L15_Medically Important Fungi_Infections_TLam

Formation of a bud (blastoconidia).

Discrete areas of hypopigmentation or hyperpigmentation with induration and scaling.

The ability of some fungi species to grow in either a yeast or a mold phase depending on environmental conditions.

Hyphal wall protein (Hwp 1).

Through traumatic implantation of fungi into the skin.

It links to surface proteins (mannoproteins) and serves as a major determinant of serologic specificity.

A fungal infection characterized by scaly, wart-like pigmented lesions caused by multiple fungi species.

37 °C.

The growth of fungi is restricted and they are digested.

Fungi, bacteria, viruses, and parasites.

The alveoli.

Discoloration of skin, either hypopigmentation or hyperpigmentation.

Mycelium is composed of many hyphae intertwined together.

Unicellular.

It requires minimal nutrients.

On the trunk and arms.

Through inhalation, ingestion, or direct contact with skin.

The immune system activates to eliminate the pathogens, which may cause inflammation.

By interfering with antigen presentation and leukocyte migration.

A minor traumatic skin lesion coming into contact with dermatophyte hyphae.

Anatomical location, moisture, and dynamics of skin growth.

Eukaryotes.

Discolored, thickened, and fragile nails.

Fungal infections that occur beneath the skin.

Glucans, mannan, and chitin.

Malassezia furfur.

Long and unbranched chains of poly-N-acetylglucosamine.

Inert, insoluble, rigid, and provides structural support.

To divide the hyphae into subunits.

GXM: glucuronoxylomannan and glucuronoxylomannogalactan.

The inflammatory and immunologic response.

Ringworm, athlete’s foot, and jock itch.

They confuse the phagocyte’s ability to recognize C3b bound to the Candida surface.

Non-living, keratinized tissues of nails, hair, and stratum corneum of skin.

In oropharyngeal, gastrointestinal, and female genital microbiota.

They have a nuclear membrane.

They can survive and multiply slowly in nonactivated macrophages.

A fungal infection associated with trauma to the foot.

Hyphae (singular: hypha).

Localized swelling, nodules, and ulcerations.

Antifungal medications and sometimes surgical intervention.

It leads to variation in composition and linkages of polymer side chains, affecting serologic specificity.

An encapsulated yeast.

It tends to increase skin growth and helps limit the infection.

Through absorption, as they lack chlorophyll.

Hyphal growth interferes with lysosomal fusion, leading to macrophage death.

Human, animal, or soil.

Sporothrix schenckii.

Amphotericin B, fluconazole, and caspofungin.

Yeast or mold.

Factors that lead to disease or infection in a host organism.

Fibronectin, collagen, and laminin.

Fungi such as Sporothrix, Chromoblastomycosis, and Mycetoma.

They digest keratin and collagen, favoring deep tissue invasion.

Mycelium (a web of branched hyphae).

Common in the tropics.

Passing the initial surface barrier such as skin or mucous membranes.

It accelerates the degradation of surface complement C3b.

Infections caused by fungi that affect internal organs and systems in the body.

Headache and dizziness.

Symptoms can include fever, cough, and difficulty breathing, depending on the affected organ.

Immunocompromised states, such as HIV/AIDS or cancer treatment.

Dimorphic fungi.

A slow inflammatory process that follows lymphatic drainage from the original site.

Ambient temperature, around 25 °C.

Various species in the genera Mucor, Absidia, and Rhizopus.

Proteinases and phospholipases.

Tube-like extensions of the cells with thick and parallel walls.

Usually on the foot or leg.

It can survive and multiply, producing melanin to interfere with oxidative killing mechanisms.

Dermatophytes and other fungi that thrive in warm, moist environments.

Through clinical examination and laboratory tests, such as skin scrapings.

Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, Western Texas, California.

Superficial infections of skin and its appendages.

Lesions in the bones, joints, skin, and progressive chronic meningitis.

Nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and ribosomes.

