What hormones are produced by the cells of the theca interna?
Click to see answer
Androgens.
Click to see question
What hormones are produced by the cells of the theca interna?
Androgens.
What does placenta accreta mean?
It refers to a condition where the placenta attaches too deeply and firmly to the uterine wall, sometimes penetrating into the uterine muscle.
How might placenta previa impact a pregnancy?
It can lead to vaginal bleeding during pregnancy, especially in the later stages.
Why are uterine spiral arteries important during pregnancy?
They supply nutrients to the placenta and fetus.
What is the name of the condition characterized by abnormally low levels of amniotic fluid?
Oligohydramnios.
What do primordial follicles consist of?
An immature egg (oocyte) surrounded by a single layer of granulosa cells.
What is the medical term for a placenta implanted in the lower part of the uterus, partially covering the cervix?
Placenta previa.
What is the medical term for a twisted fallopian tube?
Tubal torsion.
What does a small, calcified placenta suggest?
It suggests placental insufficiency.
What are the potential risks associated with placenta accreta during delivery?
It can lead to difficulty in separating the placenta from the uterus, increasing the risk of postpartum hemorrhage.
What does a biopsy revealing a gestational sac with trophoblastic tissue indicate?
It indicates an ectopic or molar pregnancy.
What is the term for the condition where the placenta is not fully expelled after delivery?
Retained placenta.
Why might a small, calcified placenta lead to fetal growth restriction?
It may not provide adequate oxygen and nutrients to the fetus.
What is the function of theca cells in the ovary?
They produce androgens, which are precursors to female sex hormones like estrogen.
What are vaginal rugae?
Transverse ridges formed by the underlying muscular layer of the vagina.
What is the histological finding in an ectopic or molar pregnancy?
A gestational sac with trophoblastic tissue implanted into the endometrial lining.
How does preeclampsia affect the function of the placenta?
It causes inadequate blood flow through the placental vessels.
What is the role of primordial follicles in the menstrual cycle?
They are the starting point for follicle development.
What are the risks posed to the pregnancy due to preeclampsia?
Poor oxygen and nutrient exchange, foetal growth restriction, and preterm birth.
What type of epithelium is observed in the vaginal epithelium?
Stratified squamous epithelium.
What is the term for the unique structure resembling a pile of small beads in the ovaries?
The theca interna layer.
What is the histological pattern described in the uterine biopsy?
Anovulatory cycle or anovulatory endometrium.
What anatomical structure is central to the regulation of menstrual bleeding?
The ovary.
How might an anteflexed uterus impact fertility and pregnancy outcomes?
Generally considered favorable for fertility and pregnancy, but other factors like hormonal imbalances and reproductive disorders may contribute to infertility and miscarriages.
What is the specific name for the cells that have a 'fried-egg' appearance in ovarian tissue?
Theca cells.
What anatomical structure could the raised areas on the vaginal walls be associated with?
The vaginal rugae.
Where are primordial follicles located in the ovary?
In the ovarian cortex.
How can placental abruption affect fetal development?
It can reduce blood flow to the fetus, leading to fetal distress, growth restriction, and even stillbirth.
What imaging finding was noted in the patient?
Fallopian tubes adhered to surrounding structures.
How are androgens converted into estrogen in the ovary?
Androgens produced by theca cells are converted into estrogen by adjacent granulosa cells.
What is a corpus luteum cyst?
A type of ovarian cyst that emerges after ovulation when the follicle transforms into the corpus luteum.
What do blood tests indicate in this patient?
Low hemoglobin levels.
What happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy does not occur?
It may form a cyst filled with fluid.
Why is stratified squamous epithelium well-suited for the vagina?
It can withstand mechanical stress, such as stretching during childbirth and sexual intercourse.
What diagnostic method revealed the cystic ovarian mass?
Ultrasound.
What is the purpose of Station 4?
To provide a guide for answering questions in the next slide.
How are androgens utilized in the ovaries?
They are used by granulosa cells to produce estrogens.
What are the small structures found in the ovarian biopsy sample?
Primordial follicles.
What leads to the lack of secretory changes in the endometrial glands?
Lack of ovulation, resulting in hormonal imbalances and absence of progesterone production.
What is the nature of the growth found in the uterine wall?
