What is the most common type of lipid in the body and diet?
A) Phospholipids
B) Steroids
C) Triglycerides
D) Cholesterol
E) Trans fats
C) Triglycerides
Explanation: Triglycerides are the most common type of lipid found in both the body and the diet, playing a crucial role in energy storage.
What molecules make up a triglyceride?
A) Two fatty acids and one glycerol
B) Three fatty acids and one glycerol
C) One fatty acid and two glycerols
D) Three glycerols and one fatty acid
E) Two glycerols and two fatty acids
B) Three fatty acids and one glycerol
Explanation: A triglyceride consists of three fatty acid molecules bonded to a single glycerol molecule, forming its basic structure.
Where are triglycerides primarily stored in the body?
A) Liver
B) Muscles
C) Adipose tissue
D) Blood
E) Skin
C) Adipose tissue
Explanation: Triglycerides are primarily stored in adipose tissue, serving as a major form of stored energy in the body.
Which of the following is a primary function of fats in the body?
A) Providing structural support to bones
B) Acting as a significant source of energy
C) Synthesizing vitamins
D) Regulating blood sugar levels
E) Producing red blood cells
B) Acting as a significant source of energy
Explanation: Fats are a significant source of energy, providing more energy per gram compared to carbohydrates or proteins.
What triggered warnings to avoid foods high in cholesterol?
A) High blood pressure
B) High blood cholesterol levels
C) High blood sugar levels
D) Low blood cholesterol levels
E) Low blood pressure
B) High blood cholesterol levels
Explanation: The discovery that high blood cholesterol levels were strongly associated with an increased risk for heart disease triggered warnings to avoid foods high in cholesterol.
How does the body store excess calories?
A) As glycogen in the liver
B) As triglycerides within fat cells
C) As protein in muscles
D) As glucose in the bloodstream
E) As amino acids in tissues
B) As triglycerides within fat cells
Explanation: Excess calories are stored in the form of triglycerides within fat cells, making fat a highly efficient energy storage molecule.
What is the primary function of Very-Low-Density Lipoproteins (VLDLs)?
A) To transport oxygen to tissues
B) To transport newly synthesized triglycerides to tissues
C) To remove waste products from cells
D) To carry vitamins to tissues
E) To transport glucose to cells
B) To transport newly synthesized triglycerides to tissues
Explanation: VLDLs are produced by the liver specifically to transport newly synthesized triglycerides to various tissues in the body.
What do studies show about the relationship between dietary cholesterol and blood cholesterol levels?
A) Strong relationship
B) Weak relationship
C) No relationship
D) Inverse relationship
E) Direct relationship
B) Weak relationship
Explanation: Studies show a weak relationship between the amount of cholesterol a person consumes and their blood cholesterol levels.
During periods of prolonged exercise or fasting, what does the body rely on for energy production?
A) Muscle protein
B) Blood glucose
C) Stored fat
D) Dietary carbohydrates
E) Liver glycogen
C) Stored fat
Explanation: During periods of prolonged exercise or fasting, the body relies on stored fat for energy production.
What is one of the primary health benefits of plant sterols?
A) Increase absorption of dietary cholesterol
B) Reduce absorption of dietary cholesterol
C) Increase blood sugar levels
D) Increase LDL cholesterol levels
E) Reduce HDL cholesterol levels
B) Reduce absorption of dietary cholesterol
Explanation: Plant sterols help reduce the absorption of dietary cholesterol in the intestines, which is one of their primary health benefits.
What components make up VLDLs?
A) Only triglycerides
B) Only cholesterol
C) Only proteins
D) Triglycerides, cholesterol, and proteins
E) Only carbohydrates
D) Triglycerides, cholesterol, and proteins
Explanation: VLDLs consist of triglycerides, cholesterol, and proteins, which are essential for their function in lipid transport.
What did researchers find in studies of more than 80,000 female nurses regarding egg consumption?
A) It was associated with higher risk of heart disease
B) It was associated with lower risk of heart disease
C) It was not associated with higher risk of heart disease
D) It was associated with higher blood pressure
E) It was associated with lower blood pressure
C) It was not associated with higher risk of heart disease
Explanation: In studies of more than 80,000 female nurses, researchers found that consuming an egg a day was not associated with a higher risk of heart disease.
What role does adipose tissue play in temperature regulation?
