of the subclavian artery?
Vertebral arteries, thyrocervical trunk, and costocervical trunk.
What does the basilar artery branch into?
The basilar artery branches into the left and right posterior cerebral arteries.
What is a coronary angiogram?
A coronary angiogram is a medical imaging technique used to visualize the inside of the coronary arteries, helping to diagnose blockages or other heart conditions.
What is the asymmetry observed in the tributaries of the inferior vena cava (IVC)?
The left gonadal and suprarenal veins drain into the left renal vein, while on the right, they drain directly into the IVC.
What are the types of portocaval anastomosis?
What are the three layers of a vein?
Tunica intima, Tunica media, Tunica adventitia.
Where do the right and left hepatic veins enter the inferior vena cava?
The right and left hepatic veins enter the superior part of the inferior vena cava.
What distinguishes granulocytes from agranulocytes?
Granulocytes contain granules in their cytoplasm, while agranulocytes do not.
What is the average volume of blood in an adult?
The average volume of blood in an adult ranges between 5 and 6 L, which is about 8% of body weight or 80 ml/kg of body weight.
What are the two main functions of the liver in relation to the hepatic portal system?
Storage of nutrients and detoxification of toxins, drugs, etc.
What do the names of the veins in the leg correspond to?
The names are analogues to arteries.
What are the three types of capillaries?
Continuous capillaries, Fenestrated capillaries, Discontinuous capillaries.
What is the relationship between deep veins of the upper limbs and arteries?
Deep veins of the upper limbs follow arteries, with most of them being double to one artery.
What happens to plasma when red blood cells coagulate?
When red blood cells coagulate, plasma is referred to as serum.
What are the three single midline branches that supply the digestive tube from the abdominal aorta?
Celiac trunk, Superior mesenteric artery, Inferior mesenteric artery.
What type of defect is aortic coarctation?
Aortic coarctation is a type of birth defect.
What arteries does the internal carotid artery give off?
Ophthalmic artery.
What is the Fossa Ovalis?
The Fossa Ovalis is a depression in the interatrial septum of the heart, which is the remnant of the foramen ovale that closes after birth.
What are the main components of blood?
Cellular elements (primarily blood cells) and plasma (fluid).
What forms the posterior border of the mediastinum?
Thoracic Vertebral Column
At which vertebral level does the abdominal aorta branch into the common iliac arteries?
L4
When does the fetal heart start beating?
The fetal heart starts beating at 21 days post conception.
What is a distinguishing feature of veins compared to arteries?
Veins have valves present.
What are the two branches of the common iliac arteries?
Internal iliac artery and external iliac artery
What do dural sinuses drain?
The veins of the brain.
What is the composition of the tunica media in veins?
It has a larger quantity of collagen fibers with less elastic and muscle fibers.
How many capillary beds are involved in the hepatic portal system?
Two capillary beds.
What percentage of blood volume does plasma constitute?
Plasma constitutes 55% of the blood volume.
What is the purpose of performing a brain angiogram?
The purpose of performing a brain angiogram is to diagnose conditions such as aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, and other vascular abnormalities.
What often runs alongside arteries and veins?
Nerves often run with them.
How does oxygenated blood reach the fetus?
Oxygenated blood is delivered to the fetus through the umbilical vein from the placenta.
How does the thickness of the tunica adventitia in veins compare to that in arteries?
The tunica adventitia is thicker than the tunica media when compared to arteries.
What are the main constituents of plasma?
The main constituents of plasma are water (91%), solids (9%), which include plasma proteins (7%), organic molecules (1%), and inorganic substances or mineral salts (1%).
What are the branches of the common carotids?
Internal carotids and external carotids.
Where does the internal carotid artery enter the skull?
Through the carotid canal.
What are the primary lymphatic organs?
Thymus and bone marrow.
What is blood classified as?
Fluid form of connective tissue.
What are the secondary lymphatic organs?
Spleen and lymph nodes.
What are platelets also referred to as?
Thrombocytes
What structures are contained in the Middle Mediastinum?
The Middle Mediastinum contains the pericardium with the heart, the root of the superior vena cava (SVC), the azygos vein, the ascending aorta, the pulmonary trunk, the pulmonary veins, and the phrenic nerve.
