What is the lateral view?
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A side view of an object or structure.
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What is the lateral view?
A side view of an object or structure.
What does the coronal (frontal) plane divide?
Anterior and posterior parts of the body.
What does the sagittal plane divide?
Side to side parts of the body.
What is the purpose of observing landmarks in different views of the body during a static musculoskeletal exam?
To determine what is happening in a specific body region.
What is the purpose of the lateral view in the postural exam?
To observe kyphotic/lordotic curves.
Which anatomical areas are included in the transition zones?
OA, C7-T1, T12-L1, and L5-S1.
What does 'caudad' refer to?
Toward the feet (inferior).
How is 'anterior' defined?
Toward the front (ventral).
How is 'proximal' defined?
Toward the center of the body or nearest the point of attachment or origin.
What is Genu Recurvatum?
Genu Recurvatum is a condition where the knee joint bends backward, causing the knees to hyperextend.
What is another name for Pectus Carinatum?
Pigeon Breast.
What is the Posterior View?
It refers to the view from the back of the body.
How can you determine the dominant eye for accuracy?
Identify the dominant eye and ensure the eye midline is between the structures to be compared. Also, ensure that the eyes are level to the site being evaluated.
What is the focus of a posterior view examination?
Examining the back of the body.
What kind of changes at the foot level can have effects throughout the body?
Anterior view changes.
What is the Greater Trochanter?
A bony prominence on the proximal lateral side of the thigh bone (femur).
What is another name for Pectus Excavatum?
Funnel Chest.
What is the focus of a posterior view examination?
Examining the back of the body.
What does the anterior view refer to?
The front-facing perspective of an object or body.
What is hypertrichosis?
Excessive hair growth on the body.
What is the condition described as 'Spina Bifida Occulta w/ Partial sacralization of L5'?
It is a congenital condition where the L5 vertebra is partially fused to the sacrum, along with a hidden opening in the spine without protrusion of the spinal cord or meninges.
What is a sacral dimple?
A small indentation or pit in the lower back, near the sacrum.
What is the level of the T7 spinous process in the posterior view?
Scapula level.
What is the purpose of observing gait and posture?
To gain information on visible defects, functional deficits, and abnormalities of alignment.
What is the key consideration when observing symmetry vs. asymmetry?
Determining whether these findings are related to the pathology being presented.
What is Pes Cavus?
A foot condition characterized by a high arch.
What is the name of the large curve present at birth in the spine?
Kyphotic curve.
What is scoliosis?
A medical condition characterized by an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.
What is the first step in performing a static exam?
Observation of Gait.
What is the characteristic of kyphotic curves?
They have posterior convexity and anterior concavity.
Which nerves are most often affected in winging of the scapula?
Long thoracic nerve, spinal accessory nerve, or dorsal scapular nerve.
Where do transition zones commonly occur?
At occipitocervical, cervicothoracic, thoracolumbar, and lumbopelvic junctions.
What is the basis for the diagnosis of somatic dysfunction in musculoskeletal findings?
ARTT musculoskeletal findings.
What is Pes Planus?
A foot condition characterized by a flat or low arch.
What does it mean when an angle opens medially?
It means the angle opens towards the midline of the body.
What does it mean when an angle opens laterally?
It means the angle opens away from the midline of the body.
What is a general consideration when performing a static exam?
Comparing each body area bilaterally.
note the general contour of the anatomy
look for unnatural positions of the extremities
observe use of the extremities
muscle tone from side to side
observe truncal positions.
Where do cross-over sites occur?
Wherever the postural line crosses the gravitational line.
What is the meaning of 'lateral'?
Toward the outside.
What does the transverse (horizontal) plane divide?
Superior and inferior parts of the body.
What should be elicited from the individual findings in each body region during a static musculoskeletal exam?
Gross patterns.
What does 'medial' refer to?
Toward the middle (midline).
What are some points of reference for examination in the lateral view?
Mid-gravitational line, lateral body line, head/neck angle relative to shoulders, level of supraciliary arches, level of eyes, nasal deviation, angles of mouth, deviation of mandible, symmetry of face (scoliosis capitis), prominence of sternocleidomastoid muscles, prominence of sternal/acromial end of clavicle, position of shoulders, level/unlevel, anterior/posterior relation, prominence of sternal angle (of Louis), thoracic cage symmetry/asymmetry, prominence of costal arches, elbows (carrying angle), relation of forearms to iliac crests, anterior/posterior relation, nearness to body, level of fingertips, fullness above iliac crests, levelness of iliac crests, pelvic side-shift/translation, level of anterior superior iliac spines (ASIS), level of greater trochanters, level of patellae, level of tibial tuberosities, position of feet, pronation, supination, everted/inverted.