A) It produces sweat to cool the body
B) It acts as insulation under the skin
C) It increases blood flow to the skin
D) It absorbs heat from the environment
E) It releases heat through radiation
B) It acts as insulation under the skin
Explanation: Adipose tissue acts as insulation under the skin, helping to regulate body temperature by providing insulation and preventing heat loss.
How do plant sterols affect LDL cholesterol levels?
A) They increase LDL cholesterol levels
B) They have no effect on LDL cholesterol levels
C) They reduce LDL cholesterol levels
D) They convert LDL to HDL cholesterol
E) They increase HDL cholesterol levels
C) They reduce LDL cholesterol levels
Explanation: Plant sterols can lead to lower levels of LDL (“bad”) cholesterol in the blood, which is beneficial for cardiovascular health.
What happens to VLDLs as they release triglycerides to cells?
A) They become larger and less dense
B) They remain the same size and density
C) They become smaller and denser
D) They disintegrate completely
E) They turn into glucose
C) They become smaller and denser
Explanation: As VLDLs release triglycerides to cells, they become smaller and denser, reflecting their changing composition and function.
What potential health benefit is associated with reduced LDL cholesterol levels due to plant sterols?
A) Increased risk of diabetes
B) Lower risk of heart disease
C) Higher blood pressure
D) Increased risk of stroke
E) Higher risk of obesity
B) Lower risk of heart disease
Explanation: Reduced LDL cholesterol levels can contribute to a lower risk of heart disease and related cardiovascular problems, which is a significant health benefit of plant sterols.
What are plant sterols also known as?
A) Phytosterols
B) Cholesterol
C) Carotenoids
D) Flavonoids
E) Polyphenols
A) Phytosterols
Explanation: Plant sterols are also known as phytosterols, which are natural compounds found in plant cell membranes.
What is one of the functions of fat in protecting the body?
A) Enhancing muscle growth
B) Cushioning and protecting vital organs
C) Increasing blood sugar levels
D) Reducing body temperature
E) Strengthening bones
B) Cushioning and protecting vital organs
Explanation: Fat deposits cushion and protect vital organs from physical damage, providing a layer of protection against external impacts.
What is the structural similarity between plant sterols and another compound?
A) Carbohydrates
B) Proteins
C) Cholesterol
D) Vitamins
E) Minerals
C) Cholesterol
Explanation: Plant sterols have a similar structure to cholesterol, which allows them to compete with cholesterol for absorption in the digestive system.
What is the primary function of LDL (Low-Density Lipoproteins)?
A) Transporting cholesterol from tissues to the liver
B) Transporting cholesterol from the liver to various tissues
C) Transporting triglycerides to muscles
D) Transporting proteins to the brain
E) Transporting vitamins to the skin
B) Transporting cholesterol from the liver to various tissues
Explanation: LDLs are responsible for transporting cholesterol from the liver to various tissues, including the arteries.
Which vitamins are absorbed with the help of dietary fat?
A) B and C
B) A, D, E, and K
C) B12 and C
D) A and B
E) D and C
B) A, D, E, and K
Explanation: Fat aids in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K from the digestive tract, which are essential for various bodily functions.
In which types of foods are plant sterols naturally present?
A) Meat and dairy products
B) Fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, and grains
C) Fish and seafood
D) Processed snacks
E) Sugary beverages
B) Fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, and grains
Explanation: Plant sterols are naturally present in various plant-based foods, including fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, and grains.
What effect does saturated fat have on cholesterol levels?
A) Increases HDL (“good”) cholesterol
B) Decreases LDL (“bad”) cholesterol
C) Increases LDL (“bad”) cholesterol
D) Lowers HDL (“good”) cholesterol
E) Has no effect on cholesterol levels
C) Increases LDL (“bad”) cholesterol
Explanation: Saturated fat is known to increase LDL (“bad”) cholesterol levels, which can contribute to the risk of heart disease.
Why are LDLs often referred to as 'bad' cholesterol carriers?
A) They decrease cholesterol levels in the blood
B) They increase the risk of atherosclerosis and heart disease
C) They transport beneficial nutrients
D) They help in digestion
E) They reduce blood pressure
B) They increase the risk of atherosclerosis and heart disease
Explanation: LDLs are called 'bad' cholesterol carriers because high levels of LDL cholesterol are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis and heart disease.
