p.17
Embryonic Layers and Face Formation
What facial part is formed by the frontonasal prominence?
Forehead and the dorsum apex of the nose.
p.10
Facial Processes and Development
What does the mandibular process contribute to?
Formation of the lower jaw.
p.49
Palatal Expansion and Surgical Procedures
What is palatal expansion?
A dental procedure to widen the upper jaw.
p.30
Cleft Formation and Types
What is glossoptosis in Pierre Robin Sequence?
It is airway obstruction caused by the backward displacement of the tongue base.
p.31
Genetics and Syndromes
What are the medical problems associated with Velocardiofacial syndrome?
Cleft palate, heart defects, decreased immune response, kidney malfunction, learning problems, speech and feeding problems.
p.14
Facial Processes and Development
What fuses at the midline to form the primary palate?
Medial nasal prominences.
p.3
Embryonic Layers and Face Formation
What is the role of neural tube folds in the formation of ectomesenchyme?
They contribute to the formation of neural crest cells.
p.19
Embryonic Layers and Face Formation
When does the secondary palate close in females?
1 week later than in males.
p.4
Embryonic Layers and Face Formation
What is the region that will develop into the anterior two thirds of the tongue?
The first pharyngeal pouch.
p.39
Other Genetic Anomalies
What occurs in isochromosomes?
The centromere divides transversely instead of longitudinally.
p.18
Cleft Formation and Types
Where do clefts of primary palate occur?
Anterior to the incisive foramen.
p.10
Facial Processes and Development
What does the median nasal process contribute to?
Formation of the middle part of the nose.
p.32
Genetics and Syndromes
What is another name for Hemifacial Microsomia?
It is also called oral-mandibular-auricular syndrome or otomandibular dysostosis.
p.50
Palatal Expansion and Surgical Procedures
What is post-palatal expansion?
A procedure to widen the upper jaw after the growth of the midpalatal suture is complete.
p.39
Other Genetic Anomalies
What happens in an inversion anomaly?
A segment of chromosome is reversed, leading to a high risk of offspring abnormalities.
p.16
Facial Processes and Development
Why must the tongue descend during palate formation?
To allow for proper fusion of the palatal shelves.
p.5
Embryonic Layers and Face Formation
How many visceral arches are there in the early embryo?
There are six visceral arches in the early embryo.
p.10
Facial Processes and Development
What does the lateral nasal process contribute to?
Formation of the sides of the nose.
p.37
Other Genetic Anomalies
What is translocation in genetics?
The transfer of a piece of one chromosome to a nonhomologous chromosome.
p.36
Teratogens and Numerical Abnormalities
What is the typical cause of numerical abnormalities?
Nondisjunction, the failure of genes to disjoin during meiosis or mitosis.
p.51
Growth Modification and Orthognathic Surgery
What is the consequence of missing the growth window and having a posterior crossbite as an adult?
Orthognathic surgery may be required to correct the posterior crossbite.
p.19
Cleft Formation and Types
How does a cleft of the lip increase the likelihood of a cleft of the palate?
The tongue gets trapped, leading to a higher likelihood of a cleft of the palate.
p.16
Embryonic Layers and Face Formation
When does the secondary palate form during gestation?
6th to 9th weeks of gestation.
p.5
Embryonic Layers and Face Formation
What are visceral arches?
Structures formed in the early embryo that give rise to various head and neck structures.
p.53
Palatal Expansion and Surgical Procedures
What is Palatal Expansion?
A process to widen the upper jaw to create more space in the mouth.
p.10
Facial Processes and Development
What is the frontonasal process involved in?
Developing the front part of the face.
p.17
Embryonic Layers and Face Formation
What facial features are developed from the mandibular prominences?
Chin, lower lip, and lower cheek regions.
p.36
Teratogens and Numerical Abnormalities
What is mosaicism?
The presence of two or more populations of cells with different genotypes in one individual.
p.3
Embryonic Layers and Face Formation
What do neural crest cells give rise to in the cephalic region?
Bones of the face, skull, parts of teeth, and periodontal ligament.
p.13
Embryonic Layers and Face Formation
When does the primary palate form?
During the 4th to 7th week of gestation.
p.13
Embryonic Layers and Face Formation
What merges to form the primary palate?
Two maxillary swellings and two medial nasal swellings.
p.32
Embryonic Layers and Face Formation
What is included in Hemifacial Microsomia?
