What structures are included in the ischium?
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Body, ramus, ischial spine, ischial tuberosity, and lesser sciatic notch.
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What structures are included in the ischium?
Body, ramus, ischial spine, ischial tuberosity, and lesser sciatic notch.
What is the iliac crest?
The wing (ala) of the ilium.
What structure does the calcaneus form?
The heel of the foot.
What part of the acetabulum does the pubis form?
The anterior part.
What joint does the hip bone articulate with to form the pelvic girdle?
The sacroiliac joint.
What is the largest and strongest bone of the foot?
The calcaneus.
What is the iliac fossa?
A concave surface on the ilium.
Where does the medial meniscus lie?
Outside the synovial cavity but within the joint capsule.
Where does the Rectus femoris insert?
Base of patella, tibial tuberosity.
What is the Fascia Lata?
A membranous, deep fascia covering the muscles of the thigh and forming lateral and medial intermuscular septa.
What does the sustentaculum tali support?
The head of the talus.
What does the inferior ramus of the pubis join?
The ramus of the ischium.
What part of the hip bone forms the lateral aspect?
The ilium.
Where does the calcaneus lie in relation to the talus?
It lies below the talus.
Where does the Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve emerge?
From the lateral border of the psoas major.
What area does the Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve innervate?
The skin on the anterior and lateral aspects of the thigh as far as the knee.
What are the three types of Cluneal Nerves?
Superior, middle, and inferior cluneal nerves.
What nerve innervates the Vastus medialis?
Femoral nerve.
What three bones fuse to form the hip (coxal) bone?
Ilium, pubis, and ischium.
What structure is formed by the body of the ilium joining the pubis and ischium?
The acetabulum.
What is the origin of the Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve?
It arises from the lumbar plexus (L2–L3).
What are gluteal lines?
Lines on the ilium for muscle attachment.
What is the great saphenous vein commonly used for?
Coronary artery bypass surgery and venipuncture.
What does the sacrotuberous ligament connect?
It extends from the ischial tuberosity to the posterior iliac spines, lower sacrum, and coccyx.
What do the Cluneal Nerves innervate?
The skin of the gluteal region.
What is the 'Unhappy triad' in knee injuries?
A combination of injuries to the tibial collateral ligament, anterior cruciate ligament, and medial meniscus.
Where does the Pubofemoral Ligament extend from and to?
From the pubic portion of the acetabular rim and the superior pubic ramus to the lower part of the femoral neck.
What forms the floor of the femoral triangle?
Iliopsoas, pectineus, and adductor longus muscles.
What movements does the Pubofemoral Ligament limit?
Extension and abduction.
What mnemonic is used to remember the order of structures in the femoral triangle?
NAVeL.
How does the flexor hallucis longus tendon interact with the sustentaculum tali?
It uses the sustentaculum tali as a pulley.
What does a positive Trendelenburg sign indicate?
It indicates a fracture of the femoral neck, dislocated hip joint, or weakness of the gluteus medius.
What is Prepatellar bursitis commonly known as?
Housemaid's knee.
Where does the Ligamentum Teres Capitis Femoris arise from?
From the floor of the acetabular fossa and the margins of the acetabular notch.
What is unique about the cuboid bone?
It has a groove for the peroneus longus muscle tendon.
What does the Transverse Acetabular Ligament bridge?
The acetabular notch.
What is the origin of the Adductor magnus?
Ischiopubic ramus, ischial tuberosity.
What are the main components of the pubis?
Body, superior ramus, and inferior ramus.
What does the body of the ischium join to form the acetabulum?
The ilium and superior ramus of the pubis.
Name one of the spines found on the ilium.
Anterior-superior iliac spine, anterior-inferior iliac spine, or posterior iliac spine.
What is the origin of the Iliacus muscle?
Iliac fossa, ala of sacrum.
What is the action of the Sartorius muscle?
Flexes and rotates thigh laterally, flexes and rotates leg medially.
What type of joint is the Proximal Tibiofibular Joint?
A plane-type synovial joint.
What is the function of the medial meniscus?
Acts as a cushion or shock absorber and lubricates the articular surfaces.
What is the function of the sacrotuberous ligament?
It converts the lesser sciatic notch into the lesser sciatic foramen.
Where does the Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) arise from?
The anterior intercondylar area of the tibia.
What are varicose veins a result of?
Reduced elasticity and incompetent valves in the veins or thrombophlebitis of the deep veins.