Which type of hormones are derived from cholesterol?
A) Peptide hormones
B) Steroid hormones
C) Protein hormones
D) Amino acid hormones
E) Glycoprotein hormones
B) Steroid hormones
Explanation: Some hormones, such as steroid hormones (e.g., estrogen and testosterone), are derived from cholesterol and play essential roles in various physiological processes, including reproduction and metabolism.
Which of the following foods can be fortified with plant sterols?
A) Margarine, breakfast cereal, milk
B) Red meat, eggs, cheese
C) Fish, poultry, yogurt
D) Pasta, rice, bread
E) Soft drinks, candy, chips
A) Margarine, breakfast cereal, milk
Explanation: Plant sterols can be found in fortified foods such as margarine, breakfast cereal, and milk, which are specifically enhanced to provide additional health benefits.
How does unsaturated fat affect cholesterol levels?
A) Increases LDL (“bad”) cholesterol
B) Increases HDL (“good”) cholesterol
C) Lowers LDL (“bad”) cholesterol
D) Lowers HDL (“good”) cholesterol
E) Has no effect on cholesterol levels
B) Increases HDL (“good”) cholesterol
Explanation: Unsaturated fat helps to increase HDL (“good”) cholesterol levels, which is beneficial for heart health.
What is cholesterol?
A) A type of protein
B) A waxy, fat-like substance
C) A carbohydrate
D) A mineral
E) A vitamin
B) A waxy, fat-like substance
Explanation: Cholesterol is described as a waxy, fat-like substance found in the cells of the body and in the foods we eat.
What health risks are associated with high levels of LDL cholesterol?
A) Diabetes
B) Osteoporosis
C) Atherosclerosis and heart disease
D) Asthma
E) Kidney stones
C) Atherosclerosis and heart disease
Explanation: High levels of LDL cholesterol are linked to an increased risk of atherosclerosis and heart disease.
What is a key characteristic of saturated fatty acids?
A) They have multiple double bonds between carbon atoms
B) They have no double bonds between carbon atoms
C) They are typically liquid at room temperature
D) They are commonly found in plant oils
E) They are not found in animal products
B) They have no double bonds between carbon atoms
Explanation: Saturated fatty acids are characterized by having no double bonds between carbon atoms, which differentiates them from unsaturated fatty acids.
What are fats also known as?
A) Carbohydrates
B) Proteins
C) Lipids
D) Vitamins
E) Minerals
C) Lipids
Explanation: Fats are also known as lipids, which are organic oily compounds that are insoluble in water.
Why is dietary fat important for brain health?
A) It increases blood flow to the brain
B) It provides energy for brain cells
C) It is important for cognitive function and brain health, especially omega-3 fatty acids
D) It reduces brain inflammation
E) It enhances memory storage
C) It is important for cognitive function and brain health, especially omega-3 fatty acids
Explanation: Dietary fat, particularly omega-3 fatty acids, is crucial for cognitive function and brain health, supporting overall mental well-being.
What is the impact of trans fat on cholesterol levels?
A) Increases HDL (“good”) cholesterol
B) Lowers LDL (“bad”) cholesterol
C) Increases LDL (“bad”) cholesterol and lowers HDL (“good”) cholesterol
D) Has no effect on cholesterol levels
E) Lowers both LDL and HDL cholesterol
C) Increases LDL (“bad”) cholesterol and lowers HDL (“good”) cholesterol
Explanation: Trans fat is harmful as it increases LDL (“bad”) cholesterol and lowers HDL (“good”) cholesterol, increasing the risk of heart disease.
Which of the following is NOT a function of cholesterol in the body?
A) Building cell membranes
B) Producing hormones
C) Providing energy
D) Found in animal foods
E) Can be produced by the liver
C) Providing energy
Explanation: Cholesterol plays a crucial role in building cell membranes and producing hormones, but it is not primarily used for providing energy.
Which of the following is a characteristic of saturated fatty acids?
A) They contain one or more double bonds
B) They are typically liquid at room temperature
C) They are found in high amounts in olive oil
D) They have no double bonds between carbon atoms
E) They are essential fatty acids
D) They have no double bonds between carbon atoms
Explanation: Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between carbon atoms, which makes them typically solid at room temperature.
At what temperature are saturated fats typically solid?
