What are the three types of capillaries?
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Continuous capillaries, Fenestrated capillaries, Discontinuous capillaries.
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What are the three types of capillaries?
Continuous capillaries, Fenestrated capillaries, Discontinuous capillaries.
What is Mediastinal Syndrome?
Different pathological conditions that affect the organs within the mediastinum, such as infiltration, entrapment, or compression.
What is plasma?
Plasma is the clear, straw-colored fluid portion of blood that constitutes 55% of blood volume and contains dissolved solid substances.
What does the inferior mesenteric artery supply?
The inferior mesenteric artery supplies the distal half of the large intestines.
Where does the thoracic aorta become the abdominal aorta?
At T12.
What are some symptoms associated with Bronchial Carcinoma in the context of Mediastinal Syndrome?
Dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing), Dyspnoea (shortness of breath), and Hoarseness of voice (damage to recurrent laryngeal nerve).
What is the mediastinum?
The space between two lungs.
What is the term for the narrowing of an artery?
Arterial stenosis
What are the main constituents of plasma?
The main constituents of plasma are water (91%), solids (9%), which include plasma proteins (7%), organic molecules (1%), and inorganic substances or mineral salts (1%).
What are the three types of granulocytes?
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
What is the relationship between deep veins of the upper limbs and arteries?
Deep veins of the upper limbs follow arteries, with most of them being double to one artery.
What veins join to form the hepatic portal vein?
The superior mesenteric and splenic veins join to form the hepatic portal vein.
What arteries ascend through the vertebral foramina of C6 - C1 transverse processes?
Right and Left vertebral arteries.
What are the branches of the Arch of Aorta?
Left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery, right brachiocephalic artery.
At what vertebral level does the abdominal aorta end?
At L4.
What is the superior border of the mediastinum?
Thoracic inlet
What is the sternal angle?
The sternal angle is the separation between the manubrium and the body of the sternum anteriorly, represented by an imaginary horizontal line that passes between the T4 and T5 vertebrae.
What is a key difference between veins and arteries regarding the brachiocephalic structure?
Veins have a brachiocephalic on both the right and left sides, unlike arteries.
What are the branches of the common carotids?
Internal carotids and external carotids.
What vein is located in the posterior mediastinum?
Azygous vein
What happens to plasma when red blood cells coagulate?
When red blood cells coagulate, plasma is referred to as serum.
What are the two types of agranulocytes?
Lymphocytes, Monocytes
What does coarctation mean in the context of aortic coarctation?
Coarctation means narrowing of part of the aorta.
What arteries branch off the Internal thoracic artery?
Anterior intercostal arteries branch off the Internal thoracic artery.
What do the middle cerebral arteries run through?
The middle cerebral arteries run through lateral fissures.
Where is blood commonly drawn from in the upper limbs?
Blood is commonly drawn from the median cubital vein in the antecubital fossa.
What are the three layers of blood vessels?
Where does the inferior mesenteric vein empty?
The inferior mesenteric vein empties into the splenic vein.
What is an aneurysm?
An abnormal dilatation of a vessel, usually occurring in the aorta.
Where does the internal carotid artery enter the skull?
Through the carotid canal.
What are the three branches of the celiac trunk?
Left gastric, splenic, and common hepatic.
What are the three single midline branches that supply the digestive tube from the abdominal aorta?
Celiac trunk, Superior mesenteric artery, Inferior mesenteric artery.
Where do the right and left vertebral arteries pass through to enter the skull?
They pass through the foramen magnum.
What happens to blood after gaseous exchange within the capillaries?
Blood enters venules.
What is the length of the portal vein?
2 inches long
What arteries does the abdominal aorta branch into?
Right and left common iliac arteries.
What forms the anterior border of the mediastinum?
Sternum
What does the sternal angle separate?
The sternal angle separates the superior mediastinum from the anterior, posterior, and middle mediastinum.
What system drains the thorax?
The azygos system drains the thorax.
What are the three branches of the subclavian artery?
Vertebral arteries, thyrocervical trunk, and costocervical trunk.
What are the primary lymphatic organs?
