PSMA topic 2

B) Cadmium Sulfide

Explanation: Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) is referred to as 'Yellow Sulfide' and is a component of certain medicinal products like Capsebon®.

B) Argon

Explanation: Argon is classified as a noble gas, which belongs to Group VIIIA of the periodic table, characterized by their inertness and lack of reactivity.

C) Constipation

Explanation: One of the adverse effects associated with Aluminum compounds is constipation, which can occur with their use in various applications.

B) Tantalum

Explanation: Tantalum is known for its corrosion resistance and is used in sheet form for surgical repair of bones, nerves, and tissues, making it valuable in medical applications.

A) Antiseptic

Explanation: Boric Acid (H3BO3) acts as an antiseptic and is also used in ophthalmic preparations among other applications.

B) Coinage Metals

Explanation: Group IB consists of the coinage metals, including copper, silver, and gold, which are known for their conductivity and historical use in currency.

A) EDTA

Explanation: EDTA is recognized as an antidote for mercury poisoning, specifically for conditions like Minamata disease.

B) Triads

Explanation: Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner introduced the concept of triads, grouping elements with similar properties, such as Strontium (Sr), Calcium (Ca), and Barium (Ba).

C) Magnesium

Explanation: Magnesium is a key component in Grignard’s Reagent (RMgX), which is utilized in the industrial production of tamoxifen, highlighting its importance in medicinal chemistry.

C) Crystallogens

Explanation: Carbon belongs to Group IVA, known as the Crystallogens, which includes elements like silicon and germanium.

B) Ophthalmic antiseptic

Explanation: Cadmium Sulfate (CdSO4) is specifically noted for its use as an ophthalmic antiseptic, making it important in pharmaceutical applications related to eye care.

C) Bismuth Subcarbonate

Explanation: Bismuth Subcarbonate (Bi2O2(CO3)) serves as an antacid and can render the alimentary canal opaque to x-rays, demonstrating its utility in medical imaging.

B) Treatment of hypoxia

Explanation: Oxygen is primarily used in the treatment of hypoxia, which is a condition characterized by a deficiency of oxygen in the tissues.

C) 37%

Explanation: A 37% NH3 solution is commonly used in various applications, indicating its practical significance in chemistry and pharmacy.

B) Solvay process

Explanation: Sodium Carbonate is prepared using the Solvay process, a key method for producing soda ash.

B) Aurotherapy for arthritis

Explanation: Gold is used in aurotherapy, specifically for the treatment of arthritis, showcasing its medicinal applications.

B) Hypokalemia

Explanation: A deficiency in potassium (hypokalemia) can lead to muscular paralysis and, in severe cases, can be fatal.

C) Buffering in physiological systems

Explanation: Phosphorus plays a vital role in buffering in physiological systems, particularly in maintaining pH balance in plasma and cells.

B) Mercurous Chloride

Explanation: Mercurous Chloride (Hg2Cl2) is commonly known as Calomel and has uses as a cathartic and local antiseptic.

B) Dmitri Mendeleev

Explanation: Dmitri Mendeleev is recognized as the father of the periodic table for developing the Periodic Law in 1869, which organized elements by increasing atomic mass.

B) Deodorizing flatulence and stool

Explanation: Bismuth Subgallate (C7H6BiO6) is the active ingredient in Devrom®, which is specifically used to treat malodor by deodorizing flatulence and stool.

B) Brimstone

Explanation: Sulfur is often referred to as 'Brimstone,' a term that is historically significant and has been used in various texts.

B) Diuretic

Explanation: Ammonium compounds are used as diuretics, which promote urine production, demonstrating their role in medical applications.

A) Cancer-related hypercalcemia

Explanation: Gallium is specifically mentioned as being used in the treatment of cancer-related hypercalcemia, indicating its medicinal application.

B) Electrolyte replenisher

Explanation: Potassium Chloride serves as an electrolyte replenisher, crucial for maintaining proper bodily functions.

B) Chile saltpeter

Explanation: Sodium Nitrate is commonly known as Chile saltpeter and is used as a preservative and fertilizer.

B) Expectorant

Explanation: Antimony Potassium Tartrate, also known as Tartar Emetic, is utilized as an expectorant, demonstrating its therapeutic properties.

D) Chromium

Explanation: The Iron Triad consists of iron, cobalt, and nickel, while chromium is part of the Chromium Subgroup in Group VIB.

