BB IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY HENRYS

Autoanti-P, also known as the Donath-Landsteiner (DL) antibody, which is an IgG biphasic autohemolysin.

The blood sample should be stored at 37°C until clot formation and not drawn into an anticoagulant like EDTA.

A condition characterized by the presence of both warm and cold autoantibodies, affecting less than 10% of AIHA patients.

DAT is usually positive with both C3 and IgG, and the patient’s serum reacts in all phases of testing.

The DAT can confirm the presence of antibody attached to the patient's own red cells in vivo, differentiating AIHA from congenital anemias.

For future studies and to perform parallel testing with new samples.

In major ABO-incompatible solid-organ transplantation.

The method is used to lyse normal donor red cells while preserving hemoglobin S red cells, which are resistant to hypotonic saline.

Most genotyping methods focus on known common polymorphisms and may miss unknown mutations that alter protein or gene expression.

Methods include restriction fragment length polymorphism, allele-specific PCR, real-time PCR, direct sequencing, and microarray technology.

To monitor if fetal cells possess the corresponding antigen and are stimulating the mother to produce more antibody, providing valuable information regarding pregnancy management.

To physically remove antibodies from sera.

The incidence rate is approximately 1 in 50,000 to 1 in 80,000.

Approximately 8% of hospitalized patients have a positive DAT without any signs of hemolysis.

Freeze-thaw, heat elution, organic solvents, and pH alteration.

To assess the risk of hemolysis and the need for pretransplant therapeutic apheresis.

Molecular typing is useful because circulating donor red cells can interfere with standard serologic typing.

Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia usually involves IgG, while cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia involves IgM.

Lectins are used to test for specific blood group antigens and investigate polyagglutination and weak antigen subgroups.

IgG1 and/or IgG3.

It can separate multiple alloantibodies in a complex mixture or eliminate the reactivity of an alloantibody to a high-frequency antigen.

It dissociates antibody from RBCs while leaving the antigens relatively intact.

Anti-Pr, which can be IgG, IgM, or IgA.

They work well for the removal of cold-reactive antibodies.

Approximately 80%.

40% to 50% are due to IgG only, 45% to 60% are caused by IgG and complement, and 0% to 15% are the result of complement only.

ZZAP contains DTT and cysteine-activated papain, which destabilize and digest IgG autoantibodies coating RBCs, increasing adsorptive capacity.

Anti-I.

Differential agglutination and density separation using centrifugation.

Lectin typing uses reagents derived from plant seeds to test for the presence or absence of specific blood group antigens.

Using the diagnostic Donath-Landsteiner (DL) test, which involves incubating patient serum and group O cells at different temperatures and checking for hemolysis.

The Indirect Antiglobulin Test (IAT).

They are used to remove warm-reactive IgG antibodies.

Numerous washes must be done to remove any serum containing unbound antibody.

The saline from the last wash must be tested against appropriate cells to detect any residual unbound antibody.

Adsorption studies, such as autoadsorption using autologous cells treated with ZZAP.

Overtreatment with glycine/EDTA can cause irreversible damage to the RBC membrane.

Creates Kell 'null' cells used for identifying alloantibodies in a mixture containing antibody to a high-frequency antigen in the Kell system.

To remove antibodies bound to RBCs for subsequent identification studies, helpful in evaluating acute and delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions, HDFN, and autoimmune hemolytic anemia.

Transfused cells are older and denser because they have been circulating longer than newly formed autologous cells (reticulocytes).

By sequentially adsorbing the sample at 37°C for warm-reactive autoantibody, followed by incubation in an ice bath for cold-reactive autoantibody.

Recently transfused individuals will have multiple red cell populations, and circulating donor cells could adsorb an alloantibody of interest.

Cold autoantibodies react optimally at 4°C, have expanded thermal amplitude, and increased titer, often interfering with ABO/Rh typing and crossmatching.

To semiquantitatively determine the amount of antibody present in a given serum/plasma.

Proteolytic enzymes (e.g., papain, ficin, trypsin), neuraminidase, ZZAP, AET, and DTT.

It can eliminate some antibody reactivity by destroying corresponding antigen structures and enhance sensitization, agglutination, and/or hemolysis by other antibodies.

It dissociates IgG from patient red cells with a positive DAT so they can be typed with blood grouping reagents that require an indirect antiglobulin technique.

O-linked sialic acid residues on glycophorin A and B are components found on the surface of red blood cells.

PCH is an autoimmune hemolytic syndrome often seen in children after an upper respiratory or gastrointestinal infection.

Keeping the patient warm and using a blood warmer for transfusion.

A third technologist should perform the titration.

Reports indicate that Rh antigens and possibly other blood group antigens can be weakened, resulting in false-negative reactions.

Lectin reagents contain proteins that recognize specific carbohydrates on the RBC membrane and are usually derived from plant seeds.

To destroy specific antigens, eliminate specific alloantibody reactivity, and enhance the reactivity of weak antibodies.

The DAT is positive with polyspecific and anti-C3 only during or immediately after an episode of hemolysis.

Because IgG3 has a greater capacity for binding to Fc receptors on macrophages.

Different technics (like using homozygous cells, LISS, tube, or gel methods) can yield significantly different end titers.

DTT denatures CD38, which helps resolve weak panreactivity during testing in patients receiving anti-CD38 drugs for multiple myeloma.

Adding heat, disrupting antigen structure by freezing and thawing, and using organic solvents.

They are usually IgG and polyclonal, showing optimal in vitro reactivity at 37°C.

Washed and/or enzyme-treated autologous RBCs, phenotypically matched allogeneic cells, cells positive for specific blood group antigens, or RBC stroma.

The Ig class and the thermal range of the antibodies being adsorbed.

Eluates should be stored at –20°C or lower.

Binding of antibodies to RBCs in cooler peripheral vessels, followed by complement activation and cell destruction as RBCs circulate to the body core.

It may be necessary in a transfused patient with multiple alloantibodies, a warm autoantibody with possible alloantibodies, or an antibody to a high-incidence antigen.

They disrupt the lipid bilayer of the red cell membrane, altering the complementary fit and/or reversing selected attractive forces between antigen and antibody.

They cleave disulfide bonds, inactivating the agglutinating capacity of IgM antibodies by destroying the pentameric structure of the IgM molecule.

As the reciprocal of the highest serum dilution that gives macroscopic agglutination.

It is used in obstetric patients, ABO-incompatible solid-organ and bone marrow transplantation, and occasionally in antibody identification studies.

DAT testing on separated autologous RBCs can help determine whether a patient is developing a delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction due to new alloantibodies.

An aggressive course of immunosuppression and therapeutic apheresis before and after transplant to reduce ABO titers below a critical threshold.

They evaluate a serum containing an antibody like anti-M that has both IgM and IgG components by destroying the agglutinating anti-M.

It can cause difficulties in compatibility testing due to broad reactivity and may require techniques like prewarming or cold autoadsorption to circumvent the autoantibodies.

Because the potency of lectin reagents may vary with the preparation.

It might be classified as an HTLA antibody.

To remove and recover antibody from red cells for further identification procedures.

It must be communicated clearly to the physician as it can affect titer results and have a direct impact on patient care.

DTT can make RBCs negative for all antigens of the Kell blood group system except Kx.

It removes autoantibodies from patient cells, providing free antigen sites for adsorption of autoantibody from the serum.