What is the purpose of signage in crowd management?
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To warn, instruct, inform, and direct a crowd.
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What is the purpose of signage in crowd management?
To warn, instruct, inform, and direct a crowd.
What role does security play during a crisis evacuation?
Security should prohibit and control re-entry to avoid contraflow problems.
What is a key aspect of evacuation procedures during a crisis?
Communication to the audience by an experienced announcer to prevent panic.
What is a key aspect of managing crowd behavior at events?
Ensuring event safety.
What should event organizers conduct after a crisis?
An event team debrief.
What year did O'Toole emphasize the importance of OSC?
What did Glassman et al (2007) find about sports event fans and alcohol consumption?
Fans drink significantly more on game day than during their last socialization.
What should event staff, security, and law enforcement do during a crisis stage?
Implement other control methods to manage audience incidents.
When can forceful strategies be effective in crowd management?
In the right context, such as ejection from the event.
What is the primary goal of successful communication in event management?
To lead to successful coordination.
What do experts agree about alcohol and crowds?
Alcohol and crowds don't mix.
What role does alcohol play in event experiences?
It is an inherent part of the event experience for many.
What type of signage includes legal requirements?
Statutory signage.
What is a key component of the post-crisis stage?
Evaluation.
What is one key method of on-site communication according to Watt (1998)?
Verbal communication.
What is a key strategy in volatile situations?
Containment.
What is one method of on-site promotion for events?
Sponsor promotion.
What behaviors can alcohol generate in crowds?
Bravado, aggression, violence, loss of rational thought, illness, etc.
What year is the Wireless Festival Show Stop Procedure from?
How should event staff behave during a crisis?
They should remain calm.
What is the purpose of crowd management?
To ensure safety and order during events.
What are operational signs?
Signs that guide the operational flow and procedures within an event.
What can cause crowd incidents to erupt despite precautionary measures?
External event conditions beyond the organizers’ control or organizer error.
What must event safety managers do during the site planning phase?
Identify and install barriers at all perimeters, no-go areas, and potential hazard spots.
What is the purpose of 'Entrance' signage?
To guide individuals into a specific area.
What can be partially attributed to disasters during events?
Poor crisis-stage crowd control.
What does 'unambiguous' mean in the context of signage?
It means that the signage should be clear and not open to multiple interpretations.
Why is verbal communication often less effective?
Because it cannot be witnessed.
What does crowd control involve according to Rutherford-Silvers?
Devising measures that include a progression of triggers or thresholds for implementation.
What is the role of 'Area D'?
To designate another specific zone within the event or venue.
What role does the event organizer play in relation to security?
A part of crowd management planning.
What is one key consideration in site planning for safe events?
A site's legibility.
Why is training important in crowd management?
To prevent poor decision-making and ensure effective safety planning.
What is a downside of using social media for event communication?
Misinformation can spread quickly and be hard to control.
What are facility-based signs?
Signs that provide information about the facilities available in a venue.
What type of review should be conducted post-crisis?
A safety and planning review.
When should law enforcement officers be called in during an event?
When crowd situations become unmanageable by the event’s organizers and staff.
How is alcohol typically accessed at events?
It is easily available.
How is alcohol perceived in relation to fan identity?
It is seen as a key component of fan identity.
Why is it important to consider movement and orientation in event planning?
It is crucial for both site design and communication strategy.
What are the 5 key elements in Crowd Management (CM) Planning?
CM and Communication, CM and Signage, CM, Ushering and Security, CM and Event Conditions, CM and Alcohol Issues.
What are the characteristics of Heras barriers?
Lightweight but strong.
What is a characteristic of non-verbal communication?
It includes body language and gestures, which can be misinterpreted if used alone.
Why is it important to include emergency exits in a floor plan?
To facilitate safe evacuation during emergencies.
What is the primary basis for the staffing of ushers?
Predominantly volunteer-based.
What should be established to ensure safety at events?
Capacity limit.
Why are briefings and on-site training important for ushers?
To ensure sufficient knowledge about event site layout, audience information needs, specific roles, health and safety responsibilities, and communication lines.
How do apps enhance communication at events?
They can provide personalized notifications and schedules.
How can CCTV contribute to event safety?
It allows for swift incident detection.
What should be done alongside site design planning?
Crowd management and crowd control planning.
What does OSC stand for?
On Site Communication.
What should be considered in crowd management planning?
Specific considerations related to safety and crowd behavior.
What are the key considerations in the clarity of signage?
What are the characteristics that signage should have for maximum effect?
Signage should be clear, concise, unambiguous, well written, and readily recognizable.
