p.16
Definition of Voluntary Actions
What is a voluntary action?
A conscious action that is under the control of the cerebrum.
p.31
Nervous Pathway of Voluntary Actions
What happens when sensory neurons or receptors are damaged?
No nerve impulse is transmitted from the receptor to the brain to produce the sensation of pain.
p.5
Comparison between Reflex and Voluntary Actions
What are the two main types of actions in the nervous system?
Reflex actions and voluntary actions.
p.2
Definition of Reflex Actions
What is a reflex action?
A rapid automatic response to a stimulus.
p.2
Characteristics of Reflex Actions
What is the purpose of reflex actions?
To allow the body to respond quickly and protect us from danger.
p.35
Mechanism of Reflex Actions
What are the components of a reflex arc?
Receptor, sensory neurone, interneuron (may be absent), motor neurone, and effector.
p.13
Comparison between Reflex and Voluntary Actions
What is the primary difference between reflex actions and voluntary actions?
Reflex actions are automatic responses to stimuli, while voluntary actions are controlled and intentional.
p.17
Nervous Pathway of Voluntary Actions
What is the role of receptors in voluntary actions?
Receptors detect a stimulus and generate nerve impulses.
p.30
Comparison between Reflex and Voluntary Actions
What did the doctor confirm about the person's brain?
That it is functioning normally.
p.31
Nervous Pathway of Voluntary Actions
What is the consequence of damaged sensory neurons?
The sensation of pain is not produced.
p.26
Comparison between Reflex and Voluntary Actions
What are the two main types of actions in the nervous system?
Reflex actions and voluntary actions.
p.26
Nervous Pathway of Voluntary Actions
What role do neurones play in reflex and voluntary actions?
They transmit signals between the brain and spinal cord.
p.9
Withdrawal Reflex Process
What is the primary function of the withdrawal reflex?
To withdraw the hand from a harmful stimulus.
p.8
Comparison between Reflex and Voluntary Actions
What is the primary difference between reflex actions and voluntary actions?
Reflex actions are automatic responses, while voluntary actions are controlled and intentional.
p.7
Withdrawal Reflex Process
What is the pathway of nerve impulses in the withdrawal reflex?
Nerve impulses are transmitted along the sensory neurone to the spinal cord and then to the brain.
p.10
Comparison between Reflex and Voluntary Actions
What is the primary difference between reflex actions and voluntary actions?
Reflex actions are automatic responses, while voluntary actions are controlled and intentional.
p.1
Comparison between Reflex and Voluntary Actions
What distinguishes reflex actions from voluntary actions?
Reflex actions are automatic responses, while voluntary actions are controlled consciously.
p.1
Comparison between Reflex and Voluntary Actions
Are reflex actions controlled by the cerebrum?
No, they are primarily controlled by the medulla oblongata and spinal cord.
p.33
Definition of Reflex Actions
What are reflex actions?
Automatic responses to stimuli that do not involve conscious thought.
p.30
Definition of Reflex Actions
What is the person's inability after the accident?
He cannot feel pain or withdraw his arm when pricked by a pin.
p.3
Definition of Reflex Actions
What is a reflex action?
An involuntary and automatic response to a stimulus.
p.11
Comparison between Reflex and Voluntary Actions
How do reflex actions differ from voluntary actions?
Reflex actions occur automatically without conscious thought, while voluntary actions are controlled and deliberate.
p.36
Definition of Voluntary Actions
What are voluntary actions?
Deliberate movements that involve conscious control.
p.36
Comparison between Reflex and Voluntary Actions
How do reflex actions differ from voluntary actions?
Reflex actions are automatic, while voluntary actions require conscious thought.
p.8
Withdrawal Reflex Process
Where do nerve impulses go after reaching the spinal cord in the withdrawal reflex?
They are transmitted to the brain to cause sensation.
p.1
Nervous Pathway of Voluntary Actions
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for reflex actions?
Medulla oblongata and spinal cord.
p.19
Comparison between Reflex and Voluntary Actions
What are the two main types of actions discussed?
