2 - HEMATOPOIESIS

More platelets are sequestered/stored, and even young & healthy cells may be affected and damaged.

Production of developing cells and progenitors that produce mature blood cells.

In the 20s.

Cell renewal, proliferation, differentiation, and maturation.

1 hematopoietic stem cell per 1000 nucleated blood cells.

Endothelial cells, adipocytes, macrophages, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and reticular cells.

At 5 to 7 gestational weeks.

Around the 3rd month of pregnancy (roughly 12 weeks).

An abnormal increase in the production of cells, with more than 70% hematopoietic cells.

Nutrient and periosteal arteries.

They prevent precursor cells from dying, stimulate stem cell division, and regulate cell differentiation.

Sequesters or stores platelets and removes unwanted or abnormal cells in blood.

Cortex (outer layer) containing B-cells and Medulla (inner layer) containing T-cells.

In the bone marrow.

Monophyletic theory and Polyphyletic theory.

The liver.

They secrete steroids that influence erythropoiesis, maintain bone integrity, and regulate bone marrow volume.

Bone Marrow.

Hemoglobin A (HbA), Hemoglobin A1 (HbA1), and Hemoglobin A2 (HbA2).

They ensure that stem cells commit to the production of specific blood cells.

Liver, spleen, kidneys, thymus, and placenta.

In cases of hematologic disorders affecting the cells, such as anemia, leukemia, tumors, and infections.

Lymphocytes, including B-cells and T-cells.

Normal development of T-cells and conditioning of lymphocytes.

Interleukins 1, 3, 6, 7, 9, 11, KIT Ligands (KITLG), and GM-CSF.

Loss of 'stemness' in producing cells.

Committed Lymphoid progenitors.

30-70%.

An abnormal decrease in the production of cells, with less than 30% hematopoietic cells.

To nurture and protect hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs).

It adjusts to provide a proper supply of nutrients needed by hematopoietic stem cells.

A group of proteins that have direct and indirect effects on hematopoietic stem cells.

The surgical removal of the spleen, often needed if the spleen is damaged.

Jamshidi needle (gauge size: 11).

Liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus.

As early as the 19th day of gestation.

Phagocytosis and lymphopoiesis.

Self-renewing and pluripotent cells that can reconstitute the hematopoietic system of irradiated hosts.

The Medullary Phase.

It can increase from 2:1 up to 6:1 due to the need for more WBCs.

Fibronectin, collagen, laminin, thrombospondin, tenascin, and proteoglycans.

Bone Marrow (produces B-cells) and Thymus (produces T-cells).

Medical technologists and pathologists usually count 500 cells that will eventually be identified and differentiated.

Mature cells excluding lymphocytes, including RBCs.

Bean-shaped structures located along the lymphatic capillaries that remove foreign blood contaminants.

They stimulate stem cells to commit to specific cell types.

Iron storage, especially when RBCs are destroyed.

It provides necessary proteins and essential minerals for the synthesis of DNA and RNA.

Gower 1, Gower 2, and Portland hemoglobins.

It occurs intravascularly within developing blood vessels.

2:1 up to 4:1.

It can go as high as 25:1.

Medullary Hematopoiesis.

Proliferation and production of blood cells.

Macrophages, mast cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts.

It regulates the production of white blood cells (WBCs).

A cytokine derived from the kidneys that helps myeloid stem cells produce red blood cells (RBCs).

Signaling molecules that help progenitor cells commit to specific lineages, initially thought to be produced only by leukocytes.

All blood cells are derived from a single progenitor stem cell, the Pluripotential Hematopoietic Stem Cell (PHSC).

They regulate the flow of particles entering and leaving the hematopoietic spaces.

White pulp, red pulp, and marginal zone.

The processes are not clearly understood.

There is a decrease in the production of HbF.

Responsible for the synthesis or production of blood cells.

Hematopoietic cells, stromal cells, and blood vessels.

Pluripotent Stem Cell.

Inactive hematopoietically, accumulates fats, and is not capable of producing blood cells.

Transforming growth factors-beta, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, and Interferon.

The posterior iliac crest.

A continuous and regulated process of blood cell production resulting in the formation, development, and specialization of all functional blood cells (RBCs, WBCs, and Platelets).

A colony of hematopoietic precursor cells that can survive for 5-8 weeks.

They become more present and occupy spaces in long bones.

It occurs when hyperplasia of the bone marrow cannot meet the physiological needs of the body.

A cytokine derived from the liver and kidneys needed for the production of megakaryocytes, which produce platelets.

2.5 billion.

The embryonic yolk sac.

They regulate HSCs and progenitor cells, aiding in their survival and differentiation into cell lines like RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.

CD34+, CD38-, HLA-DR low, Thy1 low.

Each blood cell lineage is derived from its own unique stem cell.

It compares the relative number of granulocyte precursors to erythrocyte precursors in the bone marrow.

At the 5th to 6th month of gestation.

Hemoglobin F (HbF).

A condition with very few or a total absence of hematopoietic cells.

Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs) and Mesenchymal cells.

Serves as an anchor for developing hematopoietic cells and promotes cell adhesion.