What are directional signs?
Signs that help attendees navigate the venue by indicating directions.
What type of signage provides information about event operations?
Operational signage.
How can the traditional physical presence of law enforcement affect crowds?
It can work with some crowds but may aggravate others.
What is a challenge in dense crowds regarding barriers?
Reactive installation of barriers is often not possible, requiring different crowd management measures.
What advantage do ropes provide in crowd management?
They help define less pressured areas.
What is the purpose of an Emergency Action Plan (EAP)?
To outline procedures for various emergency scenarios.
What should be included in safety considerations for NOP?
Site map(s), staff rota, uniform/safety kit, chain of command, and minimum equipment list.
What is the purpose of on-site briefings?
To ensure all staff and volunteers are informed and prepared.
What should ushers be knowledgeable about regarding health and safety?
Their crowd management responsibilities.
What is a benefit of having a dedicated event website?
It serves as a central hub for information and updates.
Why is the presence of emergency services important at events?
To ensure immediate response capabilities.
What should be tested before an event to ensure safety?
All systems and exits.
When are emergency procedures typically reserved for?
The most serious crowd incidents and scenarios.
What is one benefit of E-Comms?
Provides instant communication at a distance.
What is a key strategy for crowd management and control?
Use of barriers.
What does 'Exit' indicate in a crowd management context?
A designated route for leaving the area.
What role do staff play in crowd management?
They have an important role in effective crowd management.
How do barriers aid in crowd safety?
They help direct and calm crowd flow and manage pinch points.
What type of signage is specific to the facilities being used?
Facility-based signage.
What should security be prepared to act on during emergencies?
Emergency procedures.
What is the purpose of assembling a safety team for an event?
To manage risk and provide legal counsel to achieve the highest level of safety possible.
What must organizers consider to prevent crowd problems?
All potential triggers of crowd problems.
What should be considered regarding accessibility in a floor plan?
Ensure that all areas are accessible to individuals with disabilities.
How can ushers and security be useful in crowd management?
They help maintain order, guide attendees, and ensure safety.
What procedures should be included in the EAP for emergencies?
Fire, terror attack/threat, missing person, weather event, criminal activity/disorder, and crowd safety incident.
What is an advantage of using social media sites for events?
They facilitate real-time updates and audience engagement.
What should be taken into account regarding event setup?
Considerations around event staging and structures.
How can vehicle and pedestrian movement be separated?
By implementing designated pathways.
What can ignorance to internal crowd dynamics lead to?
An important 'blindness in strategies' for proper crowd management.
What is the second stage of Crowd Control Planning as outlined by Abbot and Geddie (2001)?
Development of a crowd management plan.
What are crowd surges and safety scenarios often considered?
Not always avoidable.
What do people do as they enter an event?
They look around to orient themselves.
What dangers are crowds often unaware of in dense situations?
Domino-effect dangers.
What is the purpose of Mojo barriers?
To manage crowd pressure points.
What is crucial in the recruitment of ushers and security personnel?
Careful recruitment is required.
Why are the five elements of CM planning considered fundamental?
They are commonly agreed upon as essential to crowd management strategy.
What does 'Area C' refer to?
A specific section within the event or venue.
What is the purpose of an event operational manual?
To provide guidelines and procedures for event management.
What is a key benefit of using comfortable crowd-side barriers?
To enhance the experience of attendees.
What is a key component of the Emergency Action Plan regarding decision-making?
Agreed decision-making primacy.
What is a disadvantage of relying on mobile phones?
They can be prone to battery issues and network outages.
What should ushers know about communication?
Lines of communication in case of any problems.
What is a potential drawback of using apps for events?
Not all attendees may have access to smartphones or the app.
Why is site planning important for events?
To minimize safety hazards and manage scenarios effectively.
What is the focus of Lecture 5?
Crowd Management & Control for events.
Who should communication be effective between during an event?
Employees and guests, as well as management and guests.
What is a key requirement for effective OSC?
Clarity in communication.
What type of signage helps people find their way?
Directional signage.
What is the purpose of the Show Stop Procedure?
To outline the steps to take in case of an emergency during an event.
What type of updates can E-Comms facilitate?
New information must be communicated, such as updates.
What must security ensure at an event?
A safe event environment.
Who usually works with the safety team during an event?
Internal and external stakeholders, including emergency services and local authorities.
What is a common mistake made by organizers during a crisis?
Failing to implement effective crowd control measures.
What does Document 1b include?
Artist’s show stop agreement form, highlighting banned performer actions and space for agreed deviations.
