Cognitive 4

Automatic Processing.

Those things that we attend to.

Other necessary component skills, such as pronunciation and comprehension of text.

The drawing of attention to a location due to the appearance of a stimulus.

The features can be automatically combined to form a letter.

A red circle among blue circles will pop out and be automatically seen.

Mostly similar looking objects with one differing object.

Concentration or increasing the gain of a stimulus in the environment.

Choosing which actions to take based on focused attention.

No, it consumes few or no conscious resources.

Incidental learning is as effective as intentional learning, although intentional learning is often considered better.

The brain and central nervous system (CNS).

The process by which a person can selectively pick out a message from a mixture of messages occurring simultaneously.

Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention.

The ability to improve perception of certain stimuli.

The effects of cell phones on simulated driving tasks.

Driving a car.

Processing capacity and perceptual load.

There must be a connection to the person's control of actions.

They do not interfere with other mental activities.

We are quicker to detect objects at places that have been cued before.

92%.

It involves the ability to direct attention intentionally.

The dorsal attention network, including areas like the parietal cortex and frontal eye fields.

Perception that occurs without conscious awareness.

a) Recall by ear of presentation; b) Recall in the sequence of presentation.

It can be retained despite lack of awareness.

Expectation established by prior processing with the channel.

Expectations can momentarily lower the thresholds for certain words, such as one's own name or danger signals.

The unconscious and effortless processing of information, often occurring without intentional control.

Attention brings events into consciousness.

Listening to two different messages but being able to follow only one and ignore the others.

They tend to be perceived as units rather than individual letters, leading to less focus on individual letters.

FINISHED FILES ARE THE RESULT OF YEARS OF SCIENTIFIC STUDY COMBINED WITH THE EXPERIENCE OF MANY YEARS.

The Stroop effect, where participants experience conflict between naming colors and reading words.

Yes, it can be driven by goals (voluntary) or by external stimuli (reflexive).

Increased traffic, construction signs, or rutted roads.

Broadbent in 1958.

Fears and immoral urges.

It is difficult.

To focus on specific stimuli, filter out distractions, and allocate cognitive resources.

The display of a word facilitates the recognition of an associate to that word without conscious awareness.

It suggests that attention was switched between sources more often in the second condition.

With practice, through automatic processing.

The process of tracking one conversation in the face of distractions from other conversations.

Words require less capacity to recognize if they are seen as a unit rather than as individual letters.

Due to limited channel capacity.

They determine how well people can ignore distractions while focusing on a task.

The ability to focus on specific stimuli while ignoring others.

How people select information when a processing stage becomes overloaded.

Cueing refers to the use of signals to direct attention to specific locations or stimuli.

Perception without awareness.

It suggests that some information is weakened but not completely filtered out.

It acts as a gatekeeper for consciousness.

It suggests that information can be processed without conscious awareness.

It becomes conscious.

Attempts to revive them failed.

It requires little conscious attention.

A type of processing that does not require attention or deliberate effort.

It becomes more difficult.

Yes, they can be done without giving a thought or effort.

Automatic learning requires little capacity, while effortful learning can lead to interference when capacity is exceeded.

“Knowledge of ON THE HILL”.

It uses mental resources that would otherwise be used for driving.

To measure the interference of automatic processes on cognitive tasks.

It studies the neural mechanisms underlying attention processes.

Consciousness allows for awareness of attended stimuli.

20%.

External or internal stimuli that divert focus from the primary task.

A unique stimulus can be located much faster than similar stimuli.

The mental process of selectively attending to a stimulus without moving the eyes or body towards it.

Attend to a message in one ear while the linguistic meaning shifted between ears.

It was not cut off from the participants’ knowledge of the second language.

To create the perception of a coherent object.

Thoughts and perception.

Due to the importance of driving in society and the risks of distractions.

Both can improve performance, and no significant effects are noted when tasks are already carried out efficiently.

It can be voluntary or reflexive, depending on conscious control or automatic response to stimuli.

The brain processes and structures that enable attention to function.

It coordinates eye movements and spatial attention.

It helps in directing attention to specific locations in the environment.

It does not give rise to conscious awareness.

Channel capacity.

They become automatic.

Count the f's in the sentence.

It passes through a selective filter into a limited-capacity channel.

Maintaining an action in the presence of potential distractions.

Reading a book while being aware of background noises without looking away from the text.

No, it is concealed from consciousness.

Two boys were discovered drowned at a local pool.

It is the store of words where some have lower thresholds for attention.

Selective attention and cognitive control.

The ability to identify the features of a letter.

The amount of information people can handle, setting a limit on their ability to process incoming information.

Things that direct our attention away from something we are doing.

The two messages were of the same meaning.

Talking while driving on a familiar road with light traffic.

Because reading is a more powerful automatic process than color naming.

The nature and definition of consciousness itself.

Processing that occurs without conscious effort or control.

Activation of corresponding representation in long-term memory.

Covert attention refers to focusing without moving the eyes, while overt attention involves direct eye movement towards the object of focus.