What is the color of blood and what causes it?
The color of blood is opaque red due to the haemoglobin pigment.
What is the primary function of blood?
Responsible for the transport of substances from one part of the body to another.
What types of lymphocytes are there?
T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes.
What are the paired branches off the abdominal aorta that supply the adrenal glands?
Middle suprarenal arteries supply the adrenal glands.
What role does blood play in the extracellular fluid of the body?
Major part of the extracellular fluid of the body.
What conditions can a coronary angiogram help diagnose?
It can help diagnose conditions such as coronary artery disease, heart attacks, and other heart-related issues.
Which arteries supply the kidneys?
The renal arteries supply the kidneys.
What terms describe how arteries behave?
'branch, diverge, fork'
How does the wall of the vein behave after death?
It collapses easily due to its structure.
What is the route of blood flow in the hepatic portal system?
Artery to capillaries of gut to hepatic portal vein to liver’s capillaries to hepatic vein to IVC.
What is the normal pH range of blood?
The pH of blood is about 7.4, but it can range from 7.38 to 7.42.
What is leucopenia?
Leucopenia refers to a decrease in the white blood cell count, often associated with infections or conditions like AIDS.
What is the continuation of the axillary artery in the upper arm?
It continues as the brachial artery.
What is plasma?
Plasma is the clear, straw-colored fluid portion of blood that constitutes 55% of blood volume and contains dissolved solid substances.
What arteries ascend through the vertebral foramina of C6 - C1 transverse processes?
Right and Left vertebral arteries.
What arteries branch off the Internal thoracic artery?
Anterior intercostal arteries branch off the Internal thoracic artery.
What is the length of the portal vein?
2 inches long
What is the lumen in blood vessels?
The lumen is the central blood-filled space.
What do the left and right vertebral arteries converge to form?
The Basilar artery.
What is observed in the cross-section of small arteries regarding the elastic lamina?
The elastic lamina is not stained and appears as a pale scalloped appearance just below the endothelium.
What are the three types of blood vessels?
Arteries, Capillaries, Veins
What is lymph?
Tissue fluid.
What is the normal red blood cell count in adults?
The normal red blood cell count in adults is 5 million/ml.
How many lobar arteries are there on the right and left sides?
There are three lobar arteries on the right and two on the left.
What are the three layers of the walls of most blood vessels?
Tunica intima, Tunica media, Tunica adventitia
Which artery loops around the pituitary gland?
The Circle of Willis loops around the pituitary gland.
What are the two main varieties of white blood cells?
The two main varieties of white blood cells are granulocytes and agranulocytes.
What is an angiogram of the brain?
An angiogram of the brain is a medical imaging technique used to visualize the blood vessels in the brain, typically using a contrast dye and X-ray technology.
What are the common types of aneurysms?
The common types of aneurysms include abdominal aortic aneurysms, thoracic aortic aneurysms, and cerebral aneurysms.
What does the femoral vein become after crossing under the inguinal ligament?
It becomes the external iliac vein.
What is the specific gravity of blood?
The specific gravity of blood is between 1.050 and 1.060.
What is leucocytosis?
Leucocytosis refers to an increase in the white blood cell count.
What is the function of blood in protection?
It supports the immune system to defend against pathogens.
What anatomical structure is located behind the sternum?
Anterior Mediastinum
What are the treatment options for an aneurysm?
Treatment options may include monitoring, medication, or surgical procedures such as endovascular repair or open surgery.
What does the inferior mesenteric artery supply?
The inferior mesenteric artery supplies the distal half of the large intestines.
What are the branches of the Arch of Aorta?
Left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery, right brachiocephalic artery.
What do the middle cerebral arteries run through?
The middle cerebral arteries run through lateral fissures.
What arteries does the abdominal aorta branch into?
Right and left common iliac arteries.
What is plague formation?
Plague formation refers to the development of localized areas of infection or necrosis in tissues, often associated with bacterial infections such as Yersinia pestis, which causes the bubonic plague.
What are the major tributaries that drain into the Hepatic Portal Vein?
Superior mesenteric, splenic, right and left gastric, paraumbilical vein, and cystic vein
What bacteria is primarily responsible for plague formation?
Yersinia pestis is the primary bacteria responsible for plague formation.