What movements does the Ankle Joint permit?
Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion.
Where does the small saphenous vein begin?
At the lateral end of the dorsal venous arch.
How does the tension of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament change during knee movement?
It is taut during extension and lax during flexion.
What lymph vessels accompany the great saphenous vein?
Medial group of superficial lymph vessels.
What connects the head to the body and forms an angle of about 125 degrees with the shaft?
The neck of the femur.
What is a Pillion fracture?
A T-shaped fracture of the distal femur with displacement of the condyles, often caused by a blow to the flexed knee.
Where does the Gracilis muscle insert?
Medial surface of upper quarter of tibia.
What injury can occur from a fracture of the fibular neck?
Injury to the common peroneal nerve, resulting in paralysis of the anterior and lateral compartments of the leg, causing foot drop.
How many cuneiform bones are there?
Three.
What bones make up the tarsus?
Seven tarsal bones: talus, calcaneus, navicular bone, cuboid bone, and three cuneiform bones.
Where does the greater trochanter project from?
The junction of the neck with the shaft of the femur.
What is the function of the talus?
It transmits the weight of the body from the tibia to the foot and is the only tarsal bone without muscle attachments.
What is the action of the quadratus femoris?
Rotates the thigh laterally.
What part of the acetabulum does the ischium form?
The posteroinferior part.
What is formed by the fusion of the ischium and pubis?
The obturator foramen.
What is the greater sciatic notch?
A feature of the ilium.
With which bones does the calcaneus articulate?
Articulates with the talus superiorly and the cuboid anteriorly.
What tendon attaches to the calcaneus?
The Achilles tendon.
What is the medial projection of the calcaneus called?
Sustentaculum tali.
What type of joint is the Distal Tibiofibular Joint?
A fibrous joint.
Where is the Fascia Lata attached?
To the pubic symphysis, pubic crest, pubic rami, ischial tuberosity, inguinal and sacrotuberous ligaments, and the sacrum and coccyx.
What is the lateral malleolus and its function?
It is a projection that articulates with the trochlea of the talus, lies more inferior and posterior than the medial malleolus, and provides attachment for ligaments.
What is Piriformis syndrome?
A condition where the piriformis muscle irritates the sciatic nerve, causing pain in the buttocks and referred pain along the sciatic nerve.
What is the primary function of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament?
Prevents forward sliding of the tibia on the femur and hyperextension of the knee joint.
What is the treatment for Piriformis syndrome?
Progressive piriformis stretching, corticosteroid injection, or surgery as a last resort.
What is a Pott fracture?
A fracture of the lower end of the fibula, often accompanied by a fracture of the medial malleolus or rupture of the deltoid ligament, caused by forced eversion of the foot.
What is the acetabulum?
An incomplete cup-shaped cavity on the lateral side of the hip bone where the head of the femur fits.
What is the origin of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)?
The posterior intercondylar area of the tibia.
What lymph nodes drain the superficial thigh region?
Superficial inguinal group of lymph nodes.
What does the Posterior Cruciate Ligament prevent?
Backward sliding of the tibia on the femur and limits hyperflexion of the knee.
Where do deep lymph vessels from the lower limb drain?
Into the popliteal lymph nodes and then to the inguinal nodes.
How does the tension of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament change during knee movement?
It is taut during flexion and lax during extension.
What does the deep inguinal group of lymph nodes receive lymph from?
Deep lymph vessels that accompany the femoral vessels and from the glans penis or glans clitoris.
What nerve innervates the piriformis muscle?
Sacral (S1–S2) nerves.
Why is the medial meniscus more frequently torn than the lateral meniscus?
Due to its strong attachment to the tibial collateral ligament.
Which nerve innervates the Semimembranosus muscle?
Tibial portion of the sciatic nerve.
What is the primary function of the Medial (Deltoid) Ligament?
Prevents overeversion of the foot and helps maintain the medial longitudinal arch.
Where does the Lateral Collateral Ligament extend from and to?
From the lateral femoral epicondyle to the head of the fibula.
What is the Patellar Ligament a continuation of?
The quadriceps femoris tendon.
What deepens the cavity of the hip joint?
The fibrocartilaginous acetabular labrum.
What does the transverse acetabular ligament do?
Bridges the acetabular notch and converts it into a foramen for nutrient vessels and nerves.
What attaches to the tibial tuberosity?
The patellar ligament.
What is the origin of the Saphenous Nerve?