Thymus and bone marrow.
What structure runs alongside the vertebral column in the posterior mediastinum?
Sympathetic chain
What type of defect is aortic coarctation?
Aortic coarctation is a type of birth defect.
From where do the posterior intercostal arteries branch?
The posterior intercostal arteries branch off the Thoracic aorta.
How do the anterior cerebral arteries connect?
The anterior cerebral arteries of each side anastomose through the anterior communicating artery.
What is the lumen in blood vessels?
The lumen is the central blood-filled space.
What are common causes of an aneurysm?
High blood pressure, atherosclerosis, and trauma to blood vessels.
What is plague formation?
Plague formation refers to the development of localized areas of infection or necrosis in tissues, often associated with bacterial infections such as Yersinia pestis, which causes the bubonic plague.
What are the characteristics of red blood cells?
Red blood cells are non-nucleated, lack usual cell organelles, are circular biconcave discs, and their red color is due to the presence of hemoglobin in the cytoplasm.
What do the internal jugular veins drain?
Most of the blood from the brain.
What does the basilar artery branch into?
The basilar artery branches into the left and right posterior cerebral arteries.
What is blood classified as?
Fluid form of connective tissue.
What does the superior mesenteric artery supply?
Most of the intestines.
What arteries does the internal carotid artery give off?
Ophthalmic artery.
What percentage of arterial blood is diverted to the abdominal arteries at rest?
½ of arterial blood.
What do venules drain into?
Venules will drain into the Superior and Inferior Pulmonary veins.
What do the left and right vertebral arteries converge to form?
The Basilar artery.
What is the function of the one umbilical vein in fetal circulation?
The one umbilical vein brings blood to the placenta for oxygenation through gas diffusion from the mother's blood.
What are the major tributaries that drain into the Hepatic Portal Vein?
Superior mesenteric, splenic, right and left gastric, paraumbilical vein, and cystic vein
What is the inferior border of the mediastinum?
Diaphragm
What are the three types of granulocytes?
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
What is a coronary angiogram?
A coronary angiogram is a medical imaging technique used to visualize the inside of the coronary arteries, helping to diagnose blockages or other heart conditions.
What are the secondary lymphatic organs?
Spleen and lymph nodes.
What are the three major types of plasma proteins?
Albumin (60%), Globulins (36%), and Fibrinogen (4%).
What is the Fossa Ovalis?
The Fossa Ovalis is a depression in the interatrial septum of the heart, which is the remnant of the foramen ovale that closes after birth.
Where do intercostal arteries, veins, and nerves run in relation to the ribs?
Intercostal arteries, veins, and nerves run just under the ribs.
What is an anastomosis?
An anastomosis is a union.
What problems can arise from an aneurysm?
Turbulence of blood flow, thrombosis, embolism, rupture, torrential bleeding, and pressure on nearby structures.
What is observed in the cross-section of small arteries regarding the elastic lamina?
The elastic lamina is not stained and appears as a pale scalloped appearance just below the endothelium.
What bacteria is primarily responsible for plague formation?
Yersinia pestis is the primary bacteria responsible for plague formation.
What is the normal red blood cell count at birth?
The normal red blood cell count at birth is 6 to 7 million/ml.
Where do the internal jugular veins run in relation to the carotid arteries?
They run lateral to the internal and then common carotid arteries.
What is the asymmetry observed in the tributaries of the inferior vena cava (IVC)?
The left gonadal and suprarenal veins drain into the left renal vein, while on the right, they drain directly into the IVC.
What connects the posterior communicating arteries?
The posterior communicating arteries connect to the middle cerebral arteries.
What are platelets also referred to as?
Thrombocytes
What are the main components of blood?
Cellular elements (primarily blood cells) and plasma (fluid).
What are mesenteries?
Double layered sheets of peritoneum that support most organs in the abdominopelvic cavity.
Into which arteries does the internal carotid artery divide?
Anterior and middle cerebral arteries.
From where do the abdominal arteries arise?
From the abdominal aorta.
What are the three types of blood vessels?