What are 'near misses' in the context of incident reporting?
Unplanned incidents that should also be reported.
What is a common issue with written communication?
It is often misused; lengthy messages don’t work and must be succinct to grab attention.
What are some examples of digital communications used at events?
SMS, Twitter, and web announcements.
What are some key responsibilities of ushers?
Guiding, observing, and providing important information for visitors.
What is essential for managing waiting times at events?
Queue management strategy.
What two aspects should be balanced in site planning?
Way-finding and safety.
What enhances security and helps avoid hazards?
Visible on-site security and staff radios.
What will the next session focus on?
Onsite crowd management strategies (real-time crowd management).
What role does crowd control play in event planning?
It helps in designing safe events.
What is the first stage of Crowd Control Planning according to Abbot and Geddie (2001)?
Assessment of the event and its potential crowd dynamics.
What are statutory signs?
Signs that convey legal requirements and safety regulations.
What covert tactic can be used to manage crowds?
The use of spotters to identify, locate, and deal with issues before they escalate.
What is essential for event organizers to have in place for effective crowd control?
A good crisis/emergency services procedure within the operational plan.
What effect does alcohol have on inhibitions?
It leads to a loss of inhibitions.
What social function does alcohol serve for event attendees?
It provides a bond with fellow visitors.
What should organizers do when developing crowd management strategies?
Build a profile of the audience likely to attend and map it against event design and site plan.
What qualities should security personnel possess?
Experience and training in dealing with crowd disorders.
What challenge do many people face regarding alcohol at events?
They find it difficult to conceptualize attending events without drinking before, during, or after.
How can barriers be implemented during an event?
With flexible implementation.
What is the significance of ushering and security in CM?
They help maintain order and ensure safety during events.
What role do risk management professionals play in event planning?
They are part of the event board to assess and manage risks.
What are crowd stressors that should be avoided?
Wait times and bottlenecks.
Why is OSC important in site design?
It helps in communicating changes and important updates to the audience.
How does E-Comms benefit communication to audiences?
It allows for instant communication to large audiences.
How does movement affect customer entry at an event?
Movement slows down as customers enter the event.
What is one of the primary responsibilities of security at events?
To deal with disputes.
What should incident reports log in the post-crisis stage?
Crimes, arrests, injuries, pedestrian/traffic accidents, property damage, crowd disturbances, and unplanned incidents.
Why is planning for the right number of staff important in crowd management?
It ensures effective crowd management strategies.
What should event safety managers do during the event regarding barriers?
Walk the site and monitor all event areas for barrier efficacy and new safety hotspots.
Why is it important to collect data on event crowds and incidents?
It aids the learning process for the safe planning of future or recurring events.
What is a limitation of modern 'rational' approaches to crowd management?
They do not always address the impact of internal crowd dynamics on emotional arousal.
How does CM relate to communication?
Effective communication is a key element in managing crowds.
What is a drawback of using two-way radios?
Limited range and potential interference from other devices.
How do mobile phones benefit event communication?
They provide a versatile platform for calls, texts, and apps.
What issues related to alcohol must be considered in CM?
Alcohol can influence crowd behavior and increase risks.
What consideration is crucial for inclusivity at events?
Special needs / accessibility planning.
Why should staff, stewards, and security be clearly visible?
To ensure they are recognized and ready to respond.
How does Getz define crowd management?
As security measures and site design factors that enhance customer service and the overall event experience.
What must communication strategies remain in case the event environment changes?
Flexible.
What role do ushers and security play in crowd management strategies?
They help manage crowd situations and ensure safety.
When is E-Comms particularly useful?
When the event environment changes, such as weather or schedule.
What is crucial to have in place during a crisis stage?
Procedures for rapid but orderly evacuation, such as show stop procedures.
What are Heras barriers used for in crowd management?
To create perimeters and pathways.
Why is it important to know when to employ specific strategies during a crisis?
Because different situations may require different approaches for effective crowd management.
What document provides emergency show stop procedure details?
Document 1a on the portal.
What is the significance of 'Area B'?
Another designated zone within the event or venue.
What type of roles are often filled close to event delivery?
Temporary roles and transient teams.
What is a key ability that security must have regarding troublemakers?
The ability to restrain troublemakers.
What is a benefit of using two-way radios for event communication?
They allow for instant communication between team members.
What role does signage play in a floor plan?
To guide attendees and provide information about the layout.
What are visual and audio cues used for in events?
To guide and inform attendees.
How can a floor plan assist in planning for crowd control?
By identifying areas where barriers or security may be needed.
