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Where is nervous tissue primarily located? A) Bones and joints B) Tissues in the brain & spinal cord C) Heart and muscles D) Walls of hollow organs E) Blood and fat
B) Tissues in the brain & spinal cord Explanation: Nervous tissue is primarily located in tissues in the brain & spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs, reflecting its role in receiving, generating, and transmitting nerve impulses.
What is cell maturation?
A) The process of cells maturing and specializing, losing their ability to split and become new cells Explanation: Cell maturation refers to the process by which cells mature and specialize, losing their capacity to divide and generate new cells, thus becoming fully developed. This process is crucial for the functioning of various tissues and organs in the body.
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p.7
Tissues of the Human Body

Where is nervous tissue primarily located?
A) Bones and joints
B) Tissues in the brain & spinal cord
C) Heart and muscles
D) Walls of hollow organs
E) Blood and fat

B) Tissues in the brain & spinal cord
Explanation: Nervous tissue is primarily located in tissues in the brain & spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs, reflecting its role in receiving, generating, and transmitting nerve impulses.

p.20
Cell Cycle and Mitosis

What is cell maturation?

A) The process of cells maturing and specializing, losing their ability to split and become new cells
Explanation: Cell maturation refers to the process by which cells mature and specialize, losing their capacity to divide and generate new cells, thus becoming fully developed. This process is crucial for the functioning of various tissues and organs in the body.

p.14
Tissues of the Human Body

What is the characteristic feature of skeletal muscle tissue?
A) Single-nucleated cells
B) Short, multi-nucleated cells
C) Long, single-nucleated cells
D) Long, multi-nucleated cells with cross-striations
E) Round, single-nucleated cells

D) Long, multi-nucleated cells with cross-striations
Explanation: Skeletal muscle tissue is characterized by long, multi-nucleated cells with cross-striations, which are essential for its function in voluntary movement and support of the body.

p.9
Tissues of the Human Body

What is the function of adherent or anchoring junctions?

B) Points of strong attachment holding together cells of the epithelium
Explanation: Adherent or anchoring junctions serve as points of strong attachment, holding together cells of the epithelium. These junctions are formed by interacting proteins of the cadherin family and play a crucial role in maintaining the structural integrity of the tissue.

p.17
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Structure

What is the main function of nervous tissue?

A) To receive information from the stimuli and communicate with the spinal cord and brain via electrical impulses
Explanation: Nervous tissue's primary function is to receive information from stimuli and transmit it to the spinal cord and brain through electrical impulses, highlighting its role in sensory reception and communication within the body.

p.2
Cell Structure and Function

What is the main composition of the plasma membrane?
A) Two layers of mitochondria
B) Two layers of phospholipids
C) Two layers of ribosomes
D) Two layers of endoplasmic reticulum
E) Two layers of Golgi apparatus

B) Two layers of phospholipids
Explanation: The text specifies that the plasma membrane is mainly composed of two layers of phospholipids, emphasizing this as the primary composition of the membrane.

p.2
Cell Structure and Function

What is the function of the lipid bilayer in the plasma membrane?
A) It forms from amphipathic phospholipids
B) It is responsible for making the membrane semi-permeable
C) It contains many embedded proteins
D) It is stabilized by cholesterol
E) It surrounds the cell

B) It is responsible for making the membrane semi-permeable
Explanation: The lipid bilayer in the plasma membrane is described as being responsible for making the membrane semi-permeable, highlighting its crucial role in regulating the passage of substances into and out of the cell.

p.16
Tissues of the Human Body

What is the arrangement of thin and thick filaments in smooth muscle fibers?
A) They form sarcomeres and striations
B) They form sarcomeres but no striations
C) They do not form sarcomeres and no striations present
D) They form striations but no sarcomeres
E) They are randomly arranged

C) They do not form sarcomeres and no striations present
Explanation: In smooth muscle fibers, the thin and thick filaments do not form sarcomeres and no striations are present, highlighting the unique structural characteristics of smooth muscle.

p.1
Cell Structure and Function

Which cells contain membrane-bounded organelles?

A) Eukaryotic cells
Explanation: Eukaryotic cells are noted for containing membrane-bounded organelles, a feature that contributes to their complex structure and diverse functions within living organisms.

p.4
Cell Structure and Function

What is the function of signal peptides in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
A) They aid in ATP synthesis
B) They break down H2O2
C) They guide proteins to the Golgi apparatus
D) They localize proteins to the ER membrane
E) They regulate cytoplasmic viscosity

D) They localize proteins to the ER membrane
Explanation: Signal peptides bind receptors in the ER membrane, localizing proteins to that organelle, which is a crucial step in the process of protein translocation and modification within the ER.

p.7
Tissues of the Human Body

What is the main characteristic of connective tissue?
A) Producing very little extracellular matrix
B) Composed of cells with long, fine processes
C) Producing very abundant extracellular matrix
D) Composed of elongated cells specialized for contraction
E) Composed of neurons & neuroglia

C) Producing very abundant extracellular matrix
Explanation: Connective tissue is characterized by cells producing very abundant extracellular matrix, which distinguishes it from other types of tissues and contributes to its function of supporting body structure and transporting substances throughout the body.

p.13
Blood Components

What is the primary function of RBC in the blood?
A) Coagulation
B) Phagocytosis
C) Transporting nutrients
D) Stopping bleeding
E) Oxygen carrying unit of blood

E) Oxygen carrying unit of blood
Explanation: Red blood cells (RBC) serve as the primary carriers of oxygen in the blood, facilitating the transport of oxygen to various tissues and organs throughout the body.

p.13
Blood Components

What is the role of platelets in the blood?
A) Carrying oxygen
B) Phagocytosis
C) Transporting nutrients
D) Coagulation, stops bleeding
E) Fighting off viruses/malignant diseases

D) Coagulation, stops bleeding
Explanation: Platelets are responsible for coagulation, which is the process of stopping bleeding by forming blood clots, essential for wound healing and preventing excessive blood loss.

p.20
Genetic Code: Transcription and Translation

What is the function of chromosomes in a cell?

