BRS Biochemistry_1-231 (1)

Dark spots on the nitrocellulose paper.

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.

IRE-BP dissociates from IRE, allowing the mRNA to be translated.

Binding of IRE-BP to IRE prevents degradation of the mRNA; when iron levels are high, IRE-BP binds iron and the mRNA is rapidly degraded.

AZT inhibits retroviral reverse transcriptase by serving as a DNA chain terminator.

A Western blot using purified HIV proteins.

SNPs are base changes in the genome that must be present in at least 1% of the population and are useful for mapping disease genes and forensic analysis.

They compete with normal nucleotides for incorporation, producing DNA chains of varying lengths.

PCR is an in vitro technique used for rapidly producing large amounts of DNA, suitable for clinical or forensic testing.

It catalyzes the polymerization of the DNA chain.

The number of repeats in each allele.

Only to the DNA from a person with cystic fibrosis.

Both probes bind, indicating one normal allele and one CF mutation.

Hybridization.

Polyacrylamide gels separate short DNA chains that differ by one nucleotide, while agarose gels separate larger DNA chains.

They are palindromes.

To join DNA fragments that have complementary single-stranded regions.

It is necessary for the addition of nucleotides; dideoxynucleotides lack this group, causing termination.

It can be inserted into a DNA vector and used to transform rapidly growing cells, usually bacteria.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

An oligonucleotide primer complementary to a mutant region is used; if it binds, amplification occurs, indicating the presence of the mutation.

By inserting a gene from another organism into a fertilized egg.

A technique where a radioactive DNA probe hybridizes with RNA on a nitrocellulose blot of a gel.

The identification and analysis of all proteins expressed by a given cell under specific conditions.

Electrophoresis.

To identify proteins whose expression levels change.

It can identify individuals with the accuracy of a fingerprint, determine parentage, or implicate suspects in criminal cases.

As primers for DNA synthesis or as probes for detecting DNA or RNA sequences.

Interferons reduce protein synthesis by phosphorylating eIF-2, which inhibits the initiation of protein synthesis.

They terminate the polymerization of the DNA chain when incorporated.

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry for identifying protein fragments.

To screen thousands of genes simultaneously to determine allele presence or compare RNA expression patterns.

The DNA chain continues to grow until another ddNTP is encountered.

A technique for separating proteins by gel electrophoresis and probing with antibodies.

To cleave DNA within short, specific sequences for study or insertion into other DNA.

Regions in normal human DNA that contain a highly variable number of repeats, differing among individuals and alleles.

DNA migrates toward the positive electrode due to its negatively charged phosphate groups.

The mutation causing sickle cell anemia results in the loss of the Mst II site in the β-globin gene, affecting restriction fragment patterns.

A technique that uses recombinant DNA to treat diseases.

Southern blots involve DNA, while Northern blots involve RNA, and alkali is not used in Northern blots.

To visualize the bands on the gel by autoradiography.

To analyze the fluorescence of labeled ddNTPs and determine the base that terminated synthesis.

To identify the presence of a 3-base deletion in the CF gene.

Chimeric or recombinant DNA.

It specifically binds to the mutant allele associated with cystic fibrosis.

Staining with dyes like ethidium bromide and autoradiography.

A technique where a radioactive DNA probe hybridizes with DNA on a nitrocellulose blot of a gel.

From 5' to 3'.

A technique that involves electrophoresis of proteins visualized by binding to antibodies.

A mutation that occurs in a restriction enzyme cleavage site, affecting DNA cleavage.

It separates DNA fragments by size.

To detect mutations by binding to complementary DNA regions, indicating the presence of mutant or normal alleles.

Stringent hybridization conditions, specifically high temperature and low salt.

IRE-BP binds to the iron response element (IRE) when it does not contain bound iron, preventing translation of ferritin mRNA.

The removal or disruption of genes to develop animal strains that lack the protein product of the gene.

They prevent the protease from cleaving a polyprotein into structural proteins and enzymes needed for viral assembly.

Only a very small sample of DNA.

By overlaying fluorescent images obtained from different wavelengths of light.

To separate DNA chains of varying lengths.

Sickle cell allele produces a 1.3 kb fragment, while the normal allele produces a 1.1 kb fragment.

Sequencing the human genome, identifying markers like SNPs, and identifying approximately 25,000 genes.

Preventing immune rejection and promoting long-term expression of transgenes.

A mutation can create or eliminate a restriction site, resulting in different sizes of restriction fragments.

A single strand of DNA that can hybridize with a complementary sequence on another single-stranded polynucleotide composed of DNA or RNA.

The E4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (apoE) gene.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

They differ by one base and affect the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease.

From the bottom to the top of the gel, in the 5' to 3' direction.

By using patient RNA converted to cDNA to bind to oligonucleotides on a chip that correspond to various pathogens.

Cy3 and Cy5.

Radioactive labels for autoradiography or chemical labels that can be identified by fluorescence.

To create a DNA copy that does not contain introns or the promoter region.

By incorporating dideoxynucleotides that terminate synthesis at specific bases.

They are used for research, medical diagnosis, and production of therapeutic proteins, offering hope for treating currently incurable diseases.

Variations in DNA sequences that occur frequently in the genome.

Strands separate, primers are added, and heat-stable DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA.

The risk of acquiring or being susceptible to certain diseases.

Large quantities of its protein product.

It is used to produce probes for screening human samples and generating proteins for therapy or vaccines.