A) Below freezing
B) Room temperature
C) Above boiling point
D) Only when refrigerated
E) At body temperature
B) Room temperature
Explanation: Saturated fats are typically solid at room temperature, which is a distinguishing physical property.
What is a characteristic of unsaturated fats?
A) They have no double bonds between carbon atoms
B) They are usually solid at room temperature
C) They have one or more double bonds between carbon atoms
D) They are considered less healthy than saturated fats
E) They increase the risk of heart disease
C) They have one or more double bonds between carbon atoms
Explanation: Unsaturated fats are defined by the presence of one or more double bonds between carbon atoms, which differentiates them from saturated fats.
Which of the following is NOT a major dietary lipid?
A) Triglycerides
B) Sterols
C) Phospholipids
D) Amino acids
E) Cholesterol
D) Amino acids
Explanation: The major dietary lipids include triglycerides, sterols (cholesterol and phytosterols), and phospholipids. Amino acids are not classified as dietary lipids.
What are chylomicrons?
A) The smallest and most dense lipoproteins
B) The largest and least dense lipoproteins
C) Hormones produced in the liver
D) Enzymes that break down fats
E) Proteins that transport oxygen
B) The largest and least dense lipoproteins
Explanation: Chylomicrons are described as the largest and least dense lipoproteins, distinguishing them from other types of lipoproteins in terms of size and density.
Where does the majority of fat digestion occur in the human body?
A) Mouth
B) Stomach
C) Small intestine
D) Large intestine
E) Esophagus
C) Small intestine
Explanation: The majority of fat digestion occurs in the small intestine, where bile and pancreatic enzymes break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
Which foods are sources of cholesterol?
A) Fruits and vegetables
B) Whole grains
C) Animal foods like eggs, meat, fish, and dairy products
D) Nuts and seeds
E) Legumes
C) Animal foods like eggs, meat, fish, and dairy products
Explanation: Cholesterol is found in animal foods such as eggs, meat, fish, and dairy products.
What effect do plant sterols have on cholesterol levels?
A) Increase HDL (“good”) cholesterol
B) Increase LDL (“bad”) cholesterol
C) Lower LDL (“bad”) cholesterol
D) Lower HDL (“good”) cholesterol
E) Have no effect on cholesterol levels
C) Lower LDL (“bad”) cholesterol
Explanation: Plant sterols are effective in lowering LDL (“bad”) cholesterol levels, which can help reduce the risk of heart disease.
What is the primary function of High-Density Lipoproteins (HDLs)?
A) Transporting cholesterol to tissues
B) Removing excess cholesterol from tissues
C) Storing cholesterol in the liver
D) Increasing cholesterol production
E) Converting cholesterol to triglycerides
B) Removing excess cholesterol from tissues
Explanation: HDLs help remove excess cholesterol from tissues, including arteries, and transport it to the liver for excretion, which is why they are known as 'good' cholesterol carriers.
What is the primary function of triglycerides in the body?
A) To build cell membranes
B) To store energy
C) To transport oxygen
D) To act as enzymes
E) To regulate hormones
B) To store energy
Explanation: Triglycerides are the main form of stored energy in the body, providing a reserve of energy that can be used when needed.
Which of the following is a common source of saturated fats?
A) Olive oil
B) Avocado
C) Meat
D) Nuts
E) Fish
C) Meat
Explanation: Saturated fats are commonly found in animal products such as meat, butter, and dairy.
Which of the following is true about monounsaturated fats?
A) They have no double bonds
B) They have one double bond
C) They have two or more double bonds
D) They are found in animal fats
E) They are solid at room temperature
B) They have one double bond
Explanation: Monounsaturated fats are characterized by having one double bond in their molecular structure.
What type of lipid is cholesterol?
A) Triglyceride
B) Sterol
C) Phospholipid
D) Protein
E) Carbohydrate
B) Sterol
Explanation: Cholesterol is a type of sterol, which is one of the major categories of dietary lipids.
Where are chylomicrons produced?
A) In the liver
B) In the pancreas
C) In the intestines
D) In the kidneys
E) In the stomach
C) In the intestines
Explanation: Chylomicrons are produced in the intestines, where they play a crucial role in transporting dietary triglycerides and cholesterol to various tissues.
Which enzyme is primarily responsible for breaking down fats during digestion?