Reflex actions and voluntary actions.
p.15
Knee Jerk Reflex Process
What is the primary function of the knee jerk reflex?
To cause the thigh muscle to contract and the leg to kick forward.
p.17
Comparison between Reflex and Voluntary Actions
What is the main difference between reflex actions and voluntary actions?
Reflex actions are automatic responses to stimuli, while voluntary actions are conscious and intentional.
p.10
Comparison between Reflex and Voluntary Actions
Can the brain control reflex actions?
No, reflex actions are automatic and occur without direct control from the brain.
p.9
Withdrawal Reflex Process
What happens to the arm muscle during the withdrawal reflex?
The arm muscle contracts.
p.8
Withdrawal Reflex Process
What is the role of the interneurone in the withdrawal reflex?
It transmits nerve impulses between sensory and motor neurones.
p.22
Nervous Pathway of Voluntary Actions
What is the role of the spinal cord in voluntary actions?
The spinal cord transmits nerve impulses from the motor areas of the cerebrum to effectors.
p.14
Comparison between Reflex and Voluntary Actions
What is the primary difference between reflex actions and voluntary actions?
Reflex actions are automatic responses to stimuli, while voluntary actions are conscious and intentional.
p.9
Mechanism of Reflex Actions
What is the pathway of the withdrawal reflex?
From the hand to the spinal cord, then to the brain.
p.36
Characteristics of Reflex Actions
Can reflex actions be controlled consciously?
No, they occur automatically without conscious control.
p.8
Withdrawal Reflex Process
What is the function of the motor neurone in the reflex arc?
It carries impulses to the arm muscle to initiate a response.
p.36
Nervous Pathway of Voluntary Actions
Do voluntary actions involve the nervous system?
Yes, they involve the nervous system and require brain activity.
p.6
Withdrawal Reflex Process
What initiates the withdrawal reflex?
Stimulation of pain receptors in the skin by a sharp object.
p.24
Comparison between Reflex and Voluntary Actions
What is the nature of voluntary actions?
Voluntary and requires learning.
p.32
Definition of Voluntary Actions
What are voluntary actions?
Deliberate movements that require conscious control.
p.10
Withdrawal Reflex Process
What is the reflex arc involved in the withdrawal reflex?
It involves the dorsal root, ventral root, and pathways to the brain.
p.19
Nervous Pathway of Voluntary Actions
What is the role of the spinal cord in voluntary actions?
It is part of the nervous pathway that processes the stimulus and response.
p.21
Nervous Pathway of Voluntary Actions
What is the role of the spinal cord in voluntary actions?
It transmits nerve impulses generated by the decision made in the cerebrum.
p.25
Comparison between Reflex and Voluntary Actions
What is the primary difference in the pattern of responses between reflex and voluntary actions?
Reflex actions have a stereotyped pattern, while voluntary actions do not.
p.22
Comparison between Reflex and Voluntary Actions
What is the main difference between reflex actions and voluntary actions?
Reflex actions are automatic responses to stimuli, while voluntary actions are controlled and intentional.
p.10
Mechanism of Reflex Actions
What role does the brain play in reflex actions?
The brain processes the sensation but does not control the reflex action itself.
p.8
Withdrawal Reflex Process
What pathway do nerve impulses follow in the withdrawal reflex?
From the sensory neurone to the spinal cord, then through the interneurone and motor neurone to the arm muscle.
p.22
Nervous Pathway of Voluntary Actions
What generates nerve impulses for voluntary actions?
The motor areas of the cerebrum.
p.9
Nervous Pathway of Voluntary Actions
What role does the ventral root play in the withdrawal reflex?
It carries motor commands from the spinal cord to the muscles.
p.6
Definition of Voluntary Actions
What are voluntary actions?
Deliberate movements that require conscious thought.
p.6
Mechanism of Reflex Actions
How does the brain contribute to the withdrawal reflex?
It processes the sensation of pain and triggers a response.
p.23
Nervous Pathway of Voluntary Actions
What is the function of effectors in voluntary actions?