Arises from the femoral nerve in the femoral triangle.
What is the Arcuate Popliteal Ligament?
A ligament that arches over the tendon of the popliteus muscle and fuses with the articular capsule.
What veins are received by the lower limb?
External pudendal, superficial epigastric, superficial circumflex ilia, lateral femoral cutaneous, and accessory saphenous veins.
What shape does the medial meniscus have?
C-shaped, forming a semicircle.
Why should the great saphenous vein be reversed during surgery?
To prevent its valves from obstructing blood flow in the graft.
What does the Pubofemoral Ligament reinforce?
The fibrous capsule inferiorly.
What is the primary action of the Vastus lateralis?
Extends leg.
What ligament works with the sustentaculum tali?
The spring ligament.
Which nerves contribute to the middle cluneal nerves?
Lateral branches of the dorsal rami of the upper three sacral nerves.
What structures pass through the greater sciatic foramen?
Piriformis muscle, superior and inferior gluteal vessels and nerves, internal pudendal vessels and pudendal nerve, sciatic nerve, posterior femoral cutaneous nerve, and nerves to the obturator internus and quadratus femoris muscles.
What is the function of the Medial Femoral Cutaneous Nerve?
It innervates the skin on the medial aspect of the thigh.
What is the iliotibial tract?
A thick lateral portion of the fascia lata that provides insertion for the gluteus maximus and tensor fasciae latae muscles.
What is the action of the Adductor longus?
Adducts and flexes thigh.
What is the action of the gluteus maximus?
Extends and rotates the thigh laterally.
What bridges the acetabular notch?
The transverse acetabular ligament.
What is the primary action of the gluteus medius?
Abducts and rotates the thigh medially, stabilizes the pelvis.
Which bones form the acetabulum?
Ilium superiorly, ischium posteroinferiorly, and pubis anteromedially.
What is the origin of the tensor fasciae latae?
Iliac crest and anterior-superior iliac spine.
What is the longest and strongest bone in the body?
The femur.
What movements does the knee joint permit?
Flexion, extension, and some gliding and rotation in the flexed position.
Which muscles insert at the greater trochanter?
Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, piriformis, and obturator internus.
What is the fovea capitis femoris?
A depression in the articular surface of the femur to which the ligamentum capitis femoris is attached.
What provides medial stabilization to the knee joint?
The sartorius, gracilis, gastrocnemius (medial head), semitendinosus, semimembranosus muscles, and tibial collateral ligament.
What ligaments make up the Lateral Ligament?
Anterior talofibular, posterior talofibular, and calcaneofibular ligaments.
What muscle inserts at the pectineal line?
The pectineus muscle.
What is the function of the patella?
To obviate wear on the quadriceps tendon and increase its power.
What happens to the lower limb in a fracture of the neck of the femur?
It is shortened with lateral rotation.
What is the fibrous capsule's attachment points?
Proximally to the margin of the acetabulum and the transverse acetabular ligament; distally to the neck of the femur.
What is the function of the fibula?
Provides attachment for muscles but has little or no function in weight-bearing.
What type of joint is the Calcaneocuboid Joint?
Resembles a saddle joint.
What characterizes a posterior dislocation of the hip joint?
Tearing of the joint capsule posteriorly, leading to the femoral head lying posterior to the acetabulum.
What is the Suprapatellar Bursa?
The major bursa communicating with the knee joint cavity.
What forms the Sural Nerve?
The union of the medial sural and lateral sural nerves.
What condition is characterized by venous inflammation and thrombus formation in the lower limb?
Thrombophlebitis.
Which nerves contribute to the superior cluneal nerves?
Lateral branches of the dorsal rami of the upper three lumbar nerves.
What causes the 'Unhappy triad' injury?
When a football player's cleated shoe is planted and the knee is struck from the lateral side.
What ligaments attach to the lateral malleolus?
Anterior talofibular, posterior talofibular, and calcaneofibular ligaments.
What is the function of the lateral meniscus?
Acts as a cushion and facilitates lubrication.
Where is the navicular bone located?
Between the head of the talus and the three cuneiform bones.
What separates the lateral meniscus from the fibular collateral ligament?
The tendon of the popliteal muscle.
What is the function of the cuboid bone?
Serves as the keystone of the lateral longitudinal arch of the foot.
What does the transverse ligament do?
Binds the anterior horns of the lateral and medial menisci.
What causes Popliteal (Baker) cyst?