Arteries, Capillaries, Veins
What do the pair of umbilical arteries do in fetal circulation?
The pair of umbilical arteries carry blood to the placenta to pick up oxygen and nutrients.
How many Pulmonary Veins empty into the left atrium?
Four Pulmonary Veins empty into the left atrium.
What are the types of portocaval anastomosis?
What are the branches of the pulmonary trunk?
The branches of the pulmonary trunk are the right and left pulmonary arteries.
What is the origin of the pulmonary circulation?
Pulmonary circulation arises from the right ventricle.
What structures are contained in the Middle Mediastinum?
The Middle Mediastinum contains the pericardium with the heart, the root of the superior vena cava (SVC), the azygos vein, the ascending aorta, the pulmonary trunk, the pulmonary veins, and the phrenic nerve.
What forms the posterior border of the mediastinum?
Thoracic Vertebral Column
What are the two types of agranulocytes?
Lymphocytes, Monocytes
What is the function of Albumin in plasma?
Maintains osmotic pressure of the blood.
How is a coronary angiogram performed?
A coronary angiogram is performed by inserting a catheter into a blood vessel and guiding it to the coronary arteries, followed by the injection of a contrast dye and taking X-ray images.
What is lymph?
Tissue fluid.
What is the Ligamentum Arteriosum?
The Ligamentum Arteriosum is a fibrous remnant of the ductus arteriosus, which closes after birth and connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta.
What are the three main types of blood vessels?
Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries.
What are the three layers of a vein?
Tunica intima, Tunica media, Tunica adventitia.
What is the process of red blood cell formation called?
Erythropoiesis
What nerves are found in the Superior Mediastinum?
Phrenic, vagus, and cardiac nerves
What is the color of blood and what causes it?
The color of blood is opaque red due to the haemoglobin pigment.
At which vertebral level does the abdominal aorta branch into the common iliac arteries?
L4
How does a small artery with a distinctly stained internal elastic lamina appear?
It shows a distinctly stained internal elastic lamina.
What are the common symptoms associated with plague formation?
Common symptoms include swollen lymph nodes (buboes), fever, chills, and fatigue.
What do the internal jugular veins join at the base of the neck?
They join the subclavian vein to form the brachiocephalic vein.
What is the normal red blood cell count in adults?
The normal red blood cell count in adults is 5 million/ml.
What is the Circle of Willis also known as?
The Circle of Willis is now called the cerebral arterial circle.
What is the primary function of the hepatic portal system?
It picks up digested nutrients from the stomach and intestines and delivers them to the liver for processing and storage.
Where do the right and left hepatic veins enter the inferior vena cava?
The right and left hepatic veins enter the superior part of the inferior vena cava.
What is the size comparison of platelets to other blood cells?
They are the smallest blood cells.
What is the primary function of blood?
Responsible for the transport of substances from one part of the body to another.
What does the external iliac artery become after passing under the inguinal ligament?
The external iliac artery becomes the femoral artery.
What percentage of the cerebrum is supplied by the anterior and middle cerebral arteries?
80% of the cerebrum.
What is the function of arteries?
Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
When does the fetal heart start beating?
The fetal heart starts beating at 21 days post conception.
What percentage of blood flow does the pulmonary circulation receive?
Pulmonary circulation receives 100% of blood flow.
How many lobar arteries are there on the right and left sides?
There are three lobar arteries on the right and two on the left.
What are the characteristics of white blood cells?
White blood cells are colourless, the largest blood cells, make up 1% of blood volume, are nucleated, and play a crucial role in the body's defense mechanisms.
What distinguishes granulocytes from agranulocytes?
Granulocytes contain granules in their cytoplasm, while agranulocytes do not.
Which nerve is found in the Middle Mediastinum?
The phrenic nerve is found in the Middle Mediastinum.
What roles do Globulins play in the body?
Alpha and beta globulins transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins, while gamma globulins function as antibodies in immunity.
What are the risks associated with a coronary angiogram?
Risks include bleeding, infection, allergic reactions to the dye, and damage to blood vessels or heart tissue.
What types of lymphocytes are there?