They produce responses to stimuli.
p.18
Nervous Pathway of Voluntary Actions
Which part of the nervous system is involved in voluntary actions?
Spinal cord and cerebrum.
p.16
Characteristics of Voluntary Actions
Can voluntary actions occur without stimulation of receptors?
Yes, they can take place without stimulation of receptors.
p.11
Knee Jerk Reflex Process
What is the knee jerk reflex?
A reflex action that occurs when the hanging leg is tapped just below the knee cap.
p.11
Knee Jerk Reflex Process
What happens when the knee jerk reflex is triggered?
It gives a little kick automatically.
p.36
Definition of Reflex Actions
What are reflex actions?
Automatic responses to stimuli that do not require conscious thought.
p.21
Nervous Pathway of Voluntary Actions
What are the components involved in the nervous pathway of a voluntary action?
Stimulus, receptor, spinal cord, effector, and response.
p.15
Definition of Reflex Actions
What triggers the knee jerk reflex?
A stimulus that causes the thigh muscle to contract.
p.20
Nervous Pathway of Voluntary Actions
What is the sequence of components in the nervous pathway of a voluntary action?
Stimulus → Receptor → Spinal Cord → Effector → Response.
p.34
Characteristics of Reflex Actions
How would you describe the nature of reflex actions?
They are stereotyped and usually inborn.
p.33
Nervous Pathway of Voluntary Actions
What is the role of the brain in voluntary actions?
The brain processes information and makes conscious decisions for movement.
p.7
Mechanism of Reflex Actions
What happens after the sensory neurone transmits impulses to the spinal cord?
The impulses are sent to the brain to cause sensation.
p.20
Nervous Pathway of Voluntary Actions
What is the role of effectors in the nervous pathway?
To carry out the response.
p.4
Mechanism of Reflex Actions
What are the main components of a reflex arc?
Receptor, sensory neurone, interneurone, motor neurone, and effector.
p.4
Mechanism of Reflex Actions
What is an effector in the context of reflex actions?
An organ or muscle that responds to the motor neurone's signal.
p.16
Nervous Pathway of Voluntary Actions
What generates the nerve impulses for voluntary actions?
Nerve impulses generated in the cerebrum.
p.32
Comparison between Reflex and Voluntary Actions
What part of the nervous pathway is likely damaged if reflex actions are impaired?
The sensory or reflex arc components.
p.15
Nervous Pathway of Voluntary Actions
What pathway does the knee jerk reflex follow?
From the thigh muscle to the spinal cord, then to the brain.
p.34
Definition of Reflex Actions
What is a reflex action?
A rapid automatic response to a stimulus that allows the body to respond quickly and can protect us from danger.
p.35
Mechanism of Reflex Actions
What is the role of the motor neurone in a reflex action?
To transmit signals from the interneuron to the effector.
p.19
Nervous Pathway of Voluntary Actions
What is the function of the cerebrum in voluntary actions?
To integrate nerve impulses from different sensory areas.
p.15
Comparison between Reflex and Voluntary Actions
How does the knee jerk reflex demonstrate the difference between reflex and voluntary actions?
It is an automatic response that does not require conscious thought.
p.14
Knee Jerk Reflex Process
What is the reflex arc involved in the knee jerk reflex?
It involves nerve impulses transmitted along the motor neurone to the thigh muscle and to the brain for sensation.
p.7
Mechanism of Reflex Actions
What are the components involved in the reflex arc of the withdrawal reflex?
Sensory neurone, spinal cord, brain, ventral root, and dorsal root.
p.4
Mechanism of Reflex Actions
What is the basic mechanism through which a reflex action works?
By means of a reflex arc.
p.4
Mechanism of Reflex Actions
What role does the spinal cord play in reflex actions?
It is part of the reflex arc that processes the reflex action.
p.32
Definition of Reflex Actions
What are reflex actions?
Automatic responses to stimuli that do not require conscious thought.
p.25
Comparison between Reflex and Voluntary Actions
What is a key characteristic of reflex actions?