What should be avoided to prevent crowd congestion?
Dead-ends and bottlenecks.
What is the purpose of having plain-clothed security officers?
To monitor the crowd discreetly and respond to incidents.
What are the four categories of event signage according to O’Toole (2011)?
Directional, Statutory, Operational, Facility-based.
What is necessary for effective crowd management?
A balance between policing through conversations and communication of desired actions.
What is the purpose of evaluating after a crisis?
To learn from mistakes and rectify issues and procedures for the future.
What are some examples of event-specific catalysts that can affect audience behavior?
Performing acts, no-shows, delays, and crowd mood.
Which event's Show Stop Procedure is referenced?
Wireless Festival.
What does 'Area A' signify?
A specific designated zone within the event or venue.
What is the primary purpose of a floor plan?
To provide a visual representation of the layout of a space.
Why do many attendees drink at events?
To pass the time waiting for entertainment.
What type of communication involves radio, PA announcements, and mobiles?
Voice communications.
What is a key consideration when recruiting staff for events?
The timing of recruitment, often close to event delivery.
What are ushers also known as?
Stewards.
What is the most pertinent method of communication nowadays?
Electronic communication.
How do event conditions impact Crowd Management?
Event conditions can affect crowd behavior and safety measures.
What types of print materials are commonly used at events?
Programmes, leaflets, and news sheets.
What should be planned to ensure smooth movement at events?
Traffic and pedestrian flow planning.
What is a key factor in the pre-crisis stage for events?
Clear and detailed staff safety briefings.
What should signs and announcements do in a crowd?
Advise the crowd of rules and procedures.
What factors influence audience behavior at events?
Design of the event environment, site planning, event-specific catalysts, and external influences.
What is the third stage of Crowd Control Planning according to Abbot and Geddie (2001)?
Implementation and evaluation of the crowd management plan.
Why is strategic positioning important for signage?
To ensure that the signage is easily visible and effective in conveying information.
What external influences can impact audience behavior?
Weather and high destination crime levels.
What is essential for forward planning in crowd control?
Dealing with orderly crowds that may become disorderly.
In what ways can communication help with customer orientation at events?
Effective signage, staff guidance, and clear announcements can assist in orientation.
How can a floor plan enhance crowd management?
By identifying pathways, exits, and areas for crowd control.
What does CM stand for in the context of event planning?
Crowd Management.
What types of behavior should crowd control measures account for?
Orderly crowd situations to those involving unlawful or unsafe behavior.
What type of team are ushers considered?
Transient team, event delivery only.
What strategy is important for managing crowds at events?
Crowd management strategy.
What is a limitation of event websites?
They may not reach all attendees if not promoted effectively.
What role do staff play in crowd management?
Ensure staff are on hand to assist visitors.
What specific details should be included in incident reports?
Dates, times, locations, witnesses, victims, suspects, the incident itself, and all actions taken.
What is one of the crowd warning signs related to alcohol?
Alcohol consumption is considered one of the crowd warning signs.
What are two strategies to prevent overcrowding?
Limiting the number of tickets sold and establishing ceiling capacity.
What does NOP stand for?
Normal Operating Procedure.
What effect can internal crowd dynamics have on behavior?
They can make crowds 'irrational'.
How is visual communication typically used?
To train employees or promote a product.
What role do information booths play at events?
They provide attendees with information and assistance.
What is a key consideration for flow of movement in a floor plan?
To minimize congestion and ensure smooth transitions.
What is a common issue linked to crowd incidents in recent years?
Poor decision-making and lack of training for incident-based procedures.
Why is adequate signage important in crowd management?
To guide and inform visitors effectively.
What is the function of a designated control/command center on site?
To make major safety/security emergency decisions and facilitate orderly operations.
What is the goal of security in maintaining order at events?
To restore order before having to shut the event down.
What role does signage play in Crowd Management?
Signage is crucial for guiding and informing the crowd.
How can a floor plan help in resource allocation?
By designating areas for services, vendors, and facilities.
What should be included in the daily checks of NOP?
Patrol details and telephone directory.
What is a key consideration for preventing crowd problems at events?
Ample space at key points such as exits.
What should be done to ensure safety in no-go areas?
Block off no-go areas.
Are these safety tactics applicable to smaller events?
Yes, but they are often more frequently planned for larger, high-risk events.
What is the significance of the link to EAP and risk assessments in NOP?
To ensure comprehensive safety planning and preparedness.
What is one strategy to manage services across an event site?
Disperse services and functional areas across the site.
What must be monitored and adhered to regarding event capacity?
Capacity limits.