T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes.
What is the normal platelet count range?
150,000 – 450,000/ml
What do arteries branch into?
Arteries branch into smaller vessels called arterioles.
What is a distinguishing feature of veins compared to arteries?
Veins have valves present.
Which hormone stimulates erythropoiesis?
Erythropoietin
What are the three layers of the walls of most blood vessels?
Tunica intima, Tunica media, Tunica adventitia
What is the function of valves in the veins?
Valves allow blood flow to the heart but prevent back flow.
Which gland is located in the Superior Mediastinum?
Thymus gland
What is the average volume of blood in an adult?
The average volume of blood in an adult ranges between 5 and 6 L, which is about 8% of body weight or 80 ml/kg of body weight.
What are the three major vessels that enter the Right Atrium?
SVC (superior vena cava), IVC (inferior vena cava), and coronary sinus.
What is the fluid-filled sac that surrounds the heart?
Pericardium
What are the paired branches off the abdominal aorta that supply the adrenal glands?
Middle suprarenal arteries supply the adrenal glands.
How does plague formation affect the circulatory system?
Plague formation can lead to septicemia, which can severely impact the circulatory system by causing blood vessel damage and leading to shock.
What are the two main circulations in the vascular system?
Pulmonary (lungs) and Systemic (the rest of the body)
What are the two branches of the common iliac arteries?
Internal iliac artery and external iliac artery
What do the external jugular veins drain?
Some of the scalp and face.
Which artery loops around the pituitary gland?
The Circle of Willis loops around the pituitary gland.
What is the shape and color of platelets?
They are colourless, spherical, or oval discoid in shape and anucleate.
What is an aneurysm?
An aneurysm is a localized enlargement of an artery caused by a weakening of the artery wall.
What are the two main functions of the liver in relation to the hepatic portal system?
Storage of nutrients and detoxification of toxins, drugs, etc.
What is one of the primary functions of blood related to nutrition?
Transporting nutrients to cells.
What is Patent Ductus Arteriosus?
Patent Ductus Arteriosus is a condition where the ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth, leading to abnormal blood flow between the aorta and pulmonary artery.
What role does blood play in the extracellular fluid of the body?
Major part of the extracellular fluid of the body.
What artery does the femoral artery become at the back of the knee?
The femoral artery becomes the popliteal artery.
What is the function of veins?
Veins carry blood back to the heart.
What do dural sinuses drain?
The veins of the brain.
From where does bronchial circulation arise?
Bronchial circulation arises from the aorta.
What are the two main varieties of white blood cells?
The two main varieties of white blood cells are granulocytes and agranulocytes.
What happens to the pulmonary arteries as they branch?
They divide into smaller arterioles, which lead into capillaries surrounding alveoli to increase surface area for gaseous exchange.
What major blood vessels are located in the Middle Mediastinum?
The major blood vessels located in the Middle Mediastinum include the ascending aorta, the pulmonary trunk, and the pulmonary veins.
What do the names of the veins in the leg correspond to?
The names are analogues to arteries.
What is the function of Fibrinogen?
Functions in the formation of blood clots.
What conditions can a coronary angiogram help diagnose?
It can help diagnose conditions such as coronary artery disease, heart attacks, and other heart-related issues.
What do veins branch into?
Veins branch into smaller vessels called venules.
What is the average platelet count?
250,000 cells/ml
Where does erythropoiesis primarily occur?
In the red bone marrow present in the ends of long bones and in flat, irregular bones
What is the composition of the tunica media in veins?
It has a larger quantity of collagen fibers with less elastic and muscle fibers.
What is an angiogram of the brain?
An angiogram of the brain is a medical imaging technique used to visualize the blood vessels in the brain, typically using a contrast dye and X-ray technology.
What veins are present in the Superior Mediastinum?
Brachiocephalic veins
How does the viscosity of blood compare to water?
The viscosity of blood is five times more than that of water.
How do veins differ from arteries in terms of their location?
Many veins are very superficial, unlike arteries.
What are valves in veins made of?
Valves are folds of epithelium with some connective tissue rich in elastic fibers.