They are stereotyped responses.
p.25
Comparison between Reflex and Voluntary Actions
How do reflex actions compare in speed to voluntary actions?
Reflex actions are faster than voluntary actions.
p.11
Knee Jerk Reflex Process
What is the purpose of the knee jerk reflex?
To maintain body posture and balance during walking.
p.19
Nervous Pathway of Voluntary Actions
What integrates nerve impulses from different receptors in voluntary actions?
The association areas of the cerebrum.
p.33
Definition of Voluntary Actions
What are voluntary actions?
Deliberate movements or responses that involve conscious control.
p.20
Nervous Pathway of Voluntary Actions
What is the role of the spinal cord in voluntary actions?
It is part of the nervous pathway that processes the stimulus and response.
p.13
Knee Jerk Reflex Process
What is the role of the sensory neurone in the knee jerk reflex?
It transmits nerve impulses to the spinal cord.
p.13
Knee Jerk Reflex Process
Where do nerve impulses go after the sensory neurone in the knee jerk reflex?
They travel to the spinal cord and then to the brain.
p.12
Knee Jerk Reflex Process
What is the role of the stretch receptor in the knee jerk reflex?
It is stimulated to send signals to the brain.
p.12
Knee Jerk Reflex Process
What are the components involved in the reflex arc of the knee jerk reflex?
Stretch receptor, spinal cord, ventral root, and dorsal root.
p.24
Comparison between Reflex and Voluntary Actions
Which part of the brain is involved in reflex actions?
Medulla oblongata or the spinal cord.
p.18
Nervous Pathway of Voluntary Actions
What role do receptors play in voluntary actions?
They detect the stimulus.
p.5
Withdrawal Reflex Process
What is the purpose of the withdrawal reflex?
To protect us from being injured.
p.32
Nervous Pathway of Voluntary Actions
What indicates that motor neurones are functioning normally?
The ability to move the right arm voluntarily.
p.21
Comparison between Reflex and Voluntary Actions
What are the two main types of actions discussed?
Reflex actions and voluntary actions.
p.25
Comparison between Reflex and Voluntary Actions
What type of responses are voluntary actions?
Not stereotyped responses.
p.26
Comparison between Reflex and Voluntary Actions
How do reflex actions differ from voluntary actions?
Reflex actions are automatic and involuntary, while voluntary actions are controlled and deliberate.
p.15
Mechanism of Reflex Actions
Which parts of the nervous system are involved in the knee jerk reflex?
The spinal cord, ventral root, and dorsal root.
p.33
Comparison between Reflex and Voluntary Actions
How do reflex actions differ from voluntary actions?
Reflex actions are automatic and do not require conscious thought, while voluntary actions are controlled and intentional.
p.34
Characteristics of Reflex Actions
Is a reflex action under the control of the cerebrum?
No, it is not under the control of the cerebrum.
p.21
Nervous Pathway of Voluntary Actions
Where are nerve impulses transmitted when a decision is made?
To the motor areas in the cerebrum.
p.3
Examples of Reflex and Voluntary Actions
What are some examples of reflex actions?
Sneezing, coughing, saliva secretion, swallowing.
p.13
Mechanism of Reflex Actions
What is the function of the spinal cord in reflex actions?
It processes the nerve impulses and coordinates the reflex response.
p.6
Definition of Reflex Actions
What are reflex actions?
Automatic responses to stimuli that do not require conscious thought.
p.23
Comparison between Reflex and Voluntary Actions
What are the two main types of actions discussed?
Reflex actions and voluntary actions.
p.18
Comparison between Reflex and Voluntary Actions
What are the two main types of actions discussed?
Reflex actions and voluntary actions.
p.18
Nervous Pathway of Voluntary Actions
What is the function of effectors in the nervous pathway?
They carry out the response.
p.29
Comparison between Reflex and Voluntary Actions
What is the difference between reflex actions and voluntary actions?