B) To carry genes - the functional units of heredity
Explanation: Chromosomes, thread-like structures made up of DNA, are primarily responsible for carrying genes, which are the functional units of heredity. This genetic material plays a vital role in determining an organism's traits and characteristics.

p.9
Cell Structure and Function

What are gap or communicating junctions points of?

C) Cell contact where both plasma membranes have numerous hexameric complexes of transmembrane connexons
Explanation: Gap or communicating junctions are points of cell contact where both plasma membranes have numerous hexameric complexes of transmembrane connexons. These junctions form channels that allow the passage of small molecules from one cell to another, facilitating intercellular communication.

p.8
Tissues of the Human Body

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

E) Covers and protects body surface, lines body cavities, transports substances (absorption, secretion, excretion), glandular activity
Explanation: Epithelial tissue functions include covering and protecting body surfaces, lining body cavities, and transporting substances such as absorption, secretion, and excretion, as well as glandular activity.

p.9
Tissues of the Human Body

Where are transitional epithelia (urothelium) found?

E) Only in the lining of the urinary system, stratified, with large rounded surface cells protective against urine
Explanation: Transitional epithelia (urothelium) are found only in the lining of the urinary system. They are stratified, with large rounded surface cells that provide protection against the potentially harmful components of urine, demonstrating their specialized function in the urinary system.

p.17
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Structure

What is the function of dendrites in a neuron?

C) Specialized to receive stimuli from other neurons at unique sites called synapses
Explanation: Dendrites are specialized to receive stimuli from other neurons at unique sites called synapses, emphasizing their role in sensory reception and information processing within the nervous system.

p.8
Tissues of the Human Body

What is the function of microvilli in epithelial cells?

B) Increase the surface area for fluid absorption
Explanation: Microvilli in epithelial cells function to increase the surface area for fluid absorption, particularly in absorptive columnar cells of the intestine and kidney tubules, demonstrating their role in enhancing absorption processes.

p.6
Germ Layers in Embryonic Development

What is the neural crest derived from?
A) Ectoderm
B) Mesoderm
C) Endoderm
D) Paraxial mesoderm
E) Intermediate mesoderm

A) Ectoderm
Explanation: The neural crest is derived from the ectoderm, as mentioned in the text, signifying its origin from the outermost of the three primary germ layers during embryonic development.

p.13
Blood Components

What is the main component of blood plasma?
A) Red blood cells
B) White blood cells
C) Platelets
D) Water and dissolved substances
E) Oxygen

D) Water and dissolved substances
Explanation: Blood plasma is primarily composed of water and dissolved substances, making it a pale, yellow fluid that forms the majority of the blood's volume.

p.9
Cellular Processes: Cellular Respiration

What are tight or occluding junctions formed by?

A) Interacting transmembrane proteins such as claudin & occludin
Explanation: Tight or occluding junctions are formed by interacting transmembrane proteins such as claudin & occludin. These proteins create linear arrangements that prevent the paracellular passage of substances between cells, contributing to the integrity of the epithelial cell layer.

p.20
Germ Layers in Embryonic Development

How many chromosomes are present in human cells?

D) 46 (diploid)
Explanation: Human cells contain 46 chromosomes, known as diploid, which is a fixed number for the species. This genetic characteristic is fundamental to human development and inheritance.

p.20
Germ Layers in Embryonic Development

What is the significance of the number of chromosomes in spermatozoa and ova?

E) Number of chromosomes is only half the diploid number - 23 (haploid)
Explanation: Spermatozoa and ova contain only half the diploid number of chromosomes, which is 23 (haploid). This halving of chromosomes is essential for the process of fertilization and the formation of a zygote with the complete diploid number.

p.20
Cell Cycle and Mitosis

What occurs during the S (Synthesis) phase of interphase?

C) A copy of DNA or DNA replication occurs
Explanation: The S (Synthesis) phase of interphase involves the synthesis or replication of DNA, resulting in the duplication of chromosomes. This crucial phase is essential for the accurate transmission of genetic material during cell division.

p.8
Tissues of the Human Body

What are the three regions of epithelium?

C) Apical, lateral, basal
Explanation: The three regions of epithelium are apical, lateral, and basal, which are essential for understanding the structure and function of this tissue type.

p.1
Cell Structure and Function

What is the meaning of 'Eu' and 'karyon' in the term 'Eukaryotic cells'?

A) True nucleus
Explanation: The term 'Eukaryotic cells' is derived from 'Eu' meaning true and 'karyon' meaning nucleus, indicating that these cells have a true nucleus, which is a key characteristic that distinguishes them from prokaryotic cells.

p.22
Cellular Processes: Cellular Respiration

What are the two shuttle systems that transfer electrons to the mitochondrial electron transport chain?
A) Glycerol phosphate shuttle and Citrate shuttle
B) Malate phosphate shuttle and Glycerol phosphate shuttle
C) Citrate shuttle and Malate aspartate shuttle
D) Glycerol phosphate shuttle and Malate aspartate shuttle
E) Citrate shuttle and Malate phosphate shuttle

D) Glycerol phosphate shuttle and Malate aspartate shuttle
Explanation: The text mentions that the two shuttle systems responsible for transferring electrons to the mitochondrial electron transport chain are the glycerol phosphate shuttle and the malate aspartate shuttle, highlighting their crucial role in this process.

p.6
Germ Layers in Embryonic Development

What are the three types of mesoderm mentioned in the text?
A) Dorsal mesoderm, Ventral mesoderm, Medial mesoderm
B) Paraxial mesoderm, Intermediate mesoderm, Lateral mesoderm
C) Anterior mesoderm, Posterior mesoderm, Central mesoderm
D) Superior mesoderm, Inferior mesoderm, Lateral mesoderm
E) Proximal mesoderm, Distal mesoderm, Peripheral mesoderm

B) Paraxial mesoderm, Intermediate mesoderm, Lateral mesoderm
Explanation: The text outlines the three types of mesoderm as paraxial mesoderm, intermediate mesoderm, and lateral plate mesoderm, providing an overview of the different types of mesodermal tissue during embryonic development.

p.1
Cell Structure and Function

What are the functions of cells?

A) Protection
Explanation: Cells perform various functions including providing structure for the body’s tissues and organs, ingesting nutrients, performing specialized functions, containing the body’s hereditary code, movement, reproduction, and even death, highlighting their diverse roles in maintaining life processes.

p.12
Tissues of the Human Body

What are the functions of osseous tissue?

A) Internal support
Explanation: Osseous tissue provides internal support, protects vital organs, enables movement, and serves as an attachment site for muscles and tendons, highlighting its crucial role in the skeletal system and overall body function.

p.18
Embryoblast and Trophoblast Development

What is the function of the trophoblast in the blastocyst formation?

C) Forms covering of embryo (placenta)
Explanation: The trophoblast in the blastocyst formation plays a crucial role in forming the covering of the embryo, which later develops into the placenta, an essential structure for fetal development.

p.21
Cell Cycle and Mitosis

What is the duration of the actual stage of mitosis?
A) 15 minutes
B) 30 minutes
C) 1 hour
D) 2 hours
E) 45 minutes

B) 30 minutes
Explanation: The actual stage of mitosis lasts for only about 30 minutes, highlighting the brief yet crucial nature of this phase in the cell cycle.

p.1
Cell Structure and Function

What is the basic living unit of the body?

A) Cell
Explanation: The cell is described as the basic living unit of the body, with each type of cell being specially adapted to perform particular functions, making it a fundamental concept in understanding the body's structure and function.

p.16
Tissues of the Human Body

Where do thin actin filaments attach in smooth muscle cells?
A) Myosin
B) Troponin
C) Dense bodies
D) Sarcolemma
E) Sarcoplasmic reticulum

C) Dense bodies
Explanation: Thin actin filaments in smooth muscle cells attach to α-actinin located in dense bodies, which are located throughout the sarcoplasm and near the sarcolemma, illustrating the unique attachment points within smooth muscle cells.

p.15
Tissues of the Human Body

What is the function of satellite cells in muscle tissue?
A) They form myotubes
B) They produce new muscle fibers following muscle injury
C) They are protein filaments in each muscle fiber
D) They are responsible for muscle contraction
E) They separate one sarcomere to another

B) They produce new muscle fibers following muscle injury
Explanation: Satellite cells are part of myoblasts that do not fuse and differentiate; instead, they proliferate and produce new muscle fibers following muscle injury, highlighting their role in muscle regeneration and repair.

p.15
Tissues of the Human Body

What is the basic contractile unit of a skeletal muscle?
A) Z disc
B) M line
C) I bands
D) Sarcomere
E) A bands

D) Sarcomere
Explanation: The sarcomere is the basic contractile unit of a skeletal muscle, as it is the smallest portion of the skeletal muscle capable of contracting, emphasizing its fundamental role in muscle function and movement.

p.4
Cell Structure and Function

What is the function of Golgi apparatus in protein processing?
A) ATP synthesis
B) Protein synthesis
C) Protein degradation
D) Protein processing and packaging
E) Lipid and glycogen metabolism

D) Protein processing and packaging
Explanation: The Golgi apparatus processes proteins made in the RER further and packages them for secretion or other roles, emphasizing its crucial role in protein modification and trafficking within the cell.

p.4
Cell Structure and Function

What is the primary function of lysosomes in the cell?
A) ATP synthesis
B) Protein synthesis
C) Lipid metabolism
D) Digestion of cellular macromolecules
E) Detoxification reactions

D) Digestion of cellular macromolecules
Explanation: Lysosomes emerge from the Golgi apparatus containing inactive acid hydrolases specific for degrading a wide variety of cellular macromolecules, highlighting their primary role in cellular digestion and waste management.

p.4
Cell Structure and Function

What is the major site of ATP synthesis in the cell?
A) Nucleus
B) Peroxisomes
C) Mitochondria
D) Golgi apparatus
E) Lysosomes

C) Mitochondria
Explanation: Mitochondria are the major site of ATP synthesis and are abundant in cellular regions where large amounts of energy are expended, underscoring their pivotal role in cellular energy production.

p.13
Blood Components

What is the function of WBC in the blood?
A) Carrying oxygen
B) Coagulation
C) Phagocytosis, fights off viruses/malignant diseases
D) Transporting nutrients
E) Stopping bleeding

C) Phagocytosis, fights off viruses/malignant diseases
Explanation: White blood cells (WBC) play a crucial role in the immune system by performing phagocytosis and combating viruses and malignant diseases, contributing to the body's defense mechanism.

p.18
Embryoblast and Trophoblast Development

What is the purpose of cleavage after fertilization?

A) To form morula and later blastocyst
Explanation: Cleavage after fertilization aims at the formation of morula and later blastocyst, which are crucial stages in early embryonic development.

p.12
Tissues of the Human Body

What is the major cell type in cartilage?

C) chondrocytes
Explanation: The major cell type in cartilage is chondrocytes, which are responsible for maintaining the cartilage matrix and its firmness, contributing to its protective and shock-absorbing functions.

p.2
Cell Structure and Function

What is the function of cytoplasm in maintaining cell shape and structure?
A) It is a colorless solution
B) It protects the organelles and genetic material
C) It facilitates metabolic processes
D) It transports metabolites and molecules across the cell
E) It fills out the cell and gives its shape

E) It fills out the cell and gives its shape
Explanation: The cytoplasm is described as a thick, usually colorless solution that fills each cell and presses against the cell membrane, contributing to the maintenance of cell shape and structure.

p.12
Tissues of the Human Body

What are the functions of cartilage?

B) Protects bones and joints
Explanation: Cartilage functions to protect bones and joints, as well as act as a shock absorber throughout the body, emphasizing its role in maintaining joint health and cushioning impact within the body.

p.18
Embryoblast and Trophoblast Development

What is the embryonic pole in the blastocyst?

E) Side of the embryoblast attachment with the trophoblast
Explanation: The embryonic pole in the blastocyst refers to the side of the embryoblast attachment with the trophoblast, signifying an important orientation in early embryonic development.

p.17
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Structure

Which type of glial cell forms myelin sheaths that insulate axons in the CNS?

A) Oligodendrocytes
Explanation: Oligodendrocytes wrap processes around portions of axons in the CNS, forming myelin sheaths that insulate the axons and facilitate nerve impulses, demonstrating their crucial role in neural signal conduction and insulation.

p.8
Tissues of the Human Body

What is the function of hemidesmosome in epithelial tissue?

E) Cell matrix junction that anchors the cell to the basement membrane; composed of transmembrane integrins attach cells to proteins of the basal lamina
Explanation: Hemidesmosome in epithelial tissue serves as a cell matrix junction that anchors the cell to the basement membrane, composed of transmembrane integrins that attach cells to proteins of the basal lamina, highlighting its structural significance in maintaining tissue integrity.

p.16
Tissues of the Human Body

What is the term for the wave-like smooth muscle contraction that moves food through the digestive tract?
A) Peristalsis
B) Contraction cascade
C) Myogenic contraction
D) Tetanic contraction
E) Isotonic contraction

A) Peristalsis
Explanation: The term for the wave-like smooth muscle contraction that moves food through the digestive tract is peristalsis, emphasizing the specific mechanism by which smooth muscle facilitates movement within the digestive system.

p.4
Cell Structure and Function

What is the role of smooth ER in cellular metabolism?
A) Protein synthesis
B) Lipid and glycogen metabolism
C) ATP synthesis
D) Detoxification reactions
E) β-oxidation of fatty acids

B) Lipid and glycogen metabolism
Explanation: Smooth ER lacks ribosomes but includes enzymes for lipid and glycogen metabolism, as well as for detoxification reactions and temporary Ca2+ sequestration, highlighting its involvement in various metabolic processes within the cell.

p.23
Genetic Code: Transcription and Translation

What is the function of a codon in the genetic code?
A) It binds to the corresponding mRNA sequence
B) It synthesizes proteins
C) It regulates gene expression
D) It initiates DNA replication
E) It forms the structure of tRNA

A) It binds to the corresponding mRNA sequence
Explanation: A codon in the genetic code is a set of three-letter combinations of nucleotides that, once transcribed to mRNA, binds to the corresponding mRNA sequence, highlighting its role in translating genetic information into protein synthesis.

p.23
Genetic Code: Transcription and Translation

What is the start codon in the genetic code?
A) UAA
B) UAG
C) AUG
D) UGA
E) AAA

C) AUG
Explanation: The start codon in the genetic code is AUG, which initiates the process of protein synthesis, signifying its crucial role in the translation of genetic information.

p.7
Tissues of the Human Body

What is the function of muscular tissue?
A) Support body structure
B) Transport substances throughout the body
C) Produce body movements
D) Receive, generate, and transmit nerve impulses
E) Composed of cells producing very abundant extracellular matrix

C) Produce body movements
Explanation: The function of muscular tissue is to produce body movements, which is facilitated by its composition of elongated cells specialized for contraction and body movements.

p.12
Tissues of the Human Body

What is the composition of osseous tissue?

B) Composed of osteocytes (bone cells), sitting cavities called lacunae and surrounded by layers of a very hard matrix that contains calcium salts in addition to large number of collagen fibers
Explanation: Osseous tissue, also known as bone tissue, is composed of osteocytes (bone cells) situated in cavities called lacunae and surrounded by a hard matrix containing calcium salts and collagen fibers, which gives bones their characteristic strength and structure.

p.2
Cell Structure and Function

What are the two basic parts that compose a cell according to the text?
A) Nucleus and cytoplasm
B) Cytoplasm and mitochondria
C) Cytoplasm and plasma membrane
D) Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus
E) Ribosomes and proteasomes

C) Cytoplasm and plasma membrane
Explanation: The text specifies that the cell is composed of cytoplasm and plasma membrane, highlighting these as the two fundamental components of a cell.

p.9
Tissues of the Human Body

How are epithelial tissues classified?

D) According to the shape of the cells composing the tissue and by the number of cell layers present in the tissue
Explanation: Epithelial tissues are classified according to the shape of the cells composing the tissue and by the number of cell layers present in the tissue. This classification system provides a framework for understanding the diverse functions and structures of epithelial tissues.

p.17
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Structure

What are the two principal types of nervous tissue?

B) Neuron & neuroglia
Explanation: The two principal types of nervous tissue are neurons and neuroglia, each with distinct functions and roles in the nervous system.

p.16
Tissues of the Human Body

What is the shape of individual smooth muscle cells?
A) Circular
B) Square
C) Fusiform (tapering)
D) Irregular
E) Triangular

C) Fusiform (tapering)
Explanation: Individual smooth muscle cells are described as small and fusiform (tapering) in shape, emphasizing their unique morphology and structure.

p.21
Cellular Processes: Cellular Respiration

What is the rate-limiting step in glycolysis?
A) Glucose → glucose-6-phosphate
B) Fructose-6-phosphate → fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
C) Phosphoenolpyruvate → pyruvate
D) Pyruvate → acetyl CoA
E) Acetyl CoA → citrate

B) Fructose-6-phosphate → fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
Explanation: The rate-limiting step in glycolysis is the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, catalyzed by the enzyme phosphofructokinase-1, which regulates the overall glycolytic pathway.

p.23
Cellular Processes: Cellular Respiration

Where does oxidative phosphorylation primarily occur?
A) Liver and spleen
B) Kidney and pancreas
C) Liver and kidney
D) Heart and lungs
E) Stomach and intestines

C) Liver and kidney
Explanation: Oxidative phosphorylation primarily occurs in the liver (90%) and kidney (10%), emphasizing the significance of these organs in this essential metabolic process.

p.22
Cellular Processes: Cellular Respiration

How many moles of ATP are produced when 1 mole of glucose is oxidized to CO2 and H2O using the glycerol phosphate shuttle?
A) 25 moles ATP
B) 30 moles ATP
C) 32 moles ATP
D) 35 moles ATP
E) 40 moles ATP

B) 30 moles ATP
Explanation: The glycerol phosphate shuttle is stated to produce approximately 30 moles of ATP when 1 mole of glucose is oxidized to CO2 and H2O, emphasizing its significant role in ATP production during cellular respiration.

p.6
Germ Layers in Embryonic Development

What differentiates further into dermatome, myotome, and sclerotome?
A) Paraxial mesoderm
B) Intermediate mesoderm
C) Lateral plate mesoderm
D) Endoderm
E) Neural crest

A) Paraxial mesoderm
Explanation: The paraxial mesoderm differentiates further into dermatome, myotome, and sclerotome, which are essential in the development of various tissues and structures in the body.

p.1
Cell Structure and Function

What is the meaning of 'Eu' and 'karyon' in the term 'Eukaryotic cells'?

A) True nucleus
Explanation: The term 'Eukaryotic cells' is derived from 'Eu' meaning true and 'karyon' meaning nucleus, indicating that these cells have a true nucleus, which is a key characteristic that distinguishes them from prokaryotic cells.

p.1
Cell Structure and Function

What is the basic living unit of the body?

A) Cell
Explanation: The cell is described as the basic living unit of the body, with each type of cell being specially adapted to perform particular functions, making it a fundamental concept in understanding the body's structure and function.

p.18
Embryoblast and Trophoblast Development

At what stage does the zygote reach the 16-cell stage?

D) 4th cleavage: 16-cell stage (96 hours after fertilization)
Explanation: The zygote reaches the 16-cell stage at the 4th cleavage, which occurs approximately 96 hours after fertilization, signifying the rapid mitotic divisions during early embryonic development.

p.18
Embryoblast and Trophoblast Development

What is the morula covered by?

B) Zona pellucida
Explanation: The morula is covered by zona pellucida, a protective layer that plays a role in the development and protection of the embryo during its early stages.

p.21
Cell Cycle and Mitosis

What is the result of the duplication of DNA during mitosis?
A) One exact replica of DNA
B) Three exact replicas of DNA
C) Two exact replicas of DNA
D) Four exact replicas of DNA
E) No exact replicas of DNA

C) Two exact replicas of DNA
Explanation: The duplication of DNA during mitosis results in two exact replicas of all DNA, which become the DNA in the two new daughter cells formed during mitosis.

p.8
Tissues of the Human Body

Where is the location of epithelial tissue?

A) Outer layer of the skin, lining of respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive tracts, glands of the body
Explanation: Epithelial tissue is located in the outer layer of the skin, lining of respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive tracts, and glands of the body, highlighting its diverse presence in various parts of the human body.

p.21
Cellular Processes: Cellular Respiration

Where does glycolysis occur?
A) Nucleus
B) Mitochondria
C) Endoplasmic reticulum
D) Golgi apparatus
E) Cytosol

E) Cytosol
Explanation: Glycolysis, a major pathway for glucose metabolism, occurs in the cytosol, converting glucose into three carbon compounds to provide energy.

p.17
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Structure

What is the role of Schwann cells in the PNS?

D) Enclose all axons in nerves of the PNS, producing myelin sheaths around large-diameter axons
Explanation: Schwann cells enclose all axons in nerves of the PNS, producing myelin sheaths around large-diameter axons, which enhances impulse conductivity at the nodes of Ranvier, underscoring their significance in peripheral nervous system function and signal transmission.

p.1
Cell Structure and Function

What is the meaning of 'pro' and 'karyon' in the term 'Prokaryotic cells'?

A) Before nucleus
Explanation: The term 'Prokaryotic cells' is derived from 'pro' meaning before and 'karyon' meaning nucleus, indicating that these cells do not have a true nucleus, which is a defining characteristic that sets them apart from eukaryotic cells.

p.1
Cell Structure and Function

Which groups do prokaryotic cells belong to?