C) Green bordered flame

Explanation: Boron produces a green bordered flame during a flame test, which is a characteristic feature used in its identification.

C) It increases

Explanation: Ionization potential increases from left to right across a period, indicating that it requires more energy to remove an electron from an atom.

C) 2nd most electronegative element

Explanation: Oxygen is recognized as the 2nd most electronegative element, which is crucial for its role in chemical reactions and life processes.

B) Brick Red

Explanation: The flame test for calcium produces a brick red color, which is a characteristic property used for its identification.

C) Ammonium Carbonate

Explanation: Ammonium Carbonate is commonly referred to as 'Spirit of Hartshorn' and has various applications including use as an expectorant.

B) Shiny

Explanation: Silver is characterized by its shining appearance, making it distinctive among metals.

C) Oxygen (100%)

Explanation: Oxygen (100%) is a specific antidote for carbon monoxide poisoning, highlighting its critical role in medical treatment for this condition.

B) Goulard’s Extract

Explanation: Lead Subacetate (Pb2O(CH3COO)2) is commonly referred to as Goulard’s Extract, highlighting its historical and pharmaceutical significance.

B) Red Phosphorus

Explanation: Red Phosphorus is non-poisonous and is commonly used in the preparation of matches, differentiating it from other forms of phosphorus.

B) Boric Acid

Explanation: The Sorensen Phosphate Buffer System primarily utilizes boric acid in its formulation, which is crucial for maintaining pH levels in biological systems.

A) Antiseptic

Explanation: Mercury has various pharmacological uses, including being an antiseptic, among others like diuretic and parasiticidal.

B) Aluminum Hydroxide

Explanation: Aluminum Hydroxide (Al(OH)3) is commonly used as an antacid, making it important in treating conditions related to acidity.

E) Antidepressant

Explanation: Lithium is used as an antidepressant and is particularly effective in treating bipolar disorder, as seen with compounds like Lithium Carbonate.

A) Calcium Gluconate

Explanation: Calcium Gluconate is specifically mentioned as an antidote for magnesium poisoning, indicating its therapeutic relevance.

A) Magnesium Hydroxide

Explanation: Magnesium Hydroxide is commonly referred to as 'Milk of Magnesia' and is used as an antacid and laxative.

D) Cesium

Explanation: Cesium is known as the most reactive alkali metal, highlighting its unique properties compared to other alkali metals.

B) Graphite

Explanation: Graphite is one of the allotropes of carbon, alongside diamond, illustrating the various structural forms that carbon can take.

C) Household utensils

Explanation: Tin is commonly used in the manufacture of household utensils, showcasing its practical application in everyday items.

B) Blue-black lining of gums

Explanation: One of the notable adverse effects of protoplasmic poisons is the blue-black lining of the gums, which indicates systemic toxicity.

B) Predominant cation in extracellular fluid

Explanation: Sodium plays a crucial physiological role as the predominant cation in extracellular fluid, influencing osmotic effects within the body.

B) Chromium

Explanation: Chromium exhibits various oxidation states, with Cr+3 being specifically noted for its blue color, highlighting its chemical versatility.

B) Antioxidant (Reducing Agent)

Explanation: Sodium Bisulfite is known for its role as an antioxidant and reducing agent, making it a powerful preservative in various applications.

C) Anti-cariogenic

Explanation: Sodium Fluoride is primarily used for its anti-cariogenic properties, helping to prevent dental cavities.

B) Lightest of all structurally important metals

Explanation: Magnesium is recognized as the lightest of all structurally important metals, indicating its significance in various applications.

B) Laughing Gas

Explanation: Nitrous Oxide (N2O) is commonly referred to as Laughing Gas, which is used as a general anesthetic during medical procedures.

B) BAL

Explanation: BAL (British Anti-Lewisite) is recognized as the antidote for protoplasmic poisoning, effectively counteracting its toxic effects.

C) Laxative

Explanation: Magnesium serves as a laxative and depressant, showcasing its pharmacological applications in medicine.

C) Ammonia

Explanation: The ammonium ion (NH4⁺) is a positively charged ion that is derived from ammonia, highlighting its chemical relationship.

A) Substitute for Hg in arc lamps

Explanation: Gallium is used as a substitute for mercury in the manufacture of arc lamps, showcasing its utility in specific industrial applications.