A) Amylase
B) Pepsin
C) Lipase
D) Trypsin
E) Lactase
C) Lipase
Explanation: Lipase is the enzyme primarily responsible for breaking down fats into fatty acids and glycerol during digestion.
Where in the body is cholesterol primarily produced?
A) Kidneys
B) Heart
C) Liver
D) Pancreas
E) Lungs
C) Liver
Explanation: Cholesterol can be produced by the body, mainly in the liver.
Why are HDLs referred to as 'good' cholesterol carriers?
A) They increase cholesterol levels in the blood
B) They transport cholesterol to tissues
C) They help remove excess cholesterol from tissues
D) They convert cholesterol to triglycerides
E) They store cholesterol in the liver
C) They help remove excess cholesterol from tissues
Explanation: HDLs are called 'good' cholesterol carriers because they help remove excess cholesterol from tissues, including arteries, and transport it to the liver for excretion.
Where does the majority of fat absorption occur in the human body?
A) Stomach
B) Small intestine
C) Large intestine
D) Esophagus
E) Mouth
B) Small intestine
Explanation: The majority of fat absorption occurs in the small intestine, where bile and pancreatic enzymes break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol for absorption.
Which type of fat is considered essential because the body cannot synthesize it?
A) Saturated fats
B) Trans fats
C) Monounsaturated fats
D) Polyunsaturated fats
E) Cholesterol
D) Polyunsaturated fats
Explanation: Polyunsaturated fats include essential fatty acids (EFAs) like omega-3 and omega-6, which the body cannot synthesize and must be obtained through diet.
What health risk is associated with excessive consumption of saturated fats?
A) Diabetes
B) Increased risk of heart disease
C) Osteoporosis
D) Anemia
E) Asthma
B) Increased risk of heart disease
Explanation: Excessive consumption of saturated fats is associated with an increased risk of heart disease, highlighting the importance of moderating intake.
Which foods are rich in polyunsaturated fats?
A) Butter and cheese
B) Beef and pork
C) Flaxseeds, walnuts, fish, canola oil
D) Coconut oil and palm oil
E) Eggs and milk
C) Flaxseeds, walnuts, fish, canola oil
Explanation: Polyunsaturated fats, which have two or more double bonds, are commonly found in flaxseeds, walnuts, fish, and canola oil.
Which of the following is a characteristic of lipids?
A) Soluble in water
B) Insoluble in water
C) Made of amino acids
D) Composed of nucleotides
E) Primarily found in fruits
B) Insoluble in water
Explanation: Lipids are organic oily compounds that are insoluble in water, distinguishing them from other macronutrients.
What is the primary function of chylomicrons?
A) To transport oxygen to tissues
B) To break down proteins
C) To transport dietary triglycerides and cholesterol to various tissues
D) To produce bile acids
E) To store glycogen
C) To transport dietary triglycerides and cholesterol to various tissues
Explanation: The primary function of chylomicrons is to transport dietary triglycerides and cholesterol from the intestines to various tissues in the body.
What role does bile play in the digestion of fats?
A) It breaks down proteins
B) It neutralizes stomach acid
C) It emulsifies fats
D) It absorbs vitamins
E) It digests carbohydrates
C) It emulsifies fats
Explanation: Bile emulsifies fats, breaking them down into smaller droplets, which increases the surface area for lipase to act on, facilitating fat digestion.
Which of the following statements about cholesterol is true?
A) It is only found in plant-based foods
B) It is not essential for the body
C) It is a type of carbohydrate
D) It plays a crucial role in building cell membranes and producing hormones
E) It cannot be produced by the body
D) It plays a crucial role in building cell membranes and producing hormones
Explanation: Cholesterol is essential for building cell membranes and producing hormones, and it can be found in animal foods and produced by the liver.
What is the relationship between high levels of HDL cholesterol and heart disease?
A) Increased risk of heart disease
B) No effect on heart disease
C) Reduced risk of heart disease
D) Increased cholesterol production
E) Increased risk of stroke
C) Reduced risk of heart disease
Explanation: High levels of HDL cholesterol are associated with a reduced risk of heart disease because HDLs help remove excess cholesterol from tissues and transport it to the liver for excretion.
What role does bile play in the absorption of fats?