A) Bacteria and archea
Explanation: Prokaryotic cells are divided into two groups, bacteria and archea, which are distinct categories of single-celled organisms with unique characteristics and evolutionary significance.

p.15
Tissues of the Human Body

What is the composition of Actin filaments in muscle tissue?
A) Chains of purple spheres
B) Blue strands
C) Red spheres and rod
D) Chains of green spheres
E) Chains of yellow spheres

A) Chains of purple spheres
Explanation: Actin filaments are composed of F actin, which are chains of purple spheres, tropomyosin, and troponin, highlighting the specific components that make up actin filaments and contribute to muscle contraction.

p.5
Germ Layers in Embryonic Development

During which period of development do the three germ layers give rise to specific tissues and organs?
A) First to fifth weeks
B) Second to seventh weeks
C) Third to eighth weeks
D) Ninth to twelfth weeks
E) Tenth to fifteenth weeks

C) Third to eighth weeks
Explanation: The embryonic period, occurring from the third to eighth weeks of development, is when each of the three germ layers gives rise to specific tissues and organs, marking a crucial phase in embryonic development.

p.5
Germ Layers in Embryonic Development

What is the trilaminar germ disc composed of?
A) Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
B) Ectoderm, endoderm, and exoderm
C) Mesoderm, endoderm, and epiderm
D) Endoderm, mesoderm, and exoderm
E) Ectoderm, mesoderm, and epiderm

A) Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
Explanation: The trilaminar germ disc is composed of the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm, signifying the presence of all three germ layers during embryonic development.

p.11
Tissues of the Human Body

What is the function of the basal membrane?
A) To produce collagen
B) To regulate the passage of ions
C) To provide elasticity to tissues
D) To attach epithelia to connective tissue
E) To form attachment sites for immune cells

D) To attach epithelia to connective tissue
Explanation: The basal membrane serves the function of attaching epithelia to connective tissue, as well as filtering substances passing from connective tissue into epithelia, scaffolding during tissue regeneration after injury, and compartmentalizing epithelial cells from other tissues.

p.19
Germ Layers in Embryonic Development

What happens to the blastocyst as it becomes ready for implantation?
A) It decreases in size
B) The zona pellucida disappears
C) It becomes spherical
D) It becomes transparent
E) It becomes dormant

B) The zona pellucida disappears
Explanation: The blastocyst undergoes the disappearance of the zona pellucida as it becomes ready for implantation, indicating a crucial developmental stage in the early embryo.

p.16
Tissues of the Human Body

What is the role of myosin light-chain kinase (MCLK) and calmodulin in smooth muscle?
A) They control the release of calcium ions
B) They control the contraction of sarcomeres
C) They control the sliding filaments
D) They control the formation of sarcomeres
E) They control the synthesis of actin filaments

C) They control the sliding filaments
Explanation: Myosin light-chain kinase (MCLK) and calmodulin play a role in controlling the sliding filaments in smooth muscle, highlighting their specific function in the contraction process of smooth muscle cells.

p.23
Cellular Processes: Cellular Respiration

What are the substrates for oxidative phosphorylation?
A) Fatty acids and triglycerides
B) Amino acids and proteins
C) Carbohydrates and sugars
D) Intermediates of glycolysis and TCA, lactate, glycerol, and propionyl CoA
E) Vitamins and minerals

D) Intermediates of glycolysis and TCA, lactate, glycerol, and propionyl CoA
Explanation: The substrates for oxidative phosphorylation include intermediates of glycolysis and TCA, lactate through the Cori cycle, glycerol and propionyl CoA from triacylglycerols, and carbon skeletons of glucogenic amino acids, highlighting the diverse sources of energy for this process.

p.22
Cellular Processes: Cellular Respiration

What is the crucial metabolic pathway in eukaryotic cell mitochondria that links glycolysis and the citric acid cycle?
A) Krebs cycle
B) Pyruvate oxidation
C) Citrate cycle
D) Glycerol phosphate pathway
E) Malate aspartate pathway

B) Pyruvate oxidation
Explanation: Pyruvate oxidation is highlighted as the crucial metabolic pathway in eukaryotic cell mitochondria that serves as a bridge between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, emphasizing its role in cellular respiration.

p.6
Germ Layers in Embryonic Development

Which organs are derived from the intermediate mesoderm?
A) Liver, gall bladder, pancreas
B) Bladder, urethra, prostate gland
C) Kidneys, ureters, gonads
D) Pharynx, esophagus, stomach, duodenum
E) Sternum, upper limbs, lower limbs

C) Kidneys, ureters, gonads
Explanation: The text specifies that the kidneys, ureters, and gonads are derived from the intermediate mesoderm, highlighting the developmental origin of these important organs.

p.6
Germ Layers in Embryonic Development

What is the function of the splanchnic layer of the lateral plate mesoderm?
A) Formation of vertebrae and intervertebral discs
B) Development of skeletal muscles
C) Differentiation into dermatome, myotome, and sclerotome
D) Formation of visceral layer of body cavity and smooth muscles of the GI tract
E) Epithelial lining of the GI tract/alimentary canal

D) Formation of visceral layer of body cavity and smooth muscles of the GI tract
Explanation: The splanchnic layer of the lateral plate mesoderm is responsible for the formation of the visceral layer of the body cavity, as well as the smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, playing a crucial role in the development of these structures.

p.5
Germ Layers in Embryonic Development

Which major classes are included in the ectoderm?
A) Surface ectoderm & mesoderm
B) Neuroectoderm & endoderm
C) Surface ectoderm & neuroectoderm
D) Mesoderm & endoderm
E) Ectoderm & endoderm

C) Surface ectoderm & neuroectoderm
Explanation: The ectoderm consists of two major classes: surface ectoderm and neuroectoderm, highlighting the differentiation of this germ layer into distinct categories during embryonic development.

p.11
Tissues of the Human Body

What characterizes dense regular connective tissue?
A) It is filled primarily with randomly distributed bundles of type I collagen
B) It provides resistance to tearing from all directions as well as some elasticity
C) It is prominent in tendons and ligaments
D) It consists of delicate networks of type III collagen
E) It is the embryonic form of gel-like connective tissue

C) It is prominent in tendons and ligaments
Explanation: Dense regular connective tissue features bundles of essentially parallel collagen, providing great strength (but little stretch) in binding together components of the musculoskeletal system, and is prominent in tendons and ligaments.

p.19
Germ Layers in Embryonic Development

What are the three layers that the embryoblast acquires during the third week of development?
A) Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
B) Epiblast, hypoblast, and trophoblast
C) Ectoderm, endoderm, and trophoblast
D) Mesoderm, syncytiotrophoblast, and cytotrophoblast
E) Ectoderm, mesoderm, and syncytiotrophoblast

A) Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
Explanation: During the third week of development, the embryoblast acquires the form of a disc and becomes trilaminar, with the layers being ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm, signifying the process of gastrulation.

p.19
Apoptosis and Neurulation

What are the features induced by specific Bcl-2 proteins during apoptosis?
A) Enhanced mitochondrial function and caspase activation
B) Inhibition of DNA fragmentation
C) Increase in nuclear and cell volumes
D) Formation of apoptotic bodies
E) Loss of cell membrane integrity

E) Loss of cell membrane integrity
Explanation: Specific Bcl-2 proteins induce a process with features such as loss of mitochondrial function and caspase activation, fragmentation of DNA, shrinkage of nuclear and cell volumes, and cell membrane changes, including the formation of 'blebs', ultimately leading to the loss of cell membrane integrity, a defining characteristic of apoptosis.

p.23
Cellular Processes: Cellular Respiration

What is the rate limiting step in oxidative phosphorylation?
A) Pyruvate to acetyl CoA
B) Citrate to isocitrate
C) Fructose 1,6-biphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate
D) Malate to oxaloacetate
E) Succinyl CoA to succinate

C) Fructose 1,6-biphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate
Explanation: The rate limiting step in oxidative phosphorylation is the conversion of fructose 1,6-biphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate, which is catalyzed by the enzyme fructose 1,6-biphosphatase, underscoring its regulatory role in this metabolic pathway.

p.22
Cellular Processes: Cellular Respiration

Where does the Krebs cycle occur in the cell?
A) Cytosol
B) Mitochondrial membrane
C) Mitochondrial matrix
D) Endoplasmic reticulum
E) Golgi apparatus

C) Mitochondrial matrix
Explanation: The Krebs cycle is specifically mentioned to occur in the mitochondrial matrix, underscoring its location within the cell during the process of cellular respiration.

p.22
Cellular Processes: Cellular Respiration

What is the rate-limiting step in the Krebs cycle?
A) Acetyl CoA → Citrate
B) Citrate → Isocitrate
C) Isocitrate → α-ketoglutarate
D) α-ketoglutarate → Succinyl-CoA
E) Succinyl-CoA → Succinate

C) Isocitrate → α-ketoglutarate
Explanation: The text specifies that the rate-limiting step in the Krebs cycle is the conversion of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate, highlighting its significance in regulating the overall cycle and ATP production.

p.5
Germ Layers in Embryonic Development

What does FGF8 control during embryonic development?
A) Cell division
B) Cell migration and specification
C) Tissue differentiation
D) Organ formation
E) Blood vessel development

B) Cell migration and specification
Explanation: FGF8, or fibroblast growth factor 8, controls the cell migration and specification during embryonic development, playing a crucial role in the organization of cells and tissues.

p.10
Tissues of the Human Body

Which type of epithelium is characterized by a single layer of tall, narrow cells?
A) Simple squamous epithelium
B) Simple cuboidal epithelium
C) Simple columnar epithelium
D) Keratinized and non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
E) Stratified cuboidal & columnar epithelium

C) Simple columnar epithelium
Explanation: Simple columnar epithelium consists of a single layer of tall, narrow cells, and it is commonly found in the lining of the digestive tract. This type of epithelium is involved in absorption and secretion.

p.19
Germ Layers in Embryonic Development

What are the two layers that the trophoblasts differentiate into upon attachment to the uterine endometrium?
A) Ectoderm and mesoderm
B) Endoderm and mesoderm
C) Cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast
D) Epiblast and hypoblast
E) Trophoblast A and Trophoblast B

C) Cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast
Explanation: Upon attachment to the uterine endometrium, trophoblasts differentiate into two layers: cytotrophoblast, which forms the inner cell layer, and syncytiotrophoblast, which forms the outer cell layer, marking a critical stage in embryonic development.

p.19
Apoptosis and Neurulation

What is the role of the Bcl-2 family in apoptosis?
A) Inducing cell proliferation
B) Regulating the release of death-promoting factors from mitochondria
C) Inhibiting caspase activation
D) Promoting cell migration
E) Enhancing DNA replication

B) Regulating the release of death-promoting factors from mitochondria
Explanation: The Bcl-2 family of cytoplasmic proteins controls the onset of apoptosis by regulating the release of death-promoting factors from mitochondria, underscoring its pivotal role in the apoptotic process.

p.15
Tissues of the Human Body

What distinguishes Type II muscle fibers from Type I muscle fibers?
A) Type II fibers contain large amounts of myoglobin
B) Type II fibers respond rapidly to nervous stimulation
C) Type II fibers rely almost exclusively on anaerobic glycolysis for ATP production
D) Type II fibers contain fewer, smaller mitochondria
E) Type II fibers are also called slow twitch muscle fibers

C) Type II fibers rely almost exclusively on anaerobic glycolysis for ATP production
Explanation: Type II muscle fibers, also known as fast twitch muscle fibers, rely almost exclusively on anaerobic glycolysis for ATP production, highlighting their capacity for rapid response to nervous stimulation and adaptation to perform anaerobic respiration.

p.15
Tissues of the Human Body

What is the function of intercalated discs in cardiac muscle?
A) They contain desmosomes and other adherens junction for firm adhesion during contractile activity
B) They allow cardiac muscle to send transmission signals quickly between cardiac cells
C) They consist of individual cylindrical cells, each containing one or two central nuclei
D) They are the visible striations which is the functional unit of the skeletal muscle
E) They are protein filaments in each muscle fiber

