physics freshman-pages-2

A stress that causes volume deformation on an object, defined as the ratio of the change in applied force to the surface area.

The material being deformed and the nature of the deformation.

Shear stress = F/A (where F is the tangential force and A is the area).

Flow rate.

It may represent a mathematical or chemical expression.

Shear stress.

Fluids in motion, or hydrodynamics.

Swiftly moving fluids exert less pressure than slowly moving fluids.

It explains how lift is generated on an airplane wing.

The tendency of an object to return to its original shape and size when external forces are removed.

Buoyancy and the upward force exerted on an object submerged in a fluid.

The pressures exerted by the fluid are equal.

The ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain, measuring a solid's resistance to length change.

The ratio of shear stress to shear strain, measuring resistance to motion of parallel planes within a solid.

0.50 m/s.

4.0 cm.

Pascal.

To ensure that B is a positive number, as an increase in pressure causes a decrease in volume.

The velocity of fluid particles at any point remains constant over time.

No, absolute pressure cannot be negative; the smallest absolute pressure is zero.

Pascal's Principle.

The required cross-sectional area of a wire.

Calculated based on the hammer's speed and rebound speed.

By using the formula that incorporates the liquid's density and the depth.

A principle stating that pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted undiminished in all directions.

The flow rate (volume flux) is constant.

A parallelogram.

No change in volume occurs.

Breathing, blood flow, swimming, pumps, fans, turbines, airplanes, ships, rivers, windmills, pipes, missiles, icebergs, engines, filters, jets, and sprinklers.

Water circulation in a hot water heating system.

The sum of pressure, kinetic energy per unit volume, and gravitational potential energy per unit volume is constant along a streamline.

Shear strain = x/h (where x is the horizontal distance moved and h is the height of the object).

The material is difficult to bend.

It is a consequence of the conservation of energy.

940 N.

The volume of fluid entering one end equals the volume leaving the other end in the same time interval if no leaks are present.

Pressure is the ratio of the force acting perpendicular to a surface to the surface area (A) on which the force acts.

The strain that occurs when the ends of a bar are pulled with equal and opposite forces, causing it to stretch.

Calculated using Bernoulli's equation.

F1/A1 = F2/A2, where F1 is the force on the small piston, A1 is its area, F2 is the weight of the car, and A2 is the area of the large piston.

The conclusion about the output force and applications of Pascal's principle.

Compressibility of the material.

N/m², called Pascal (Pa).

Energy stored in a stretched wire.

Density, compressibility, temperature, and viscosity of the fluid.

As the force per unit area causing deformation, measured in Pascals (Pa).

0.50 m³.

The object's density compared to the fluid's density and the buoyant force acting on it.

As the fractional change in volume, calculated as the change in volume divided by the original volume.

The velocity increases.

The flow of a fluid that cannot be compressed, typical of most liquids.

Viscous fluids do not flow easily (like honey), while non-viscous fluids flow more easily (like water).

A substance that continually deforms (flows) under an applied shear stress or external force.

It should have a diameter of a larger order of magnitude.

Any object completely or partially submerged in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body.

The stress will be proportional to the strain.

The force applied to the small piston must be proportional to the area of the large piston to support the weight.

Conservation of mass for an incompressible fluid flowing in a tube.

It accounts for potential energy changes in the fluid due to elevation.

The ratio of volume stress to volume strain, measuring resistance to changes in volume.

0.5 cm.

It decreases with increase in altitude due to decrease in the density of the air.

Depends on the shear stress limit of steel.

Because the forces acting on it are balanced.

The volume changes due to the increase in pressure.

Tensile strain.

The fluid velocity increases.

The liquid simply flows in response.

2.6 cm.

Liquids and gases.

Fluid pressure does not depend on the shape of the container.

Density is the quantity of mass (m) per unit volume (V).

The ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a standard substance, usually pure water.

SG = 2,700 kg/m³ / 1,000 kg/m³ = 2.7.

By comparing its weight in air and its weight when submerged in a fluid.

It varies with depth according to the expression P = P₀ + ρgh.

The product of the cross-sectional area A and the speed v at any point is a constant.

Force per unit area.

The pressure relative to atmospheric pressure, positive for pressures above and negative for pressures below atmospheric pressure.

101.3 kPa.

The hydraulic press.

A force causes permanent and irreversible deformation called plastic deformation.

By solving for the radius from the cross-sectional area.

Because of the buoyant force acting on it.

Calculated based on water density and depth.

Newton per square meter (N/m²).

It relates pressure, velocity, and elevation in a fluid moving through a pipe.

The mechanics of fluids in motion (fluid dynamics) or at rest (fluid statics) and the forces on them.

A type of flow where fluid layers slide smoothly past each other with constant velocity and pressure.

Av = constant, where A is the cross-sectional area and v is the fluid velocity.

Depends on the wire's cross-sectional area and Young's modulus.

The pressure is transmitted throughout the fluid to a larger piston without any change.

Materials that do not regain their original shape and size when the deforming force is removed.

Stress and strain.

The constant of proportionality between stress and strain.

The fluid is non-viscous, incompressible, and in steady flow with no rotation.

It consists of a series of parentheses and slashes.

A rod or wire stressed under tension or compression.

No, because liquids do not sustain shearing or tensile stress.

The material does not compress easily.

Materials that regain their original shape and size when the deforming force is removed.

An increase in pressure causes a decrease in volume and vice versa.

Tensile, shear, and volume stresses.

All points at the same level in a fluid have the same pressure.

1,000 kg/m³.

Calculated based on the water depth.

The total pressure, which is the sum of gauge pressure and atmospheric pressure.

Fluid pressure increases with increase in the depth of the fluid.

The difference in pressure between a system and the surrounding atmosphere.

A reversible deformation caused by a force applied within the elastic limit.

Less than, because lead is denser than iron.

Depends on the bulk modulus of ice.

Density = mass / volume.

The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.

It is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.

The flow becomes turbulent, resulting in irregular movement and energy loss due to internal friction.

The fluid is non-viscous, steady, incompressible, and irrotational.

Absolute pressure is the sum of gauge pressure and atmospheric pressure.

The measure of deformation defined as the change in configuration of a body divided by its initial configuration; it is a unitless quantity.

The force producing a deformation.

It states that the mass flow rate of a fluid must remain constant from one cross-section of a pipe to another.

The degree of deformation.

The difference in pressure between the top and bottom of the object due to fluid depth.

Elastic materials return to their original shape after deformation, while plastic materials do not.

The density of a liquid will increase slightly with increasing depth, but this variation is usually negligible.

Young's modulus (elongation), shear modulus (internal sliding), and bulk modulus (volume change).

The force per unit area exerted by the fluid on a surface.

Pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to every point in the fluid and the walls of the container.

The upward force exerted by a fluid on a submerged object.