Where does the process of ATP production usually occur?
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In the mitochondria.
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Where does the process of ATP production usually occur?
In the mitochondria.
What form do carbohydrates take as fuel stores in the body?
Glycogen.
What are the products of cellular respiration?
Carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), and ATP
Where are fats stored in the body?
In adipose tissues, which are found throughout our bodies.
What type of carbohydrate is starch?
Polysaccharide.
What is the breakdown product of various fuels that serves as a precursor for an array of products?
Acetate (acetyl-CoA).
What is catabolism?
The process of breaking down larger molecules into smaller, simpler end products, releasing energy in the form of ATP and reduced electron carriers (NADH, NADPH, and FADH2), with some energy lost as heat.
What is the role of ATP in cellular respiration?
ATP provides energy for cellular work.
What are the end products of catabolism?
energy-depleted end product
What are the two main products generated from the oxidation of dietary fuels?
Heat and ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
What is the storage form of glucose in the body?
Glycogen.
What is a monosaccharide?
A carbohydrate consisting of one sugar unit.
What is the starting material that is regenerated and reenters the cyclic pathway?
Oxaloacetate.
What happens during the process of respiration in animal cells?
Animal cells consume oxygen and produce carbon dioxide and water, which are recycled to be used by plants again.
What is the major fuel store in the body?
Fats.
What is the key metabolic intermediate that serves as a precursor for various fuels and products?
Acetate (acetyl-CoA).
What are the products of photosynthesis?
Glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2)
How is ATP produced at ATP synthase?
ATP synthase uses the established electrochemical gradient to synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (P).
What is the primary role of ATP in cells?
To provide energy needed to drive processes such as biosynthetic reactions, muscle contractions, and active transport across membranes.
What are the components of ATP?
Adenine ring, ribose sugar, and high-energy bonds.
Where is glycogen mainly stored in the body?
In the liver and muscles.
What are three specific processes that ATP provides energy for?
What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
Oxygen (O2).
What is anabolism?
The process of building up larger and more complex molecules from smaller precursor molecules, requiring energy input in the form of phosphoryl group transfer potential of ATP and reducing power of NADH, NADPH, and FADH2.
How do plant cells trap and store energy?
They trap radiant energy from the sun and store it as chemical bond energy through photosynthesis.
How is energy released from dietary fuels?
By oxidation of the dietary fuels (carbohydrate, protein and lipid) to carbon dioxide and water molecules.
When are proteins used as a fuel source in the body?
When we fast.
What are the three types of nonlinear metabolic pathways?
Converging catabolism, diverging anabolism, and cyclic pathways.
What is the significance of NADH and FADH2 in the electron transport chain?
NADH and FADH2 deliver electrons to respiratory enzyme complexes, initiating the electron transport chain.
What is the role of the proton gradient in ATP synthesis?
The proton gradient drives the synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase.
What does ATP convert to after providing energy?
ATP converts to ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and Pi (inorganic phosphate).
In which areas of the body do fats tend to accumulate more?
Hips, thighs, and abdomens.
From where are proteins primarily sourced in the body?
From large muscle masses.
What is metabolism?
The sum of chemical transformations taking place in a cell or organism, occurring through a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that constitute the metabolic pathways.
What type of energy is used in photosynthesis?
Radiant energy from the sun
What are the three main types of dietary fuels?
Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
What elements do plant cells extract to make biomolecules?
Carbon and oxygen from carbon dioxide, nitrogen from soil, hydrogen and oxygen from water.
What is the major dietary carbohydrate?
Starch.
What type of carbohydrate is glycogen?
Polysaccharide.
How is energy stored in plants?
Energy is stored in biomolecules during photosynthesis.
What are the energy carriers involved in anabolism?
ATP, NADH, NADPH, and FADH2.
What type of carbohydrate is glucose?
Monosaccharide.
Why is NADH important in the electron transport chain?
NADH is important because it donates electrons to the electron transport chain, why these electrons have high energy, which is used to pump protons (H+) across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating a proton gradient which is important for the production of ATP from ATP synthase
How do animal cells store excess energy?
They store it in the form of glycogen and lipid molecules.
What is the role of the electron transport chain in mitochondria?
The electron transport chain creates a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane which is used for ATP production at ATP synthase
Name 5 processes require energy utilisation (use of ATP)
biosynthesis
thermogenesis
muscle contraction
active ion transport
detoxification
Examples of precursor molecules used in anabolism?
Amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, and nitrogenous bases.
What happens at respiratory complex II (FADH2) in the electron transport chain?
FADH2 delivers electrons to respiratory enzyme complex II, contributing to the electron transport chain.
Explain why the entry points of NADH and FADH2 into the electron transport chain and how it leads to NADH produce more energy than FADH2
NADH deliver electrons to respiratory enzyme complex I. This reaction involve the conversion of NADH to NAD+. As electrons are transported through complex I, energy is released, which the energy can pump the protons from the mitochondrial matrix to intramembrane space. This process creates an electrochemical gradient between the mitochondrial matrix and intermembrane space, which is important for ATP production at ATP synthase.
However, FADH2 donate its electron to electrons in respiratory enzyme complex II, which the electrons will then transfer to coenzyme Q. However, complex II does not pump protons into inter membrane space. As a result, the proton gradient generated when FADH2 donates its electrons to respiratory enzyme is less steep compared to that created by NADH.
As a result, as FADH does not contribute to the establishment of proton gradient, it lacks of proton pumping which result in lower yield of ATP compared to NADH which contribute a lot in proton gradient.
How do animal cells obtain energy?
They import energy and extract it from biomolecules through the process called respiration.
What biomolecules do plant cells make using extracted elements?
Glucose and amino acids.
What is the general equation for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
What is the general equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
What happens at respiratory complex I (NADH) in the electron transport chain?
NADH delivers electrons to respiratory enzyme complex I. Energy is released during the redox reaction occur in respiratory enzyme complex. The energy released pumps H+ into the inter membrane space, creating electrochemical gradient between mitochondria matrix and inter membrane space.
State the 4 process of ATP synthesis mechanism at ATP synthase
Protons flow down their electrochemical gradient through stationary stator
Each H+ binds to a subunit of the rotor, causing it change shape and making the rotor spin
The spinning rotor turn the connecting rod
As the rod spins, it activate catalytic sites in the knob that join pi to ADP to make ATP