It filters information before it reaches awareness.

Distractions can lead to inattentional blindness, where important stimuli are overlooked.

Attention serves as an attenuator, acting as an adjustment switch.

Because locking the door has become an automatic response.

The capability of automatic processing.

A phenomenon where a unique visual stimulus stands out noticeably among similar objects.

It occurs when attention is drawn to a specific location.

Limiting the number of items based on some perceptual characteristics for further processing.

Maintaining focus over time.

The concept of bottleneck.

Thoughts coming from within that divert attention, often referred to as daydreaming.

Left Ear: 6, 4, 2; Right Ear: 9, 7, 3.

People talking on cell phones and texting.

Deutsch and Norman in 1968.

High arousal can decrease performance, while emotional states generally have no effects.

The ability to process multiple sources of information simultaneously.

Turning the head to look at a person who just entered a room.

It implies that one has to choose to focus on something.

Focusing.

The difficulty of a task.

The concentration of mental effort on sensory or mental events.

Apply the brakes as quickly as possible in response to a red light.

A flash at a location that prompts an eye movement (saccade) to that location.

How we can miss things even if they are clearly visible.

They are recognized but quickly forgotten unless they are important.

Selective attention and divided attention.

Debates exist over its effectiveness and ethical implications in advertising.

Valid cues correctly indicate where a stimulus will appear, while invalid cues mislead the participant.

15 minutes.

A phenomenon where certain stimuli stand out and capture attention automatically.

Performing tasks without paying attention due to years of practice.

That the attention system is separate from other brain systems, such as data processing systems.

It indicates a lack of awareness or attention to visual stimuli.

French and English.

The amount of information that can be processed at one time.

Attending to objects in the environment across different sensory modalities and spatial locations.

The late-selection model.

A task where 3 digits are presented in one ear and another 3 digits in the other ear simultaneously.

Automatic processes can hinder our ability to adapt our thought processes to the task at hand.

A boy in the library thinking about what he will do later instead of solving math problems.

We tend to attend to the meaning rather than to the message from only one ear.

65%.

To study how attention is allocated and how it influences perception and reaction times.

During a football match or while reading a technical report.

Locking the door without consciously thinking about it.

It explains how we can hear without actively attending to the stimuli.

It refers to the distinction between hearing and actively listening.

The single-channel theory.

A test involving words printed in different colors where participants name the color instead of reading the word.

Phones and the internet.

Sigmund Freud.

Reading words or tying a knot in shoelaces.

Posner in 1980.

Cueing can significantly reduce reaction times by directing attention to the expected location of a stimulus.

Stimuli can be strong enough to influence thoughts, such as in campaign advertisements.

Interference occurs when the amount of available capacity is exceeded.

It focuses on certain preferred stimuli by monitoring or toning down excluded cues.

There is decreased performance in young children and the elderly, while skills acquired early do not decline in old age.

The failure to notice a fully visible but unexpected object because attention was engaged on another task.

It evaluates the signal based on gross physical characteristics like volume and loudness.

Shadowed a passage from Orwell’s England, Your England.

Integrating different features of objects into a coherent perception.

Through a number of parallel sensory channels.

1. Occurs without intention, 2) Concealed from consciousness, 3) Consumes few (or no) conscious resources.

Participants missed twice as many red lights and took longer to apply the brakes.

The physical movement of sensory organs, typically the eyes, to focus on a specific stimulus or location.

Because we can attend to some things but not to everything.

Driving with fewer mental resources available to focus on driving.

Naming the color of words that are printed in different colors.

Both the dorsal and ventral attention networks.

Participants take longer to name the color of words when the word itself is a different color.

Attending to two or more things at once.

Initial screening of information through the perceptual filter.

Limited processing capacity.

Distinct neural codes, such as high-pitched or low-pitched signals.

The various aspects and mechanisms of attention.

No, it occurs without intention.

Choosing an action to be performed from among a set of possibilities.

The stimuli we attend to and the situation.

The difficulty of overriding automatic responses.

Listening to one voice in a party.

Watching a bird fly across the sky and following its movement with the eyes.

Prioritize information processing without physically shifting their gaze or body posture.

“THERE IS A HOUSE understand the word”.

Regulating our internal mental life.

Clearness of the stimuli from competing signals, noise, or interruptions.

“There is a house on a hill”.

Contextual effects of language can cause subjects to report words from the unattended channel.

The highest combined activation from sensory input and pertinence.

Understanding how individuals prioritize and process information.

10 lifeguards and 20 camp counselors.

Driving while having conversations, listening to music, and thinking about future plans.

It involves redirecting sensory organs towards the object or location of interest, resulting in changes in visual input.

Visual cues, such as arrows or changes in color, and auditory cues.

Shadowing refers to the act of repeating words aloud, sometimes inappropriately, from the unattended channel.

The process of focusing on a particular object in the environment for a certain period while ignoring others.

Object recognition and identification.

It intercedes between the signal and its verbal processing, regulating the 'volume' of the message.