A) It digests proteins
B) It neutralizes stomach acid
C) It emulsifies fats
D) It absorbs vitamins
E) It produces insulin
C) It emulsifies fats
Explanation: Bile emulsifies fats, breaking them down into smaller droplets, which increases the surface area for pancreatic enzymes to act upon, facilitating fat absorption.
What is a major health risk associated with trans fatty acids?
A) Increased risk of diabetes
B) Increased risk of cardiovascular disease
C) Increased risk of osteoporosis
D) Increased risk of anemia
E) Increased risk of asthma
B) Increased risk of cardiovascular disease
Explanation: Trans fatty acids are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease due to their negative impact on cholesterol levels and inflammation.
What is the state of unsaturated fats at room temperature?
A) Solid
B) Semi-solid
C) Liquid
D) Gaseous
E) Crystalline
C) Liquid
Explanation: Unsaturated fats are usually liquid at room temperature, which is a key characteristic that distinguishes them from saturated fats.
Which of the following is a type of phospholipid?
A) Glucose
B) Lecithin
C) Sucrose
D) Glycogen
E) Starch
B) Lecithin
Explanation: Lecithin is a type of phospholipid, which is one of the major categories of dietary lipids.
What do chylomicrons release to muscle and fat cells?
A) Proteins
B) Carbohydrates
C) Triglycerides
D) Vitamins
E) Minerals
C) Triglycerides
Explanation: Chylomicrons release triglycerides to muscle and fat cells, providing these tissues with essential energy sources.
Which organ produces bile that aids in fat digestion?
A) Stomach
B) Pancreas
C) Liver
D) Gallbladder
E) Small intestine
C) Liver
Explanation: The liver produces bile, which is stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine to aid in the digestion of fats.
Where do HDLs transport excess cholesterol for excretion?
A) Kidneys
B) Heart
C) Liver
D) Lungs
E) Pancreas
C) Liver
Explanation: HDLs transport excess cholesterol from tissues, including arteries, to the liver for excretion, which helps in maintaining healthy cholesterol levels.
Which enzyme is primarily responsible for breaking down fats during digestion?
A) Amylase
B) Pepsin
C) Lipase
D) Trypsin
E) Lactase
C) Lipase
Explanation: Lipase is the enzyme primarily responsible for breaking down fats into fatty acids and glycerol during digestion, aiding in their absorption.
What role does cholesterol play in the body?
A) It is used to build muscle
B) It is a primary source of energy
C) It helps in the formation of cell membranes
D) It acts as a neurotransmitter
E) It is a waste product
C) It helps in the formation of cell membranes
Explanation: Cholesterol is essential for the formation of cell membranes, production of certain hormones, and synthesis of vitamin D.
What are trans fatty acids?
A) Saturated fats with a cis configuration
B) Unsaturated fats with a trans configuration
C) Saturated fats with a trans configuration
D) Unsaturated fats with a cis configuration
E) Polyunsaturated fats with a cis configuration
B) Unsaturated fats with a trans configuration
Explanation: Trans fatty acids are unsaturated fats that have a trans configuration, which differentiates them from other types of fats.
Why are unsaturated fats considered healthier than saturated fats?
A) They have no nutritional value
B) They increase cholesterol levels
C) They reduce the risk of heart disease
D) They are more caloric
E) They are found only in animal products
C) They reduce the risk of heart disease
Explanation: Unsaturated fats are considered healthier because they help reduce the risk of heart disease, unlike saturated fats which can increase this risk.
Where do chylomicrons transport the remaining cholesterol after releasing triglycerides?
A) To the kidneys
B) To the pancreas
C) To the liver
D) To the heart
E) To the brain
C) To the liver
Explanation: After releasing triglycerides to muscle and fat cells, chylomicrons transport the remaining cholesterol to the liver for further processing.
What is the primary role of cholesterol in heart disease?
A) It helps in digestion
B) It leads to the hardening and narrowing of arteries
C) It improves blood circulation
D) It strengthens the heart muscles
E) It reduces blood pressure
B) It leads to the hardening and narrowing of arteries
Explanation: High cholesterol levels in the bloodstream contribute to the hardening and narrowing of arteries, a condition known as atherosclerosis, which is a major factor in heart disease.
What happens to fats after they are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol?