It is the site of cytokinesis and septation.

Nystatin and azole antifungals.

They invade host tissues and disrupt normal functions, leading to illness.

A hypha is a long, branching filamentous structure of a fungus.

Through inhalation, spreading from the nose or sinuses to the brain.

Hyphae absorb nutrients and help in the growth and spread of the fungus.

It is slow and painless.

It serves as a host cell receptor for fungal adhesins.

Urease, laccase, and melanin.

Topical antifungal medications and proper hygiene practices.

Through inhalation (e.g., construction site, dust storm).

Seizures, cranial nerve signs, and papilledema.

Sterols, specifically ergosterols.

They are heterotrophic and degrade organic substrates as an exogenous source of carbon.

By binding to extracellular matrix proteins, which stimulates an inflammatory response.

Structures that can vary among species and may contain pores and incomplete walls, allowing movement of nutrients, organelles, and nuclei.

Inoculation of various fungi species due to trauma.

In tropical regions, often due to barefoot exposure.

Wood splinters and thorns.

Fungal adhesin (mannoprotein) and host cell receptor (fibronectin).

The organism can proliferate in the keratinized layers of skin, aided by proteases.

Hong Kong foot.

By binding serum factor H or secreting its own protease.

Inhalation of fungal spores from the environment.

Griseofulvin/itraconazole + oral terbinafine + topical therapy.

Candida albicans.

Skin, mucous membranes, urinary tract, and disseminated sites.

Melanin helps resist oxidative killing in tissues and macrophages.

They grow into the medium or organic substrate to collect nutrients and moisture, and anchor like plant roots.

Mycelium is a network of hyphae that forms the vegetative part of a fungus.

It is antiphagocytic, leading to complement depletion and downregulation of cytokines.

The presence of black grains.

It can spread outside the lung and reach the brain.

Coccidioides immitis.

Cracking skin with a burning feeling.

Complement receptors (CR2, CR3) on phagocytes.

They can reproduce sexually or asexually.

Mycoses.

Opportunistic infection.

Extracellular matrix proteins such as fibronectin, laminin, and collagen.

Patients with immune deficiencies or metabolic disorders.

Reproductive structures that produce spores.

The necrosis of the palate.

Septate or non-septate hyphae.

Fonsecaea compacta, Pilalophora verrucosa, Cladosporium carionii.

Mechanical break or trauma, along with extracellular enzymes like protease and elastase.

They decrease shredding of keratinized layers and tend to prolong the infection.

Epidermophyton, Microsporum, and Trichophyton.

Through clinical evaluation, imaging studies, and laboratory tests including cultures and serology.

Advancing growth of Trichophyton mentagrophytes.

Use of antibiotics that kill lactobacillus.

Adherence to the mucosal surface of gastrointestinal and female genital tracts.

It acts as an adhesin that helps fungi adhere to host cells.

Hair loss and superficial lesions.

Alkaline soil of semiarid climates.

They can be either unicellular or multicellular.

Terbinafine or azoles (miconazole, ketoconazole).

Mycology.

Contact with intact or detached skin or hair.

Erythema and white plaques in moist skinfolds, oral thrush, and vaginal thrush.

The lesion may evolve into an ulcer and can spread to bones, eyes, lungs, and the central nervous system.

Fungal infections that affect the outer layers of the skin, hair, and nails.

Itching, redness, and scaling of the affected areas.

Through inhalation from the environment.

Pneumonia and chronic meningitis.

Histoplasmosis.

Round or oval spots (lesions) in the lungs.

Antifungal medications, which may vary based on the specific fungus involved.

Infections in organs such as the brain, kidney, and heart, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.

Fever, malaise, dry cough, joint pain, and sometimes rash.

Amphotericin B, flucytosine, and an extended course of fluconazole.

Mostly aerobic.

Subcutaneous infection.

On the finger, presenting as a pustular nodular lesion.

Itraconazole and Amphotericin B (for systemic disease).