Reflex actions are automatic responses, while voluntary actions are initiated consciously by the cerebrum.
p.10
Withdrawal Reflex Process
What happens when you withdraw your hand from a painful stimulus?
You experience the sensation of pain after the withdrawal.
p.2
Characteristics of Reflex Actions
How are reflex actions characterized in terms of response?
They are stereotyped, meaning the same stimulus leads to the same response.
p.20
Comparison between Reflex and Voluntary Actions
What are the two main types of actions discussed?
Reflex actions and voluntary actions.
p.19
Nervous Pathway of Voluntary Actions
What are the components of the nervous pathway for a voluntary action?
Stimulus, receptor, spinal cord, effector, and response.
p.7
Withdrawal Reflex Process
What role does the spinal cord play in the withdrawal reflex?
It acts as a relay point for nerve impulses between the sensory neurone and the brain.
p.9
Nervous Pathway of Voluntary Actions
What role does the dorsal root play in the withdrawal reflex?
It carries sensory information to the spinal cord.
p.14
Nervous Pathway of Voluntary Actions
Which part of the nervous system is involved in the knee jerk reflex?
The spinal cord, including the ventral and dorsal roots.
p.3
Knee Jerk Reflex Process
What is the knee jerk reflex?
A reflex action that causes the leg to kick out when the knee is tapped.
p.6
Nervous Pathway of Voluntary Actions
What is the pathway of the withdrawal reflex?
Pain receptors send signals to the brain, which then travels through the spinal cord via the ventral and dorsal roots.
p.23
Nervous Pathway of Voluntary Actions
What is the sequence of components in the nervous pathway of a voluntary action?
Stimulus → Receptor → Spinal Cord → Effector → Response.
p.4
Mechanism of Reflex Actions
What is the function of the interneurone in a reflex arc?
It connects sensory neurones to motor neurones within the spinal cord.
p.17
Nervous Pathway of Voluntary Actions
Which part of the nervous system is involved in voluntary actions?
The spinal cord and cerebrum.
p.30
Characteristics of Reflex Actions
What does the inability to withdraw the arm indicate?
A problem in the nervous system affecting reflex actions.
p.17
Nervous Pathway of Voluntary Actions
What is the sequence of events in a voluntary action?
Stimulus → Receptor → Nerve Impulse → Response → Effector.
p.3
Withdrawal Reflex Process
What is the withdrawal reflex?
A reflex action that occurs to withdraw a body part from a painful stimulus.
p.3
Comparison between Reflex and Voluntary Actions
What distinguishes reflex actions from voluntary actions?
Reflex actions are involuntary and automatic, while voluntary actions are controlled and deliberate.
p.12
Nervous Pathway of Voluntary Actions
What pathway does the signal take from the stretch receptor to the brain?
From the stretch receptor to the spinal cord, then to the brain.
p.12
Comparison between Reflex and Voluntary Actions
What is the difference between reflex actions and voluntary actions?
Reflex actions are automatic responses, while voluntary actions are controlled and deliberate.
p.9
Nervous Pathway of Voluntary Actions
Which part of the nervous system is involved in the withdrawal reflex?
The spinal cord and brain.
p.7
Mechanism of Reflex Actions
What is the function of the sensory neurone in the reflex arc?
To transmit nerve impulses from the stimulus to the spinal cord.
p.22
Nervous Pathway of Voluntary Actions
What are the components involved in the nervous pathway of a voluntary action?
Stimulus, receptor, spinal cord, effector, and response.
p.13
Knee Jerk Reflex Process
What are the components involved in the reflex arc of the knee jerk reflex?
Sensory neurone, spinal cord, ventral root, and dorsal root.
p.23
Nervous Pathway of Voluntary Actions
What is the role of the spinal cord in voluntary actions?
It is part of the nervous pathway that processes the action.
p.22
Nervous Pathway of Voluntary Actions
What is the function of effectors in voluntary actions?
Effectors carry out the response to the stimulus.
p.14
Knee Jerk Reflex Process
What triggers the knee jerk reflex?
A sudden stretch of the thigh muscle.
