BRS Biochemistry_1-231 (1)

Electrophoresis.

The number of repeats in each allele.

To identify the presence of a 3-base deletion in the CF gene.

Only to the DNA from a person with cystic fibrosis.

To cleave DNA within short, specific sequences for study or insertion into other DNA.

Dark spots on the nitrocellulose paper.

Chimeric or recombinant DNA.

Both probes bind, indicating one normal allele and one CF mutation.

A mutation can create or eliminate a restriction site, resulting in different sizes of restriction fragments.

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.

It specifically binds to the mutant allele associated with cystic fibrosis.

Hybridization.

Regions in normal human DNA that contain a highly variable number of repeats, differing among individuals and alleles.

A single strand of DNA that can hybridize with a complementary sequence on another single-stranded polynucleotide composed of DNA or RNA.

Cy3 and Cy5.

It can identify individuals with the accuracy of a fingerprint, determine parentage, or implicate suspects in criminal cases.

Radioactive labels for autoradiography or chemical labels that can be identified by fluorescence.

It separates DNA fragments by size.

By overlaying fluorescent images obtained from different wavelengths of light.

SNPs are base changes in the genome that must be present in at least 1% of the population and are useful for mapping disease genes and forensic analysis.

To detect mutations by binding to complementary DNA regions, indicating the presence of mutant or normal alleles.

To separate DNA chains of varying lengths.

To identify proteins whose expression levels change.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Stringent hybridization conditions, specifically high temperature and low salt.

An oligonucleotide primer complementary to a mutant region is used; if it binds, amplification occurs, indicating the presence of the mutation.

DNA migrates toward the positive electrode due to its negatively charged phosphate groups.

The E4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (apoE) gene.

To create a DNA copy that does not contain introns or the promoter region.

IRE-BP binds to the iron response element (IRE) when it does not contain bound iron, preventing translation of ferritin mRNA.

By inserting a gene from another organism into a fertilized egg.

Polyacrylamide gels separate short DNA chains that differ by one nucleotide, while agarose gels separate larger DNA chains.

The mutation causing sickle cell anemia results in the loss of the Mst II site in the β-globin gene, affecting restriction fragment patterns.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

As primers for DNA synthesis or as probes for detecting DNA or RNA sequences.

IRE-BP dissociates from IRE, allowing the mRNA to be translated.

The removal or disruption of genes to develop animal strains that lack the protein product of the gene.

Sickle cell allele produces a 1.3 kb fragment, while the normal allele produces a 1.1 kb fragment.

A Western blot using purified HIV proteins.

Staining with dyes like ethidium bromide and autoradiography.

They are palindromes.

Binding of IRE-BP to IRE prevents degradation of the mRNA; when iron levels are high, IRE-BP binds iron and the mRNA is rapidly degraded.

They terminate the polymerization of the DNA chain when incorporated.

Sequencing the human genome, identifying markers like SNPs, and identifying approximately 25,000 genes.

They compete with normal nucleotides for incorporation, producing DNA chains of varying lengths.

The risk of acquiring or being susceptible to certain diseases.

A technique where a radioactive DNA probe hybridizes with DNA on a nitrocellulose blot of a gel.

To join DNA fragments that have complementary single-stranded regions.

AZT inhibits retroviral reverse transcriptase by serving as a DNA chain terminator.

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Preventing immune rejection and promoting long-term expression of transgenes.

From 5' to 3'.

A technique where a radioactive DNA probe hybridizes with RNA on a nitrocellulose blot of a gel.

They differ by one base and affect the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease.

A technique that uses recombinant DNA to treat diseases.

By incorporating dideoxynucleotides that terminate synthesis at specific bases.

They prevent the protease from cleaving a polyprotein into structural proteins and enzymes needed for viral assembly.

The identification and analysis of all proteins expressed by a given cell under specific conditions.

From the bottom to the top of the gel, in the 5' to 3' direction.

Southern blots involve DNA, while Northern blots involve RNA, and alkali is not used in Northern blots.

It is necessary for the addition of nucleotides; dideoxynucleotides lack this group, causing termination.

Interferons reduce protein synthesis by phosphorylating eIF-2, which inhibits the initiation of protein synthesis.

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry for identifying protein fragments.

PCR is an in vitro technique used for rapidly producing large amounts of DNA, suitable for clinical or forensic testing.

A technique that involves electrophoresis of proteins visualized by binding to antibodies.

To visualize the bands on the gel by autoradiography.

They are used for research, medical diagnosis, and production of therapeutic proteins, offering hope for treating currently incurable diseases.

To screen thousands of genes simultaneously to determine allele presence or compare RNA expression patterns.

Only a very small sample of DNA.

It catalyzes the polymerization of the DNA chain.

By using patient RNA converted to cDNA to bind to oligonucleotides on a chip that correspond to various pathogens.

It can be inserted into a DNA vector and used to transform rapidly growing cells, usually bacteria.

The DNA chain continues to grow until another ddNTP is encountered.

It is used to produce probes for screening human samples and generating proteins for therapy or vaccines.

Large quantities of its protein product.

To analyze the fluorescence of labeled ddNTPs and determine the base that terminated synthesis.

Variations in DNA sequences that occur frequently in the genome.

A technique for separating proteins by gel electrophoresis and probing with antibodies.

A mutation that occurs in a restriction enzyme cleavage site, affecting DNA cleavage.

Strands separate, primers are added, and heat-stable DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA.