MCROBIO - LE#1 (1-13)

Acellular entities.

Because any given mass of nutrients will support the synthesis of more small cells than large cells.

It can grow and divide into millions or even billions of cells that form a visible colony.

30 major phylogenetic lineages.

More than 90%.

The study of the diversity of life and the relationships among living things through time, using taxonomy to understand organisms.

For identification purposes, comparison with other organisms, and to exploit beneficial characteristics.

Anoxic (O2 was absent).

Rumen.

Eukarya are phylogenetically relatively young compared with Bacteria and Archaea.

LUCA.

2 x 10^30 microbial cells.

750 µm to 0.75 mm.

To have an mRNA+ strand.

There is an inverse relationship: lower radius results in higher surface area.

A taxon is a group of organisms.

Pairs (diplococci), long chains (streptococci), three-dimensional cubes (tetrads or sarcinae), and grapelike clusters (staphylococci).

Life arose spontaneously from nonliving materials, known as spontaneous generation.

A population of organisms that descends from a pure culture isolate or from a species, which may have different attributes despite being nearly identical genetically.

Zaccharias Janssen in 1597.

Within the membrane-enclosed nucleus as several linear molecules.

Living organisms could discriminate between optical isomers, suggesting many abiotic reactions were catalyzed by microbes.

One cell must engulf another to form mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Single-stranded (+) strand genome.

Cultures that contain cells from only a single type of microorganism.

To characterize an isolate and determine its species, verifying authenticity and differentiating between organisms.

He claimed it contained 'vile matter'.

The science of biological classification, including describing, identifying, classifying, and naming organisms.

The study of organisms and agents too small to be seen by the naked eye, including those that can exist as single cells or acellular forms and contain a nucleic acid genome.

A Swedish botanist, zoologist, and physician known for proposing the Linnaean taxonomy and publishing 'Systema Naturae'.

To break down complex carbohydrates, as human enzymes lack this ability.

Pathogenic microorganisms and their role in human illnesses, including microbial pathogenesis and infection.

Exploitation of microorganisms for industrial processes, such as industrial fermentation and wastewater treatment.

The study of the function and diversity of various groups of microorganisms.

Kingdoms instead of phyla.

A collection of cells that have been grown in or on a nutrient medium.

Life emerges from non-living matter and requires a 'vital force'.

Prokaryotic cells have a nucleoid instead of a nucleus and may have plasmids.

Five described phyla.

Rules for naming bacteria.

Understanding the living world of microscopic organisms and applying this understanding for the benefit of humankind and the planet.

A two-word naming system for identifying organisms by genus and species.

Microbes.

Laxative and antibiotic properties.

A solid nutrient mixture that contains all of the nutrients required for a microorganism to grow.

Coccus (circular), Rods/Bacillus (rod-shaped), Spirillum (curved), and Spirochete (spiral and flexible).

Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

A DNA genome, which is the full set of genes in a cell.

Nodules.

No growth of microorganisms was observed after passing air through red-hot tubes.

Cells in cork and elongated stalks of fungi.

They assist in the digestion of complex carbohydrates and contribute to human nutrition.

Gene transfer from parent to offspring.

Genome is double-stranded DNA.

Yeast fermentation yields ethanol and CO2.

About 4.6 billion years old.

Grouping organisms into taxa based on mutual similarity or evolutionary relatedness.

Linear chromosomes.

Microbial mats.

10–30%.

The mold Aspergillus, which metabolized exclusively D-tartrate but not L-tartrate.

Gene transfer from different species, primarily seen in bacteria.

The increase in cell number as a result of cell division.

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes.

He did not accept Needham's conclusions.

Extreme environments such as hot, salty, or acidic sites.

International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology (IJSB) and International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (IJSEM).

Cell division impacts morphology because attached cells can form distinctive shapes.

The generic name can change with new information, while the specific name is stable and the oldest epithet takes precedence.

How the body reacts to infections caused by microorganisms and the antibodies produced.

As cell size decreases, the S/V ratio increases, allowing small cells to exchange nutrients and wastes more rapidly.

The primary product has been engulfed again.

A collection of practices that allow for the preparation and maintenance of sterile nutrient media and solutions.

The theory that 'life begets life'.

It serves as a standard reference for identifying and classifying prokaryotes.

Yeast is a eukaryotic fungus.

Into structures called chromosomes.

Only microorganisms capable of anaerobic metabolism.

They believed that strong acids and heat altered the air so it could not support microbial growth.

A mass of chromosome aggregates visible in the electron microscope, not enclosed by a membrane.

To multiply.

650 µm to 700 µm.

They are obligate parasites that can only replicate within a host cell.

Spirochetes are flexible, while spirilla are rigid.

As a collection of strains that share stable properties in common and differ significantly from other groups of strains.

The Ancient Greeks.

Long, thin, rod-shaped bacteria that divide terminally and form long filaments composed of many cells attached end to end.

They were the first living organisms on the planet, live everywhere life is possible, are more numerous than any other kind of organism, and influence global ecosystems and human society.

They filtered air through sterile cotton wool.

Approximately 60 genes.

Broth is a liquid medium used for high cell growth, while agar is a solid medium.

They are membrane-bound organelles.

Prokaryotic cell structure.

A segment of DNA that encodes a protein or an RNA molecule.

No, Archaea lack any known disease-causing species of plants or animals.

Plants, animals, and fungi.

Arranged in chains.

A provisional taxonomic name appended to candidate taxonomic ranks, used when there is no pure culture yet.

They constitute a major fraction and are key reservoirs of nutrients essential for life.

At least six kingdoms.

They are retroviruses that use reverse transcriptase to form a double-stranded intermediate.

The isolation of microbes having particular metabolic characteristics from nature.

Francisco Redi in 1668.

An extrachromosomal DNA found in some prokaryotic cells.

Between 3.8 and 4.3 billion years ago.

He passed air through strong acids.

Thiomargarita.

Virology (viruses), Mycology (fungi), Phycology (algae), Protozoology (protozoa), and Bacteriology (bacteria).

In complex microbial communities.

Agriculturally relevant microorganisms, including plant microbiology and pathology.

The assignment of names to taxonomic groups in agreement with published rules.

A pure culture.

As a group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves.

Aqueducts and the Cloaca Maxima.

Circular chromosomes.

80%.

Small circles of DNA distinct from the chromosome, often found in prokaryotic cells.

Extremophiles.