What ligaments connect the sternum to the pericardium?
Sterno-pericardial ligaments
Which arteries supply the kidneys?
The renal arteries supply the kidneys.
Do arteries and veins usually run together?
Yes, arteries and veins usually run together.
What does the internal iliac artery supply?
Pelvic organs, perineum, buttocks, and medial thighs
What are the components of the Circle of Willis?
The Circle of Willis includes the anterior cerebral artery (left and right), anterior communicating artery, internal carotid artery (left and right), posterior cerebral artery (left and right), and posterior communicating artery (left and right).
How many capillary beds are involved in the hepatic portal system?
Two capillary beds.
What are the common types of aneurysms?
The common types of aneurysms include abdominal aortic aneurysms, thoracic aortic aneurysms, and cerebral aneurysms.
What is the primary function of the ductus arteriosus in fetal circulation?
The ductus arteriosus allows blood to bypass the non-functioning fetal lungs by connecting the pulmonary artery to the aorta.
How does blood contribute to respiration?
By transporting oxygen to tissues and carbon dioxide to the lungs.
What is an Atrial Septal Defect?
An Atrial Septal Defect is a congenital heart defect characterized by a hole in the wall (septum) that separates the two upper chambers of the heart, allowing blood to flow between them.
What are the main properties of platelets?
Adhesiveness and aggregation.
What are the branches of the popliteal artery?
The popliteal artery branches into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries.
What terms describe how arteries behave?
'branch, diverge, fork'
What part of the circulatory system does bronchial circulation belong to?
Bronchial circulation is part of systemic circulation.
What structures run within the cavernous sinuses?
Carotid arteries and some cranial nerves.
What is the normal white blood cell count in adults?
The normal white blood cell count in adults is between 4,000 and 11,000 cells per milliliter.
What percentage of blood volume does plasma constitute?
Plasma constitutes 55% of the blood volume.
What does the femoral vein become after crossing under the inguinal ligament?
It becomes the external iliac vein.
What is the blood pressure in the pulmonary system compared to systemic circulation?
The blood pressure for the pulmonary system is only 1/6 of that in systemic circulation.
What is the average lifespan of platelets?
10 days
How are arterioles and venules connected?
Arterioles and venules are linked by a network of capillaries.
How long does the process of erythropoiesis take to complete?
Seven days
How does the wall of the vein behave after death?
It collapses easily due to its structure.
What is atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease?
A disease characterized by the buildup of plaques in the arteries, leading to reduced blood flow.
Where does the subclavian artery run laterally onto?
The subclavian artery runs laterally onto the 1st rib, under the clavicle.
What is the purpose of performing a brain angiogram?
The purpose of performing a brain angiogram is to diagnose conditions such as aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, and other vascular abnormalities.
What major vein is found in the Superior Mediastinum?
Superior Vena Cava
What is the specific gravity of blood?
The specific gravity of blood is between 1.050 and 1.060.
What are venous plexuses?
Networks of anastomoses and parallel veins that are very common.
Are valves present in small veins?
Valves are absent in small veins.
Which artery has branches that are significant in the anterior mediastinum?
Internal thoracic artery
What is the function of the gonadal arteries?
The gonadal arteries supply the gonads.
What often runs alongside arteries and veins?
Nerves often run with them.
What is the function of the external iliac artery?
Supplies blood to the lower limbs
What role does blood play in excretion?
It helps in the removal of waste products from the body.
What is the main function of platelets?
Promoting the formation of blood clots in haemostasis.
What are the potential risks associated with an aneurysm?
The potential risks include rupture, which can lead to severe internal bleeding and can be life-threatening.
Where are the common carotids located in relation to the trachea?
The common carotids are located just lateral to the trachea.
What is the route of blood flow in the hepatic portal system?
Artery to capillaries of gut to hepatic portal vein to liver’s capillaries to hepatic vein to IVC.
Why is Patent Ductus Arteriosus clinically significant?
Patent Ductus Arteriosus can lead to increased blood flow to the lungs, resulting in pulmonary hypertension and heart failure if not treated.