B) They allow cardiac muscle to send transmission signals quickly between cardiac cells
Explanation: Intercalated discs in cardiac muscle allow for quick transmission signals between cardiac cells, ensuring synchronized contraction of the heart chambers, emphasizing their crucial role in maintaining coordinated heart function.

p.5
Germ Layers in Embryonic Development

What structures are derived from the neuroectoderm?
A) Components of the central nervous system
B) Components of the peripheral nervous system
C) Components of both CNS and PNS
D) Components of the endocrine system
E) Components of the respiratory system

C) Components of both CNS and PNS
Explanation: The neuroectoderm gives rise to components of both the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), illustrating its crucial role in the development of neural structures.

p.10
Tissues of the Human Body

Which type of epithelium consists of a single layer of flattened cells?
A) Simple squamous epithelium
B) Simple cuboidal epithelium
C) Simple columnar epithelium
D) Keratinized and non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
E) Stratified cuboidal & columnar epithelium

A) Simple squamous epithelium
Explanation: Simple squamous epithelium is characterized by a single layer of flattened cells, which allows for efficient diffusion and filtration across the epithelium. This structure is well-suited for areas where rapid diffusion is necessary, such as in the lungs and blood vessels.

p.10
Tissues of the Human Body

Which type of epithelium is made up of multiple layers of cube-shaped or columnar cells?
A) Simple squamous epithelium
B) Simple cuboidal epithelium
C) Simple columnar epithelium
D) Keratinized and non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
E) Stratified cuboidal & columnar epithelium

E) Stratified cuboidal & columnar epithelium
Explanation: Stratified cuboidal & columnar epithelium consists of multiple layers of cube-shaped or columnar cells, and it is relatively rare in the human body. This type of epithelium is found in the ducts of certain glands and parts of the male urethra.

p.19
Apoptosis and Neurulation

What is the role of the notochord in neurulation?
A) Inducing differentiation of neural crest cells
B) Proliferating neural plate cells
C) Forming the neural tube
D) Acting as a primary inducer for neural plate formation and differentiation
E) Initiating the closure of the neural tube

D) Acting as a primary inducer for neural plate formation and differentiation
Explanation: The notochord acts as a primary inducer for neural plate formation and differentiation during neurulation, highlighting its crucial role in the early development of the nervous system.

p.11
Tissues of the Human Body

What are the two parts of the basal membrane?
A) Basal lamina and reticular lamina
B) Collagen and laminin
C) Glycoprotein and proteoglycans
D) Laminins and collagen
E) Type IV collagen and type III collagen

A) Basal lamina and reticular lamina
Explanation: The basal membrane consists of two parts: the basal lamina, which is a thin meshwork of type IV collagen and laminin produced by the epithelial cells, and the reticular lamina, which contains type III collagen and anchoring fibrils of type VII collagen, all secreted by cells of the immediately adjacent connective tissue.

p.10
Tissues of the Human Body

Which type of epithelium is composed of multiple layers of cells, with the outermost layers being keratinized or non-keratinized?
A) Simple squamous epithelium
B) Simple cuboidal epithelium
C) Simple columnar epithelium
D) Keratinized and non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
E) Stratified cuboidal & columnar epithelium

D) Keratinized and non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Explanation: Keratinized and non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium is characterized by multiple layers of cells, with the outermost layers being either keratinized (found in the skin) or non-keratinized (found in the oral cavity, esophagus, and vagina). This type of epithelium provides protection against mechanical stress and pathogens.

p.19
Apoptosis and Neurulation

What is neurulation?
A) Formation of the neural tube
B) Differentiation of neural crest cells
C) Proliferation of neural plate cells
D) Migration of neuroectodermal cells
E) Closure of the neural tube

A) Formation of the neural tube
Explanation: Neurulation is the process of formation of the neural plate, neural folds, and closure of these folds to form the neural tube, representing a critical stage in the development of the central nervous system.

p.11
Tissues of the Human Body

What is the composition of the basal membrane?
A) Collagen and laminin
B) Laminins and glycoprotein
C) Type IV collagen and type III collagen
D) Proteoglycans and entactin
E) Type IV collagen and perlecan

C) Type IV collagen and type III collagen
Explanation: The basal membrane is composed of laminins, large glycoproteins that self-assemble as a lacelike network immediately below the cells’ basal poles, where they are held in place by the transmembrane integrins, as well as monomers of type IV collagen and type III collagen, among other components.

p.11
Tissues of the Human Body

What is the classification of loose connective tissue based on?
A) The amount of collagen and ground substance present
B) The presence of elastic fibers
C) The resistance to tearing from all directions
D) The presence of type III collagen
E) The amount of glycoproteins present

A) The amount of collagen and ground substance present
Explanation: Loose connective tissue is classified based on the amount of collagen and ground substance present, with loose connective tissue having more ground substance than collagen, typically surrounding small blood vessels and occupying areas adjacent to other types of epithelia.

p.10
Tissues of the Human Body

Which type of epithelium is made up of a single layer of cube-shaped cells?
A) Simple squamous epithelium
B) Simple cuboidal epithelium
C) Simple columnar epithelium
D) Keratinized and non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
E) Stratified cuboidal & columnar epithelium

B) Simple cuboidal epithelium
Explanation: Simple cuboidal epithelium is composed of a single layer of cube-shaped cells, and it is commonly found in the lining of kidney tubules and various glands. This type of epithelium is involved in secretion and absorption.

p.19
Apoptosis and Neurulation

What is apoptosis?
A) Uncontrolled cell growth
B) Programmed cell death
C) Cell division
D) Cell differentiation
E) Cell migration

B) Programmed cell death
Explanation: Apoptosis is an intracellular programmed cell death process that occurs when cells are no longer needed or become a threat to the organism, highlighting its role in regulating cell populations and maintaining tissue homeostasis.

Study Smarter, Not Harder
Study Smarter, Not Harder