What do the pair of umbilical arteries do in fetal circulation?
The pair of umbilical arteries carry blood to the placenta to pick up oxygen and nutrients.
What is the Ligamentum Arteriosum?
The Ligamentum Arteriosum is a fibrous remnant of the ductus arteriosus, which closes after birth and connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta.
What is the Circle of Willis also known as?
The Circle of Willis is now called the cerebral arterial circle.
What are the characteristics of white blood cells?
White blood cells are colourless, the largest blood cells, make up 1% of blood volume, are nucleated, and play a crucial role in the body's defense mechanisms.
What is the function of valves in the veins?
Valves allow blood flow to the heart but prevent back flow.
What is an aneurysm?
An aneurysm is a localized enlargement of an artery caused by a weakening of the artery wall.
What major blood vessels are located in the Middle Mediastinum?
The major blood vessels located in the Middle Mediastinum include the ascending aorta, the pulmonary trunk, and the pulmonary veins.
How do veins differ from arteries in terms of their location?
Many veins are very superficial, unlike arteries.
What are the main properties of platelets?
Adhesiveness and aggregation.
Which artery has branches that are significant in the anterior mediastinum?
Internal thoracic artery
Where are the common carotids located in relation to the trachea?
The common carotids are located just lateral to the trachea.
Where are platelets destroyed?
In the spleen by the tissue-macrophage system
What are the unusual systems associated with veins?
Head and hepatic portal systems.
What does the sigmoid sinus become?
The Internal Jugular vein.
What is the mediastinum?
The space between two lungs.
What is the sternal angle?
The sternal angle is the separation between the manubrium and the body of the sternum anteriorly, represented by an imaginary horizontal line that passes between the T4 and T5 vertebrae.
Where does the inferior mesenteric vein empty?
The inferior mesenteric vein empties into the splenic vein.
What system drains the thorax?
The azygos system drains the thorax.
What do the internal jugular veins drain?
Most of the blood from the brain.
What are the three types of granulocytes?
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
Where do the internal jugular veins run in relation to the carotid arteries?
They run lateral to the internal and then common carotid arteries.
What are the branches of the pulmonary trunk?
The branches of the pulmonary trunk are the right and left pulmonary arteries.
What is the process of red blood cell formation called?
Erythropoiesis
What is the size comparison of platelets to other blood cells?
They are the smallest blood cells.
What roles do Globulins play in the body?
Alpha and beta globulins transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins, while gamma globulins function as antibodies in immunity.
What are the three major vessels that enter the Right Atrium?
SVC (superior vena cava), IVC (inferior vena cava), and coronary sinus.
What is Patent Ductus Arteriosus?
Patent Ductus Arteriosus is a condition where the ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth, leading to abnormal blood flow between the aorta and pulmonary artery.
What do veins branch into?
Veins branch into smaller vessels called venules.
Do arteries and veins usually run together?
Yes, arteries and veins usually run together.
What part of the circulatory system does bronchial circulation belong to?
Bronchial circulation is part of systemic circulation.
What is atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease?
A disease characterized by the buildup of plaques in the arteries, leading to reduced blood flow.
What is cerebrovascular disease?
A condition that affects the brain, often resulting in strokes.
Is there always bilateral symmetry in the vascular system?
Sometimes the systems do not have bilateral symmetry.
What does coronary artery disease (CAD) affect?
It affects the arteries of the heart, leading to reduced blood flow and potential heart attacks.
What happens to the ductus venosus after birth?
After birth, the ductus venosus closes and becomes a ligament, as blood flow from the placenta ceases.
Into which two arteries does the brachial artery split?
The brachial artery splits into the radial and ulnar arteries.
Where does the thoracic aorta become the abdominal aorta?
At T12.
What are some symptoms associated with Bronchial Carcinoma in the context of Mediastinal Syndrome?
Dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing), Dyspnoea (shortness of breath), and Hoarseness of voice (damage to recurrent laryngeal nerve).
What are the three types of granulocytes?
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
At what vertebral level does the abdominal aorta end?
At L4.
What is the superior border of the mediastinum?
Thoracic inlet
What vein is located in the posterior mediastinum?
Azygous vein
What are the two types of agranulocytes?