Knee arthritis, meniscus injury, or herniation/tear of the joint capsule.
What is the role of the medial (tibial) collateral ligament?
Prevents medial displacement of the long bones and abduction of the leg at the knee.
What is the treatment for a Popliteal (Baker) cyst?
Draining and decompressing the cyst.
What happens to the medial collateral ligament during leg extension?
It becomes taut, limiting extension and abduction of the leg.
What is the role of the articular capsule in the Ankle Joint?
It allows movement and is reinforced by ligaments.
What is a March fracture?
A fatigue fracture of one of the metatarsals, often from prolonged walking.
What is the sulcus tali?
A deep groove on the neck of the talus for the interosseous ligaments between the talus and the calcaneus.
What is the function of the Lateral (Fibular) Collateral Ligament?
It limits extension and adduction of the leg.
What type of joint is the hip joint?
Multiaxial ball-and-socket synovial joint.
What stabilizes the hip joint?
The acetabular labrum, fibrous capsule, and capsular ligaments (iliofemoral, ischiofemoral, pubofemoral).
What is a pertrochanteric fracture?
A femoral fracture through the trochanters, a form of extracapsular hip fracture.
What is the function of the acetabular labrum?
It deepens the articular socket for the head of the femur and stabilizes the hip joint.
What is Knock-knee (genu valgum)?
A deformity where the tibia is bent or twisted laterally.
What ligaments reinforce the fibrous capsule of the hip joint?
Iliofemoral, ischiofemoral, and pubofemoral ligaments.
What does the Saphenous Nerve innervate?
The skin on the medial side of the leg and foot.
What is a vulnerability of the Saphenous Nerve?
It is vulnerable to injury during surgery to repair varicose veins.
What are the Metatarsophalangeal Joints classified as?
Ellipsoid (condyloid) synovial joints.
What does the ischiofemoral ligament limit?
Extension and medial rotation of the thigh.
What is the Anserine Bursa also known as?
Pes Anserinus (Goose Foot).
What type of joint is the Ankle (Talocrural) Joint?
A hinge-type (ginglymus) synovial joint.
What does the sacrospinous ligament convert?
It converts the greater sciatic notch into the greater sciatic foramen.
What shape is the navicular bone?
Boat-shaped.
What groove is found on the inferior surface of the sustentaculum tali?
A groove for the flexor hallucis longus tendon.
What reinforces the Ankle Joint medially?
The medial (or deltoid) ligament.
What is the function of the Ligamentum Teres Capitis Femoris?
Provides a pathway for the artery of the ligamentum capitis femoris and supplies blood to the femoral head during childhood.
What is the role of the Saphenous Nerve?
It provides sensory innervation to the skin of the medial side of the leg and foot.
What are common causes of hamstring injuries?
Running, jumping, and quick-start sports.
What is the common site of fractures in the femur?
The neck of the femur.
What is gluteal gait?
A waddling gait characterized by the pelvis drooping toward the unaffected side when the opposite leg is raised.
What ligament is attached to the intertrochanteric line?
The iliofemoral ligament.
What are the origins and insertions of the Semitendinosus muscle?
Origin: Ischial tuberosity; Insertion: Medial surface of upper part of tibia.
What is the clinical significance of the Drawer sign?
It indicates a rupture of the ACL or PCL based on the direction of tibial sliding.
How is the head of the femur shaped?
Forms about two-thirds of a sphere and is directed medially, upward, and slightly forward.
What are the four parts of the Medial (Deltoid) Ligament?
Tibionavicular, tibiocalcaneal, anterior tibiotalar, and posterior tibiotalar ligaments.
How many phalanges are in the lower limb?
14 bones (two in the first digit and three in each of the others).
What is the linea aspera?
A rough line or ridge on the body (shaft) of the femur.
What causes ischemic necrosis in a femoral neck fracture?
Interruption of blood supply from the medial femoral circumflex artery.
Which nerve branches innervate the hip joint?
Branches of the femoral, obturator, sciatic, and superior gluteal nerves, and the nerve to the quadratus femoris.
What is the clinical significance of the Patellar Ligament?
It may be used for repair of the anterior cruciate ligament.
What movements does the Talocalcaneal Joint allow?
Inversion and eversion of the foot.
What is Bowleg (genu varum)?
A deformity where the tibia is bent medially.
What is coxa valga?
An alteration of the angle made by the femoral neck to the femoral shaft exceeding 135 degrees, making the femoral neck straighter.