What type of curve is formed as the cervical extensor muscles develop?
Cervical Lordotic curve.
When does the Lumbar Lordotic curve develop in infants?
As the infant begins to crawl & walk.
What are the different views of the body that should be observed during a static musculoskeletal exam?
Posterior, Anterior, and Lateral.
What does an exaggeration of a curve in the lateral view indicate?
It indicates 'kyphosis' or 'lordosis'.
What is the normal position of the sternum in a lateral view examination?
Sternal angle (of Louis) at a normal level
What does 'distal' indicate?
Away from the center of the body or away from the point of attachment or origin.
What are the different foot positions observed in a lateral view examination?
Normal, pronation, supination, pes planus, pes cavus
What is somatic dysfunction?
Impaired or altered function of related components of the somatic system.
What are the objective diagnostic findings of somatic dysfunction?
Asymmetry, restricted motion, tissue texture change, tenderness.
What is the lateral postural exam used to assess?
Symmetry & Asymmetry.
How should the patient stand during a static exam?
Comfortably.
What is the term for the inward rolling of the foot during walking or running?
Pronation.
What are transition zones susceptible to?
Somatic dysfunction and biomechanical stress.
What is the term for being knock-knee'd?
Valgus.
What are the implications of balancing weight in front and behind the gravity line?
Implications on postural alignment and stability.
What are the different spinal curves observed in a lateral view examination?
Cervical (lordotic), Thoracic (kyphotic), Lumbar (lordotic), Sacrum (kyphotic)
What is the significance of symmetry in ideal structure?
It indicates symmetry in all 3 planes.
What is the meaning of 'cephalad'?
Toward the head (superior).
What is the term for the degree of flexion or extension observed in the knees in a lateral view examination?
Genu recurvatum
What are the primary curves in the spine?
Thoracic and sacral curves.
What are the secondary curves in the spine?
Cervical and lumbar curves.
What is the characteristic of lordotic curves?
They have posterior concavity and anterior convexity.
What should the examiner do to evaluate the region/landmark during a static exam?
Bring his eyes up or down to the level of the region/landmark.
What does 'posterior' indicate?
Toward the back (dorsal).
What are the points of reference for the posterior view examination?
Mid-gravitational line, lateral body line, head/neck angle relative to shoulders, level of mastoid processes, level of earlobes, posterior cervical muscle mass, position of shoulders, scapula and related landmarks, scoliosis, elbows, relation of forearms to iliac crests, nearness to body, level of fingertips, fullness above iliac crests, level of iliac crests, pelvic side-shift/translation, level posterior superior iliac spines (PSIS), level of greater trochanters, symmetry of gluteal muscles, symmetry of thighs, symmetry of knees, varus/valgus, level of popliteal fossae, symmetry of calves (gastrocnemius), Achilles tendons, position of feet.
What is the term for being bow-legged?
Varus.
When can the evaluation of gait be performed in relation to the exam and treatment?
During and after the exam and treatment.
What axis is used to observe changes in the sagittal plane in the lateral view?
A transverse horizontal axis.
What is observed in the arm position relative to the torso in a lateral view examination?
Anterior or posterior arm position relative to the torso
What are the causes of winging of the scapula?
Trauma, iatrogenic, and idiopathic processes.
Where should the examiner stand in relation to the patient during a static exam?
Near the patient.
What are the landmarks that should fall on the lateral mid-gravitational line in a lateral view examination?
a. External auditory meatus / canal b. Lateral head of the humerus c. Third lumbar vertebra d. Anterior third of the sacrum e. Greater trochanter of the femur f. Lateral femoral condyle of the knee g. Lateral malleolus
What should be evaluated during the observation of gait?
Arm swing in tandem with opposite leg in normal gait.
symmetry of movements of limbs
how impaired is the patient?
where do cross-overs occur?
wherever the postural line crosses the gravitational line.
pronated foot?
foot is leaning inward
supinated foot
foot is leaning outward