Lymphocytes, Monocytes
Where is blood commonly drawn from in the upper limbs?
Blood is commonly drawn from the median cubital vein in the antecubital fossa.
What are the three layers of blood vessels?
What are the three branches of the celiac trunk?
Left gastric, splenic, and common hepatic.
Where do the right and left vertebral arteries pass through to enter the skull?
They pass through the foramen magnum.
What forms the anterior border of the mediastinum?
Sternum
What does the sternal angle separate?
The sternal angle separates the superior mediastinum from the anterior, posterior, and middle mediastinum.
What structure runs alongside the vertebral column in the posterior mediastinum?
Sympathetic chain
From where do the posterior intercostal arteries branch?
The posterior intercostal arteries branch off the Thoracic aorta.
What are common causes of an aneurysm?
High blood pressure, atherosclerosis, and trauma to blood vessels.
What are the characteristics of red blood cells?
Red blood cells are non-nucleated, lack usual cell organelles, are circular biconcave discs, and their red color is due to the presence of hemoglobin in the cytoplasm.
What does the superior mesenteric artery supply?
Most of the intestines.
What percentage of arterial blood is diverted to the abdominal arteries at rest?
½ of arterial blood.
What is the function of the one umbilical vein in fetal circulation?
The one umbilical vein brings blood to the placenta for oxygenation through gas diffusion from the mother's blood.
What is the inferior border of the mediastinum?
Diaphragm
What are the three major types of plasma proteins?
Albumin (60%), Globulins (36%), and Fibrinogen (4%).
Where do intercostal arteries, veins, and nerves run in relation to the ribs?
Intercostal arteries, veins, and nerves run just under the ribs.
What are mesenteries?
Double layered sheets of peritoneum that support most organs in the abdominopelvic cavity.
What are the two types of agranulocytes?
Lymphocytes, Monocytes
How does a small artery with a distinctly stained internal elastic lamina appear?
It shows a distinctly stained internal elastic lamina.
What percentage of the cerebrum is supplied by the anterior and middle cerebral arteries?
80% of the cerebrum.
What is the normal platelet count range?
150,000 – 450,000/ml
How does plague formation affect the circulatory system?
Plague formation can lead to septicemia, which can severely impact the circulatory system by causing blood vessel damage and leading to shock.
What artery does the femoral artery become at the back of the knee?
The femoral artery becomes the popliteal artery.
What is the average platelet count?
250,000 cells/ml
What does the internal iliac artery supply?
Pelvic organs, perineum, buttocks, and medial thighs
What structures run within the cavernous sinuses?
Carotid arteries and some cranial nerves.
Where does the subclavian artery run laterally onto?
The subclavian artery runs laterally onto the 1st rib, under the clavicle.
Why is Patent Ductus Arteriosus clinically significant?
Patent Ductus Arteriosus can lead to increased blood flow to the lungs, resulting in pulmonary hypertension and heart failure if not treated.
What is the appearance of plasma?
Plasma is a clear, straw-colored fluid portion of blood.
What contrast agent is commonly used in a brain angiogram?
A common contrast agent used in a brain angiogram is iodine-based dye, which enhances the visibility of blood vessels on the X-ray images.
What are the two branches of the common carotid at the larynx?
The common carotid divides into internal and external carotids at the larynx.
What is the average diameter of capillaries?
7 μm
What are the main components of blood cells after centrifugation?
The main components include sedimented erythrocytes (RBCs), a thin layer of leukocytes (the buffy coat), and platelets (thrombocytes).
In what way does blood assist in maintaining body temperature?
By distributing heat throughout the body.
What is the only artery present in the fetus from the anterior division?
Umbilical artery
What does the internal carotid supply?
The internal carotid supplies the orbits and most of the cerebrum.
What is portal hypertension?
Increased blood pressure in the portal venous system, often due to liver disease.
Which blood vessels have a higher blood pressure?
Arteries have a higher blood pressure compared to veins.
Which artery is part of the posterior division and supplies the gluteal region?
Superior gluteal artery
What problems can arise from an aneurysm?
Turbulence of blood flow, thrombosis, embolism, rupture, torrential bleeding, and pressure on nearby structures.
From where do the abdominal arteries arise?
From the abdominal aorta.
How is a coronary angiogram performed?