A) They are stored in the stomach
B) They are absorbed into the bloodstream
C) They are excreted as waste
D) They are converted into proteins
E) They remain in the small intestine
B) They are absorbed into the bloodstream
Explanation: After fats are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol, they are absorbed into the bloodstream through the walls of the small intestine.
What are the end products of fat digestion that are absorbed by the small intestine?
A) Amino acids and glucose
B) Fatty acids and glycerol
C) Starch and cellulose
D) Vitamins and minerals
E) Proteins and peptides
B) Fatty acids and glycerol
Explanation: The end products of fat digestion are fatty acids and glycerol, which are absorbed by the small intestine and transported to the bloodstream.
Where do trans fatty acids naturally occur?
A) In fruits and vegetables
B) In some animal products
C) In grains and cereals
D) In legumes
E) In dairy-free products
B) In some animal products
Explanation: Trans fatty acids naturally occur in some animal products, although they are more commonly found in artificially produced forms.
What happens when there are high levels of LDL in the bloodstream?
A) LDL particles improve heart function
B) LDL particles form deposits in the walls of the arteries
C) LDL particles are excreted from the body
D) LDL particles convert to HDL
E) LDL particles reduce blood sugar levels
B) LDL particles form deposits in the walls of the arteries
Explanation: High levels of LDL (low-density lipoprotein) in the bloodstream lead to the formation of deposits in the arterial walls, contributing to the development of plaques and atherosclerosis.
How are absorbed fats transported from the small intestine to the rest of the body?
A) Directly through the bloodstream
B) Via the lymphatic system
C) Through the large intestine
D) By the liver
E) Through the kidneys
B) Via the lymphatic system
Explanation: Absorbed fats are transported from the small intestine to the rest of the body via the lymphatic system, where they are eventually released into the bloodstream.
How are artificial trans fats produced?
A) By fermenting dairy products
B) By hydrogenation of vegetable oils
C) By boiling animal fats
D) By freezing fruits
E) By distilling grains
B) By hydrogenation of vegetable oils
Explanation: Artificial trans fats are produced through the hydrogenation of vegetable oils, a process that alters the chemical structure of the fats.
What is the consequence of fat accumulation within the arterial wall?
A) Improved blood flow
B) Development of plaques that restrict blood flow
C) Increased oxygen supply to tissues
D) Enhanced flexibility of arteries
E) Reduced risk of heart disease
B) Development of plaques that restrict blood flow
Explanation: The accumulation of fat within the arterial wall leads to the development of plaques, which restrict blood flow and can result in serious cardiovascular conditions.
In which types of foods are artificial trans fats commonly found?
A) Fresh fruits and vegetables
B) Processed and fried foods
C) Whole grains
D) Dairy products
E) Raw nuts and seeds
B) Processed and fried foods
Explanation: Artificial trans fats are commonly found in many processed and fried foods, such as baked goods and fast food.
What can result from the blockage of coronary arteries?
A) Improved heart health
B) Coronary heart disease (CHD)
C) Increased physical endurance
D) Lower blood pressure
E) Enhanced immune function
B) Coronary heart disease (CHD)
Explanation: Blockage of coronary arteries can lead to coronary heart disease (CHD), which includes serious conditions such as heart attacks and strokes.
Why are artificial trans fats considered extremely unhealthy?
A) They are high in vitamins
B) They are linked to heart disease
C) They boost immune function
D) They improve digestion
E) They enhance muscle growth
B) They are linked to heart disease
Explanation: Artificial trans fats are considered extremely unhealthy because they are linked to heart disease, leading many countries to ban or limit their use in food production.
Which of the following is NOT a result of high cholesterol levels in the bloodstream?
A) Hardening of arteries
B) Narrowing of arteries
C) Improved blood flow
D) Development of plaques
E) Increased risk of heart attacks
C) Improved blood flow
Explanation: High cholesterol levels lead to the hardening and narrowing of arteries, development of plaques, and increased risk of heart attacks, but they do not improve blood flow.
What is the recommended total fat intake as a percentage of energy intake?
A) 10-15%
B) 20-35%
C) 40-50%
D) 5-10%
E) 15-25%
B) 20-35%
Explanation: The recommended total fat intake is 20-35% of energy intake, which helps maintain a balanced diet while providing essential fatty acids and energy.
What is the recommended maximum percentage of energy intake from saturated and trans fats?