What does the Oblique Popliteal Ligament resist?
Hyperextension of the leg and lateral rotation during the final phase of extension.
What happens during an anterior dislocation of the hip joint?
The femoral head is displaced anteroinferior to the acetabulum or pubic bone, with the affected limb slightly flexed, abducted, and laterally rotated.
Where is the Prepatellar Bursa located?
Over the superficial surface of the patella.
What type of joints are the Interphalangeal Joints?
Hinge-type (ginglymus) synovial joints.
What type of joint is the knee joint classified as?
A condylar type of synovial joint.
What do the cuneiform bones articulate with?
The navicular bone posteriorly and three metatarsals anteriorly.
What is the action of the Biceps femoris muscle?
Extends thigh, flexes and rotates leg laterally.
What stabilizes the knee joint laterally?
The biceps and gastrocnemius tendons, iliotibial tract, and fibular collateral ligaments.
What is hemarthrosis?
Blood in a joint, causing rapid swelling of the injured knee joint.
What is a common injury associated with posterior hip dislocation in advanced age?
Fracture of the femoral head.
What arteries supply blood to the hip joint?
Branches of the medial and lateral femoral circumflex, superior and inferior gluteal, and obturator arteries.
What injury is commonly associated with the Lateral Ligament?
Ankle sprain (inversion injury).
What is the origin of the Posterior Femoral Cutaneous Nerve?
Arises from the sacral plexus (S1–S3).
Where does the Posterior Femoral Cutaneous Nerve emerge?
From the inferior border of the gluteus maximus muscle.
What type of joint is the Talocalcaneonavicular Joint?
A ball-and-socket joint.
What does the patellar tendon reflex test?
It tests the extension of the knee joint.
What ligaments support the Calcaneocuboid Joint?
Short plantar and long plantar ligaments, and the tendon of the peroneus longus muscle.
What is the function of the Popliteus Tendon?
It runs between the lateral meniscus and the capsule of the knee joint.
What is a bunion?
A localized swelling at the medial side of the first metatarsophalangeal joint caused by an inflammatory bursa.
What does the Sural Nerve innervate?
The skin on the back of the leg and the lateral side of the ankle, heel, and foot.
What provides an insertion for the iliopsoas tendon?
The lesser trochanter.
What serves as the keystone of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot?
The head of the talus.
What is the blood supply to the knee joint?
From the genicular branches of the popliteal artery and other arteries.
Which nerves innervate the knee joint?
Branches of the sciatic, femoral, and obturator nerves.
What type of joint is the Talocalcaneal (Subtalar) Joint?
A plane synovial joint.
What is the weight-bearing bone of the leg?
The tibia.
What areas does the Posterior Femoral Cutaneous Nerve innervate?
The skin of the buttock, thigh, and calf.
What supports the Talocalcaneonavicular Joint?
The spring (plantar calcaneonavicular) ligament.
What is coxa vara?
An alteration of the angle made by the femoral neck to the femoral shaft being less than 135 degrees, making the femoral neck more horizontal.
Where does the Lateral Sural Cutaneous Nerve arise from?
From the common peroneal nerve in the popliteal fossa.
What does the Lateral Sural Cutaneous Nerve innervate?
The skin on the posterolateral side of the leg.
What are the components of the Infrapatellar Bursa?
A subcutaneous infrapatellar bursa and a deep infrapatellar bursa.
Where does the Great Saphenous Vein begin?
At the medial end of the dorsal venous arch of the foot.
What path does the Great Saphenous Vein take?
Ascends in front of the medial malleolus and along the medial aspect of the tibia.
What is the function of the Transverse Tarsal (Midtarsal) Joint?
Important in inversion and eversion of the foot.
What is the role of the iliofemoral ligament?
It reinforces the fibrous capsule anteriorly and resists hyperextension and lateral rotation at the hip joint during standing.
What is hallux valgus?
A lateral deviation of the big toe, frequently accompanied by swelling (bunion) on the medial aspect of the first metatarsophalangeal joint.
What does the Deep Peroneal Nerve supply?
Anterior muscles of the leg and foot, and the skin of the contiguous sides of the first and second toes.
What is the function of the Superficial Peroneal Nerve?
Innervates the skin on the lateral side of the lower leg and the dorsum of the foot.
Where does the Great Saphenous Vein join the femoral vein?
Through the saphenous opening (fossa ovalis) in the fascia lata.