A coronary angiogram is performed by inserting a catheter into a blood vessel and guiding it to the coronary arteries, followed by the injection of a contrast dye and taking X-ray images.
What do the internal jugular veins join at the base of the neck?
They join the subclavian vein to form the brachiocephalic vein.
What percentage of blood flow does the pulmonary circulation receive?
Pulmonary circulation receives 100% of blood flow.
Which hormone stimulates erythropoiesis?
Erythropoietin
What do the external jugular veins drain?
Some of the scalp and face.
From where does bronchial circulation arise?
Bronchial circulation arises from the aorta.
How does the viscosity of blood compare to water?
The viscosity of blood is five times more than that of water.
How does blood contribute to respiration?
By transporting oxygen to tissues and carbon dioxide to the lungs.
What is the average lifespan of platelets?
10 days
What are venous plexuses?
Networks of anastomoses and parallel veins that are very common.
What is the main function of platelets?
Promoting the formation of blood clots in haemostasis.
What do the external iliac and internal iliac veins form when they join?
They form the common iliac vein.
What does the subclavian artery become as it enters the axilla?
It becomes the axillary artery.
What role does the foramen ovale play in fetal circulation?
The foramen ovale allows blood to flow directly from the right atrium to the left atrium, bypassing the lungs.
What happens when muscles contract in relation to venous return?
When the muscles contract, they compress the veins and thus help in venous return.
How does blood help maintain homeostasis?
By regulating pH, temperature, and electrolyte balance.
What is the primary function of veins?
Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
What activity can be performed to feel the brachial and radial pulses?
Feel the brachial and radial pulses.
What are the anatomical features of arteries?
Arteries have thick, muscular walls that can withstand high pressure, a narrow lumen, and are typically elastic to accommodate blood flow.
What are the main characteristics of veins?
Veins have thinner walls than arteries, a wider lumen, and often contain valves to prevent backflow of blood.
What is hypertension?
A condition characterized by consistently high blood pressure, which can lead to various health issues.
What is the remaining portion of haem processed into?
Biliverdin, then bilirubin, then as a major component of bile.
What is the normal red blood cell count at birth?
The normal red blood cell count at birth is 6 to 7 million/ml.
How many Pulmonary Veins empty into the left atrium?
Four Pulmonary Veins empty into the left atrium.
What are the three main types of blood vessels?
Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries.
What is the primary function of the hepatic portal system?
It picks up digested nutrients from the stomach and intestines and delivers them to the liver for processing and storage.
Which nerve is found in the Middle Mediastinum?
The phrenic nerve is found in the Middle Mediastinum.
Which gland is located in the Superior Mediastinum?
Thymus gland
What is the shape and color of platelets?
They are colourless, spherical, or oval discoid in shape and anucleate.
What happens to the pulmonary arteries as they branch?
They divide into smaller arterioles, which lead into capillaries surrounding alveoli to increase surface area for gaseous exchange.
What veins are present in the Superior Mediastinum?
Brachiocephalic veins
What is the primary function of the ductus arteriosus in fetal circulation?
The ductus arteriosus allows blood to bypass the non-functioning fetal lungs by connecting the pulmonary artery to the aorta.
What is the blood pressure in the pulmonary system compared to systemic circulation?
The blood pressure for the pulmonary system is only 1/6 of that in systemic circulation.
What major vein is found in the Superior Mediastinum?
Superior Vena Cava
What role does blood play in excretion?
It helps in the removal of waste products from the body.
Why are cavernous sinuses considered dangerous if trauma occurs?
Because they contain important structures like carotid arteries and cranial nerves.
Which airway structure is located in the Superior Mediastinum?
Trachea
How can aneurysms be diagnosed?
Aneurysms can be diagnosed using imaging techniques such as ultrasound, CT scans, or MRI.
What digestive structure is found in the Superior Mediastinum?
Esophagus
What does the external carotid supply?
The external carotid supplies the head external to the brain and orbit.
Why can't red blood cells replicate?
They do not have a nucleus.
What is the process called when red blood cells are broken down?
Haemolysis
What type of blood do arteries typically carry?
Arteries typically carry oxygenated blood, except for the pulmonary arteries.
What artery branches off the umbilical artery and supplies the seminal vesicles?