A) <5%
B) <10%
C) <15%
D) <20%
E) <25%
B) <10%
Explanation: The recommended maximum intake of saturated and trans fats is less than 10% of energy intake to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
What are essential fatty acids (EFAs)?
A) Types of saturated fats
B) Types of polyunsaturated fats
C) Types of trans fats
D) Types of monounsaturated fats
E) Types of cholesterol
B) Types of polyunsaturated fats
Explanation: Essential fatty acids (EFAs) are types of polyunsaturated fats that the human body cannot produce on its own, making it necessary to obtain them through the diet.
What is the adequate daily intake of linoleic acid for men?
A) 5 g/day
B) 8 g/day
C) 10 g/day
D) 13 g/day
E) 15 g/day
D) 13 g/day
Explanation: The adequate daily intake of linoleic acid for men is 13 grams per day, which is essential for maintaining healthy cell membranes and producing signaling molecules.
Why are essential fatty acids (EFAs) important in the diet?
A) The body can produce them on its own
B) They are types of saturated fats
C) The body cannot produce them on its own
D) They are types of trans fats
E) They are types of monounsaturated fats
C) The body cannot produce them on its own
Explanation: EFAs are important because the human body cannot produce them on its own, making it essential to obtain them through the diet.
Which of the following is an omega-6 fatty acid?
A) Alpha-linolenic acid
B) Linoleic acid
C) Oleic acid
D) Palmitic acid
E) Stearic acid
B) Linoleic acid
Explanation: Linoleic acid is an omega-6 fatty acid, one of the two essential fatty acids that must be obtained through the diet.
What is the adequate daily intake of alpha-linoleic acid for women?
A) 0.5 g/day
B) 0.8 g/day
C) 1.0 g/day
D) 1.3 g/day
E) 1.5 g/day
B) 0.8 g/day
Explanation: The adequate daily intake of alpha-linoleic acid for women is 0.8 grams per day, which is important for heart health and reducing inflammation.
Why are fats and cholesterol packaged with proteins to form lipoproteins?
A) To increase their density
B) To dissolve them in the bloodstream
C) To decrease their size
D) To enhance their flavor
E) To change their color
B) To dissolve them in the bloodstream
Explanation: Fats and cholesterol cannot dissolve in the bloodstream on their own, so they are packaged with proteins to form lipoproteins, which allows them to be transported through the blood.
Which of the following is recommended to replace foods containing saturated and trans fats?
A) Butter
B) Lard
C) Olive oil
D) Margarine
E) Coconut oil
C) Olive oil
Explanation: Replacing foods containing saturated and trans fats with those that contain polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats, such as olive oil, is recommended for a healthier diet.
Which of the following is an omega-3 fatty acid?
A) Linoleic acid
B) Alpha-linolenic acid
C) Oleic acid
D) Palmitic acid
E) Stearic acid
B) Alpha-linolenic acid
Explanation: Alpha-linolenic acid is an omega-3 fatty acid, one of the two essential fatty acids that must be obtained through the diet.
What primarily makes up the core of lipoproteins?
A) Proteins and phospholipids
B) Free cholesterol and triglycerides
C) Cholesterol esters and triglycerides
D) Phospholipids and proteins
E) Free cholesterol and proteins
C) Cholesterol esters and triglycerides
Explanation: The core of lipoproteins primarily consists of cholesterol esters and triglycerides, which are the main lipids transported by these particles.
How many essential fatty acids (EFAs) are there?
A) One
B) Two
C) Three
D) Four
E) Five
B) Two
Explanation: There are two essential fatty acids: linoleic acid (omega-6 fatty acid) and alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3 fatty acid).
What surrounds the core of lipoproteins?
A) Only proteins
B) Only phospholipids
C) Proteins, phospholipids, and free cholesterol
D) Only free cholesterol
E) Only triglycerides
C) Proteins, phospholipids, and free cholesterol
Explanation: The core of lipoproteins is surrounded by a shell made of proteins, phospholipids, and free cholesterol, which helps stabilize the lipoprotein structure and allows it to function in the bloodstream.
How are lipoproteins classified?
A) By their color
B) By their size
C) By their density and composition
D) By their shape
E) By their temperature
C) By their density and composition
Explanation: Lipoproteins are classified into different types based on their density and composition, which determines their specific roles in lipid transport and metabolism.