Underdevelopment of the ear.
p.33
Early Detection and Management
What kind of treatment is required for cleft lip/palate?
Early and long-term orthodontic and surgical treatment at various growth stages.
p.9
Embryonic Layers and Face Formation
Where do olfactory placodes develop in the nose?
On the lateral aspect of the frontonasal processes.
p.13
Embryonic Layers and Face Formation
What components form the inter-maxillary segment?
Labial Component (Philtrum), Maxilla Component (Alveolus + 4 Incisors), Palatal Component (Triangular Primary Palate).
p.17
Embryonic Layers and Face Formation
Where do the lateral nasal prominences develop into?
Sides (alae) of the nose.
p.37
Other Genetic Anomalies
What is polyploidy?
The condition of having more than two complete sets of chromosomes.
p.3
Embryonic Layers and Face Formation
What is the origin of ectomesenchyme?
It originates from the neural crest.
p.30
Cleft Formation and Types
What are the three main features of Pierre Robin Sequence?
Cleft palate, retrognathia, and glossoptosis.
p.35
Teratogens and Numerical Abnormalities
When are the organs and parts of an embryo most sensitive to teratogenic agents?
During periods of rapid differentiation.
p.29
Genetics and Syndromes
What are the two types of inheritance for Treacher Collins syndrome?
Autosomal dominant (TCOF1) or autosomal recessive (POLR1D).
p.4
Embryonic Layers and Face Formation
What does the second (hyoid) pharyngeal arch contain?
Reichert's cartilage and cranial facial (VII) nerve.
p.6
Facial Processes and Development
What are the adult face and its embryonic derivative of?
The five facial processes.
p.37
Other Genetic Anomalies
What is triploidy?
The presence of an extra set of chromosomes, resulting in a total of 69 chromosomes.
p.12
Embryonic Layers and Face Formation
What is the function of the median nasal process?
To smooth the median furrow in the midline.
p.27
Growth Modification and Orthognathic Surgery
What is hypertrophy?
Hypertrophy is the increase in the size of cells, resulting in an increase in the size of the organ or tissue.
p.38
Other Genetic Anomalies
What is a deletion in terms of genetic anomalies?
It is chromosomal breakage where a part is lost.
p.29
Genetics and Syndromes
What are the physical features associated with Treacher Collins syndrome?
Downward-slanting eyes, micrognathia, conductive hearing loss, underdeveloped zygomatic bones, drooping part of the lateral lower eyelids, and malformed or absent ears.
p.4
Embryonic Layers and Face Formation
What is the specific content of the first (mandibular) arch?
Meckel's cartilage, cranial trigeminal (V) nerve, and aortic arch.
p.53
Palatal Expansion and Surgical Procedures
What is Sutural Opening?
The opening of the suture between the bones of the skull to allow for palatal expansion.
p.8
Facial Processes and Development
What structures are formed by the frontonasal process?
The forehead and the dorsum apex of the nose.
p.20
Cleft Formation and Types
What are the types of cleft lip and palate?
(A) incomplete unilateral cleft of the lip, (B) unilateral cleft of the lip, alveolus, and palate, (C) bilateral cleft of the lip, alveolus, and palate, (D) isolated (median) cleft palate.
p.38
Other Genetic Anomalies
What is Cri du chat syndrome associated with?
Loss of the small arm of Chromosome 5.
p.15
Facial Processes and Development
How do the palatine processes align during secondary palate formation?
Bilaterally and vertically.
p.32
Facial Processes and Development
What is the main characteristic of Hemifacial Microsomia?
The lower half of one side of the face is underdeveloped and does not grow normally.
p.50
Palatal Expansion and Surgical Procedures
What is pre-palatal expansion?
A procedure to widen the upper jaw before the growth of the midpalatal suture is complete.
p.31
Facial Processes and Development
What are the characteristic facial features of Velocardiofacial syndrome?
Long face, flattened cheeks, large nose.
p.34
Causes of Congenital Anomalies
What percentage of congenital anomalies have a genetic cause?
33% (85% of all known causes).
p.9
Facial Processes and Development
What forms around the nasal pits in the fifth week of human gestation?
Medial and lateral nasal prominences.
p.17
Embryonic Layers and Face Formation
Which facial region is formed by the maxillary prominences?