Superior vesical artery
What happens to globin after the breakdown of red blood cells?
It is added to the amino acid pool.
What artery is associated with the rectum?
Middle rectal artery
What connects the posterior communicating arteries?
The posterior communicating arteries connect to the middle cerebral arteries.
What is the origin of the pulmonary circulation?
Pulmonary circulation arises from the right ventricle.
What nerves are found in the Superior Mediastinum?
Phrenic, vagus, and cardiac nerves
What does the external iliac artery become after passing under the inguinal ligament?
The external iliac artery becomes the femoral artery.
What are the risks associated with a coronary angiogram?
Risks include bleeding, infection, allergic reactions to the dye, and damage to blood vessels or heart tissue.
What is the fluid-filled sac that surrounds the heart?
Pericardium
What is one of the primary functions of blood related to nutrition?
Transporting nutrients to cells.
What is the function of Fibrinogen?
Functions in the formation of blood clots.
What ligaments connect the sternum to the pericardium?
Sterno-pericardial ligaments
What are the branches of the popliteal artery?
The popliteal artery branches into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries.
How long does the process of erythropoiesis take to complete?
Seven days
What is the function of the gonadal arteries?
The gonadal arteries supply the gonads.
Where can you palpate the dorsalis pedis artery?
You can palpate the dorsalis pedis artery, which continues from the anterior tibial artery.
What is the primary function of systemic circulation?
To deliver oxygenated blood to the body.
What does packed cell volume (PCV) or haematocrit represent?
Packed cell volume (PCV) or haematocrit represents 45% of the total blood volume.
In which areas of the body is vascular symmetry most commonly found?
In the head and limbs, most are bilaterally symmetrical.
What is the structure that connects the throat to the stomach?
Esophagus
What are the two branches of the common carotid at the larynx?
The common carotid divides into internal and external carotids at the larynx.
What is deep venous thrombosis (DVT)?
A condition where a blood clot forms in a deep vein, usually in the legs.
What is the ligamentum arteriosum?
It is a remnant connecting the pulmonary artery to the aortic arch.
What structures help prevent backflow in veins?
Veins contain valves that help prevent backflow of blood.
What are the characteristics of red blood cells?
Red blood cells are biconcave discs that contain hemoglobin, allowing them to transport oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues.
What are the two main circulations in the vascular system?
Pulmonary (lungs) and Systemic (the rest of the body)
What is the function of veins?
Veins carry blood back to the heart.
Where does erythropoiesis primarily occur?
In the red bone marrow present in the ends of long bones and in flat, irregular bones
What are the components of the Circle of Willis?
The Circle of Willis includes the anterior cerebral artery (left and right), anterior communicating artery, internal carotid artery (left and right), posterior cerebral artery (left and right), and posterior communicating artery (left and right).
What is the normal white blood cell count in adults?
The normal white blood cell count in adults is between 4,000 and 11,000 cells per milliliter.
What is the function of the external iliac artery?
Supplies blood to the lower limbs
What terms describe how veins behave?
'join, merge, converge'
What type of cells undergo differentiation during erythropoiesis?
Multipotent stem cells
What do the paired branches off the abdominal aorta supply besides the adrenal glands and kidneys?
They also supply the abdominal body wall.
What fraction of platelets is stored in the spleen as an emergency supply?
1/3 of platelets
What is the average lifespan of red blood cells (RBCs)?
120 days
What is the length of a typical capillary?
50 μm
What is chronic venous insufficiency?
A condition where veins cannot pump enough blood back to the heart, leading to swelling and discomfort.
What does the brachiocephalic trunk branch into?
It branches into the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery.
How do capillaries facilitate the passage of erythrocytes?
They allow passage of erythrocytes in a single line only
Which artery supplies the prostate gland?
Inferior vesical artery
What are valves in veins made of?
Valves are folds of epithelium with some connective tissue rich in elastic fibers.
What is an Atrial Septal Defect?
An Atrial Septal Defect is a congenital heart defect characterized by a hole in the wall (septum) that separates the two upper chambers of the heart, allowing blood to flow between them.
How are arterioles and venules connected?
Arterioles and venules are linked by a network of capillaries.
Are valves present in small veins?
Valves are absent in small veins.
What are the potential risks associated with an aneurysm?