Localized and non-cancerous.
How does oligohydramnios impact the function of the placenta?
It may compromise placental function due to reduced fluid volume and impaired circulation.
What condition might be causing abnormal uterine bleeding and an enlarged, tender ovary?
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS).
What might be required to treat tubal torsion?
Surgical intervention to untwist the tube and restore blood supply.
How do ovarian cysts relate to the menstrual cycle?
They often result from the regular processes of the menstrual cycle.
What symptoms does the patient present with?
Heavy, irregular menstrual bleeding, tiredness, and fatigue.
What might the raised areas on the vaginal walls indicate in this patient?
Chronic irritation due to recurrent infections.
What role do theca and granulosa cells play in the ovary?
They regulate hormonal levels within the ovary and the menstrual cycle.
What is the function of vaginal rugae?
To allow the vagina to expand during childbirth and sexual intercourse.
What tissues can be found in a dermoid cyst?
A variety of tissues including skin, hair, teeth, and glands.
What condition is responsible for sensations of pelvic pressure and bulging in the vaginal canal?
Pelvic organ prolapse.
What role does the basal layer of the vaginal epithelium play?
It provides a constant supply of new cells to replace those shed from the surface.
What symptoms did the 47-year-old patient present with?
Lower abdominal pain and fever.
What term describes the growth of spiral arteries into the endometrium?
Arterial spiralization.
What term describes the condition of fallopian tubes being fused to nearby tissues?
Tubal adhesions.
What complications can arise from tubal torsion?
Compromised blood flow, tissue damage, necrosis, and potential infertility.
How does inadequate spiral artery remodeling affect pregnancy?
It can compromise blood supply to the developing placenta, leading to poor placental perfusion and miscarriages.
What acute symptoms might a patient with tubal torsion experience?
Severe abdominal pain.
What are possible underlying causes for anovulatory cycles?
Hormonal imbalances, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and certain medical conditions.
Where does a fertilized egg commonly implant in an ectopic pregnancy?
In the fallopian tubes.
What condition is indicated by high blood pressure and proteinuria in a pregnant patient?
Preeclampsia.
What blood test result is elevated in a patient with suspected OHSS?
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).
How does fetal distress relate to meconium aspiration syndrome?
Fetal distress may lead to the passage of meconium into the amniotic fluid.
What do Bartholin's glands secrete?
Mucus-like fluid that helps lubricate the vaginal canal.
What can happen if a baby inhales meconium?
It can cause respiratory problems.
What are the symptoms of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS)?
Abnormal uterine bleeding and an enlarged, tender ovary.
What can result from compromised placental function due to preeclampsia?
Foetal growth restriction and other complications.
What symptoms does the patient present with?
Irregular menstrual cycles and excessive facial hair growth.
What can descend and bulge into the vaginal canal due to pelvic organ prolapse?
The uterus, bladder, or rectum.
What is the primary function of the corpus luteum after ovulation?
To produce hormones, mainly progesterone, to prepare the uterine lining for potential pregnancy.
What symptoms are associated with salpingitis?
Sharp pelvic pain, fever, and tenderness on one side.
What does decreased fetal movement in a pregnant woman indicate?
It may indicate placental insufficiency.
What is the anatomical term for a uterus that is tilted forward and positioned more anteriorly?
Anteflexed uterus.
Why is the interaction between theca interna and granulosa cells important?
It is critical for maintaining hormone balance and follicular development.
What are the potential consequences of placental insufficiency?
Fetal growth restriction and potential developmental problems.
What placental change can occur due to chronic hypertension in pregnancy?
Placental abruption, where the placenta separates from the uterine wall prematurely.
What is the medical term for a fluid-filled sac within the ovary?
Ovarian cyst.
What is the specific term for the type of uterine growth observed?
Uterine fibroids.
Why is it important to address retained placenta promptly?
To prevent postpartum hemorrhage and excessive bleeding.
What do primordial follicles represent in the ovary?
The ovarian reserve of eggs.
What can happen if the placenta is not expelled or is incompletely detached?
It can result in continued bleeding and potential complications for the mother.
What triggers ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS)?
Fertility treatments that stimulate the ovaries to produce multiple eggs.
What type of ovarian tumor is characterized by a cystic mass with a mural nodule?