B) Carbon

Explanation: Carbon is referred to as the 'King of all elements' due to its fundamental role in organic compounds and its presence in all animal and vegetable tissues.

B) Antidote for cyanide poisoning

Explanation: Sodium Thiosulfate is known as an antidote for cyanide poisoning and is also used in photographic processes.

C) Sodium

Explanation: Sodium is classified as an alkali metal, which has a valence of +1 and is known for its high reactivity and occurrence in nature.

D) All of the above

Explanation: All three tests—Benedict's, Barfoed's, and Fehling's—are used to identify monosaccharides, each with specific reagents and color change indicators.

A) Antacid

Explanation: Calcium Carbonate is primarily used as an antacid, illustrating its application in treating heartburn and indigestion.

B) Antiseptic

Explanation: Zinc Oxide is widely used as an antiseptic and protective agent, demonstrating its role in skin care products.

B) Saponifying agent

Explanation: Sodium Hydroxide is commonly used as a saponifying agent in the production of soap.

B) Type I

Explanation: Type I glass is characterized as borosilicate, which contains a high percentage of silica and boron, making it suitable for laboratory and medical uses.

C) Preparation of Lead Subacetate

Explanation: Lead Oxide (PbO), also known as Litharge, is primarily used in the preparation of Lead Subacetate, which is important in medicinal applications.

C) British Anti-Lewisite (BAL)

Explanation: British Anti-Lewisite (BAL) is recognized as the primary antidote for arsenic poisoning, highlighting its role in toxicology.

B) Carmine red

Explanation: The flame test for lithium produces a carmine red color, which is a distinctive characteristic used for its identification.

D) Oxine

Explanation: Oxine (8-hydroxyquinoline) produces a yellow precipitate in identification tests for magnesium, demonstrating a specific method for magnesium detection.

B) Radiopaque medium for GIT imaging

Explanation: Barium Sulfate is used as a radiopaque medium for gastrointestinal imaging, making it essential in medical diagnostics.

B) Table salt

Explanation: Sodium Chloride is widely recognized as table salt, and it has various uses including as an electrolyte replenisher and preservative.

C) Beryllium

Explanation: Beryllium is noted for being the least metallic and extremely toxic among the alkaline earth metals.

B) EDTA

Explanation: EDTA is a well-known antidote for lead poisoning, utilized for its ability to bind to lead and facilitate its excretion from the body.

A) Sodium Thiosulfate

Explanation: Sodium Thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) is commonly known as 'Photographer's Hypo' due to its use in photography as a fixing agent.

B) Synthesizing ammonia

Explanation: Haber’s Process is a method for synthesizing ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen gases, crucial in industrial chemistry.

B) Antidote for poisoning

Explanation: Penicillamine is an antidote for copper poisoning, demonstrating the significance of copper in pharmacology.

C) Adsorbent in treatment of poisoning

Explanation: Activated charcoal acts as an adsorbent and is used in treating diarrhea and poisoning, making it a vital component in emergency medicine.

B) Pewter Metal

Explanation: Pewter Metal is an alloy composed of 80% tin and 20% lead, illustrating the diverse applications of lead in metallurgy.

B) Pulmonary granuloma formation

Explanation: Zirconium is known to cause pulmonary granuloma formation, indicating its potential adverse health effects.

B) Muscle contraction

Explanation: Calcium plays a crucial role in muscle contraction, blood coagulation, and neurotransmission, highlighting its physiological importance.

B) Marie Curie

Explanation: Radium was discovered by Marie Curie, who also made significant contributions to cancer chemotherapy and diagnostics.

B) Thallium

Explanation: Thallium is noted as the second most toxic metal, highlighting its hazardous nature and potential health risks.

B) Cream of tartar

Explanation: Potassium Bitartrate is commonly referred to as cream of tartar, often used in cooking and baking.

A) Hemoptysis

Explanation: Silicosis, caused by inhaling silicon dioxide, can lead to hemoptysis, highlighting the health risks associated with this compound.

B) Solar ray protectant

Explanation: Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) is widely recognized for its function as a solar ray protectant, used in lotions and sunblocking creams.

C) Calcium

Explanation: Calcium is not an alkali metal; it belongs to the alkaline earth metals group (Group IIA), while lithium, sodium, potassium, and rubidium are all alkali metals (Group IA).

C) Icosagens

Explanation: Boron is a member of Group IIIA, known as the Icosagens or Boron Family, which includes other elements like aluminum and gallium.