The potential risks include rupture, which can lead to severe internal bleeding and can be life-threatening.
What percentage of left ventricular output does bronchial circulation receive?
Bronchial circulation receives about 2% of left ventricular output.
How is the flow of blood through the veins assisted?
The flow of blood through the veins is assisted by muscles.
What complications can arise from an Atrial Septal Defect?
Complications from an Atrial Septal Defect can include heart failure, arrhythmias, and increased risk of stroke due to blood clots.
What are the risks associated with a brain angiogram?
Risks associated with a brain angiogram include allergic reactions to the contrast dye, bleeding, infection, and potential damage to blood vessels.
Through which foramen does the Internal Jugular vein exit the skull?
The jugular foramen.
Why is fetal circulation different from postnatal circulation?
Fetal circulation is adapted to utilize the placenta for gas exchange, while postnatal circulation relies on the lungs for oxygenation.
How do the walls of arteries differ from those of veins?
Arteries have thicker, more muscular walls compared to veins, which have thinner walls.
Which artery supplies the vagina?
Vaginal artery
Which artery is vulnerable and a branch of the maxillary?
The middle meningeal artery is vulnerable and is a branch of the maxillary artery.
What are the characteristics of blood?
Blood is a connective tissue composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, and it functions in transportation, regulation, and protection.
How do leucocytes differ from each other?
Leucocytes, or white blood cells, vary in size, shape, and function, with types including neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils, each playing distinct roles in immune response.
What is the Great Saphenous Vein used for?
It is used for grafting in coronary artery bypass grafts.
What is the primary function of arteries?
Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the tissues.
What is peripheral vascular disease (PVD)?
A condition that affects the arteries, leading to reduced blood flow to the limbs.
What is the major artery that carries blood from the heart to the lower body?
Descending Aorta
What does the external carotid supply?
The external carotid supplies the head external to the brain and orbit.
What are aneurysms?
Abnormal bulges in the wall of a blood vessel, which can lead to serious complications if they rupture.
What is the structure and function of capillaries?
Capillaries are tiny blood vessels with thin walls that allow for the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste between blood and tissues.
What is the lumen size comparison between arteries and veins?
Veins have a larger lumen compared to arteries.
Where does oxygenated blood leave the heart in systemic circulation?
It leaves the left ventricle through the ascending aorta.
Where are the common carotids located in relation to the trachea?
The common carotids are located just lateral to the trachea.
What is the buffy coat in blood?
The buffy coat is a thin layer of leukocytes that appears as a light-colored plasma supernatant after centrifugation.
Which vein drains blood from the thoracic wall into the superior vena cava?
Azygous Vein
What are the arteries and veins that supply blood to the intercostal spaces?
Posterior intercostal arteries and veins
What system takes up the remnants of broken down red blood cells?
Macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system
What is done with the iron liberated from haem?
It is recycled for the synthesis of new haemoglobin.
Which arteries are part of the posterior division and supply the sacral region?
Iliolumbar artery and lateral sacral arteries
Which artery can be felt on the side of the head?
The superficial temporal artery can be felt on the side of the head.
Which artery is vulnerable and a branch of the maxillary?
The middle meningeal artery is vulnerable and a branch of the maxillary.
Which artery can be felt on the side of the head?
The superficial temporal artery can be felt on the side of the head.
What is one function of capillaries related to blood flow?
They serve to slow down the blood flow.
What artery supplies the uterus?
Uterine artery
What artery branches off the inferior epigastric artery in 25% of cases?
Obturator artery
What are the three arteries that branch from the aortic arch?
Where are the main sites for the breakdown of red blood cells?
Spleen, liver, and bone marrow
What type of blood do veins typically carry?
Veins typically carry deoxygenated blood, except for the pulmonary veins.
Why is it important for capillaries to slow down blood flow?
To allow adequate time for gaseous exchange.
What is the composition of plasma?
Plasma is the liquid component of blood, consisting of water, electrolytes, proteins, hormones, and waste products.
What happens to the haemoglobin portions during the breakdown of RBCs?
They are released into haem and globin.
What do the internal carotids supply?
The internal carotids supply the orbits and most of the cerebrum.
Which artery supplies the external genitalia?
Internal pudendal artery