Upper cheek region and most of the upper lip.
p.54
Early Detection and Management
Why is early detection crucial?
To enable timely management and intervention.
p.12
Facial Processes and Development
What happens when the medial nasal prominences merge in the midline?
They smooth the median furrow.
p.27
Growth Modification and Orthognathic Surgery
What is hyperplasia?
Hyperplasia is the increase in the number of cells, resulting in an increase in the size of the organ or tissue.
p.5
Embryonic Layers and Face Formation
What do visceral arches develop into?
They give rise to structures such as the jaw, middle ear, and throat.
p.15
Palatal Expansion and Surgical Procedures
In what direction do the palatal shelves ascend and fuse during secondary palate formation?
In an A -> P (anterior to posterior) direction.
p.10
Facial Processes and Development
What is the maxillary process involved in?
Developing the upper jaw and the secondary palate.
p.36
Teratogens and Numerical Abnormalities
What does monosomy refer to?
Having one missing chromosome of a pair.
p.48
Growth Modification and Orthognathic Surgery
What is a posterior crossbite?
A condition where the top back teeth bite inside the bottom back teeth.
p.34
Causes of Congenital Anomalies
What is a congenital anomaly?
An anomaly present at birth.
p.15
Embryonic Layers and Face Formation
When does the formation of the secondary palate occur?
During the 6th - 9th week in utero.
p.18
Cleft Formation and Types
Where do clefts of secondary palate occur?
Posterior to the incisive foramen.
p.14
Embryonic Layers and Face Formation
What components fuse to form the intermaxillary segment?
Maxillary Prominence and Medial Nasal Prominences.
p.40
Growth Modification and Orthognathic Surgery
Why do we study growth?
To understand development, monitor health, and identify abnormalities.
p.35
Teratogens and Numerical Abnormalities
What is a teratogen?
Any agent that can produce a congenital anomaly or raise the incidence of an anomaly in the population.
p.39
Other Genetic Anomalies
What is the difference between microdeletion and microduplication?
Microduplication is less harmful than microdeletion because genetic material is not missing.
p.16
Palatal Expansion and Surgical Procedures
What change occurs in the position of palatal shelves during palate formation?
They change from vertical to horizontal position and fuse.
p.18
Cleft Formation and Types
When does cleft lip occur?
When an epithelial bridge fails.
p.53
Palatal Expansion and Surgical Procedures
What is Surgically Assisted Palatal Expansion (SARPE)?
A procedure to widen the upper jaw using a surgical approach in children or adolescents.
p.14
Embryonic Layers and Face Formation
When does the primary palate form?
During the 4th - 7th weeks of development.
p.37
Other Genetic Anomalies
What is reciprocal translocation?
When chromosomes exchange pieces during translocation.
p.47
Growth Modification and Orthognathic Surgery
What is orthognathic surgery?
Orthognathic surgery is a corrective jaw surgery that straightens or realigns the jaw.
p.11
Embryonic Layers and Face Formation
What is required for the normal development of the upper lip?
Union of the medial nasal prominences and maxillary prominences.
p.6
Facial Processes and Development
What are the five facial processes that form during the 4th week of embryonic development?
Single Fronto-nasal process, Paired Maxillary processes, Paired Mandibular processes.
p.6
Facial Processes and Development
What surrounds the embryo's primitive mouth during facial development?
The five facial processes.
p.38
Other Genetic Anomalies
What are microdeletion and microduplication in genetic anomalies?
They are very small interstitial and terminal deletions.
p.17
Embryonic Layers and Face Formation
What does the medial nasal prominences develop into?
Nasal septum and philtrum.
p.14
Facial Processes and Development
What does the palatal component of the intermaxillary segment form?
Triangular primary palate.
p.37
Other Genetic Anomalies
What is tetraploidy?
The presence of two extra sets of chromosomes, resulting in a total of 92 chromosomes.
p.21
Cleft Formation and Types
Where do the soft palate muscles insert in palatal clefts?
On the posterior margin of the remaining hard palate rather than the midline raphe.
p.36
Teratogens and Numerical Abnormalities
What is aneuploidy?
A deviation from the human diploid number of 46 chromosomes (44 as autosome pairs and 2 sex chromosomes).
p.36
Teratogens and Numerical Abnormalities
How does mosaicism affect patients with the same disorder?
It leads to a milder phenotype than in non-mosaic patients with the same disorder.