Dermoid cyst, also known as a mature cystic teratoma.
What anatomical structure is likely to be affected in a patient with pelvic pressure and bulging in the vaginal canal?
The pelvic floor.
What symptoms can a ruptured ovarian cyst cause?
Sharp, cyclic pelvic pain, nausea, and vomiting.
What symptoms may result from reduced vaginal lubrication due to aging?
Vaginal dryness, irritation, and dyspareunia (pain during intercourse).
How does PID affect the rectouterine pouch?
It can cause inflammation and infection, leading to the accumulation of pus or fluid.
What is the term for the structure formed by the remnants of a ruptured ovarian follicle after ovulation?
Corpus luteum.
What type of growth was observed during the diagnostic laparoscopy?
An abnormal growth within the uterine wall containing smooth muscle and glandular tissue.
What can cause tubal adhesions?
Previous pelvic surgeries, infections, or inflammatory conditions.
What condition might be causing the patient's symptoms of heavy, irregular menstrual bleeding?
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding.
What severe intervention might be necessary in cases of severe placenta accreta?
A hysterectomy might be necessary to stop the bleeding.
What condition is associated with elevated blood pressure, proteinuria, and swelling in a pregnant patient?
Preeclampsia.
What does the thickened and yellowish appearance of the placenta indicate?
It suggests fetal distress.
What anatomical structure is responsible for producing vaginal lubrication?
Bartholin's glands (greater vestibular glands).
What are the finger-like projections observed in the vaginal mucosa?
They are known as vaginal rugae.
What is the function of vaginal rugae?
They allow the vaginal canal to expand and contract during childbirth and sexual intercourse.
How does aging affect the functionality of Bartholin's glands?
There is a decline in estrogen levels, leading to atrophy of the glands and reduced secretions.
What symptoms did the young patient present with?
Lower abdominal pain.
What hormonal assessment result is noted in the patient?
Elevated levels of androgens.
What is a common cause of salpingitis?
Bacterial infection, often due to sexually transmitted infections (STIs) like gonorrhea or chlamydia.
What can happen if salpingitis is left untreated?
It can lead to complications.
What is the likely diagnosis for a newborn with low birth weight and respiratory distress?
Meconium aspiration syndrome.
What symptom did the patient present with?
Chronic pelvic pain.
What are the characteristics of dysfunctional uterine bleeding?
Abnormal bleeding patterns not related to structural abnormalities, caused by hormonal imbalances affecting the endometrium.
What role does amniotic fluid play for the developing fetus?
It cushions and protects the fetus, facilitates movement, and aids in lung development.
What do small infarcts and fibrin deposits in the placenta indicate?
Compromised blood flow.
What risks can oligohydramnios pose to the developing fetus?
Foetal growth restriction, developmental abnormalities, and complications during labour and delivery.
How does preeclampsia affect the fetus?
It can negatively impact the fetus's oxygen and nutrient supply.
What do blood vessels in the placenta need to do after delivery?
They need to be properly closed off to prevent excessive bleeding.
What are potential effects of preeclampsia on the mother?
Maternal organ damage and other serious complications.
What hormonal change occurs around menopause that affects vaginal lubrication?
A decline in estrogen levels.
What causes pelvic organ prolapse?
Weakened pelvic floor muscles and connective tissues.
What does the biopsy of a dermoid cyst reveal?
A mixture of cells resembling various tissues.
What anatomical structure could be involved in a patient with lower abdominal pain and a tender mass posterior to the uterus?
Rectouterine pouch, also known as Douglas' pouch.
What condition might be responsible for the tender mass found during pelvic examination?
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).
What ovarian condition is associated with these symptoms?
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
What causes the formation of multiple small cysts in PCOS?
Follicles not maturing properly.
What sensations are caused by pelvic organ prolapse?
Sensations of pressure and discomfort.
What hormonal imbalances can PCOS lead to?
Hormonal imbalances and insulin resistance.
What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization occurs?
It continues to produce hormones to support early pregnancy.
What occurs to the corpus luteum if pregnancy does not happen?
It will regress over time.
What is the medical term for an inflamed and enlarged fallopian tube?
Salpingitis.
What difficulties can arise from PCOS?
Difficulties with ovulation.
