What are phospholipids?
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Phospholipids are essential molecules that make up cell membranes, consisting of two fatty acids attached to glycerol, with hydrophobic tails and a hydrophilic head that interacts with water.
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What are phospholipids?
Phospholipids are essential molecules that make up cell membranes, consisting of two fatty acids attached to glycerol, with hydrophobic tails and a hydrophilic head that interacts with water.
What are polysaccharides?
Polysaccharides are macromolecules composed of many monosaccharides joined by linkages, serving as storage materials or building materials, such as starch in plants and glycogen in animals.
What is a Nucleotide?
A nucleotide is a monomer of nucleic acids, composed of a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar, and one or more phosphate groups.
What is Endocytosis?
Endocytosis is a cellular process in which substances are brought into the cell by engulfing them in a membrane-bound vesicle.
What is denaturation in proteins?
Denaturation is the process by which proteins unravel and lose their native shape when transferred from an aqueous environment to a non-polar solvent.
What are monosaccharides?
Monosaccharides are simple sugars that generally have formulas that are multiples of CH2O, serving as major nutrients for cells and important for energy extraction during cellular respiration.
What are the three types of lipids?
The three types of lipids are fats, phospholipids, and steroids.
What is Complementary Base Pairing?
Complementary base pairing refers to the specific pairing of nitrogenous bases in nucleic acids, where adenine pairs with thymine (or uracil in RNA) and guanine pairs with cytosine.
What is the primary function of RNA?
RNA performs various functions during gene expression, including carrying instructions from DNA to ribosomes.
What is tertiary structure in proteins?
Tertiary structure is the overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between the side chains (R groups) of various amino acids.
What are the functions of proteins?
Proteins function as enzymes, storage of amino acids, coordinators of activities like insulin, motor proteins for movement, protect against disease, transport substances, and provide support.
What is the role of water as the Solvent of Life?
Water acts as a solvent in solutions, dissolving ions and contributing to biological processes such as the formation of hydration shells around dissolved ions.
What are Purines?
Purines are larger nitrogenous bases with a structure consisting of a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring, including adenine and guanine.
What are Prokaryotic Structures?
Prokaryotic Structures refer to the simple cellular organization of prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
What is a beta-pleated sheet?
A beta-pleated sheet consists of two or more strands of the polypeptide chain lying side by side, connected by hydrogen bonds.
What are disaccharides?
Disaccharides are double sugars formed by two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage, commonly found in foods like maltose and lactose.
What are Nucleic Acids?
Nucleic acids are macromolecules that exist as polymers called polynucleotides, which store, transmit, and help express hereditary information.
What is ribose in terms of sugar?
Ribose is the sugar found in RNA.
What is a protein?
A protein is a biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides, each folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure.
What is the structure of fats?
Fats are large molecules assembled from smaller molecules, specifically glycerol and fatty acids, through dehydration reactions.
What is the Extracellular Matrix?
The Extracellular Matrix is a complex network of proteins and carbohydrates that provides structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells.
What are globular proteins?
Globular proteins are proteins that are roughly spherical in shape.
What is the structure of steroids?
Steroids are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings, with different steroids distinguished by the chemical groups attached to these rings.
What is Evaporative Cooling of Water?
Evaporative cooling occurs when the hottest molecules of a liquid evaporate, leaving behind cooler molecules, which helps stabilize temperatures in environments like lakes and ponds and prevents overheating in organisms.
What is a saturated fatty acid?
A saturated fatty acid is formed when there are no double bonds between carbon atoms in the chain, allowing as many hydrogen atoms as possible to bond to the carbon skeleton.
What does 'antiparallel' refer to in nucleic acids?
Antiparallel refers to the arrangement of the two sugar phosphate backbones in DNA and RNA running in opposite directions.
What is the primary structure of a protein?
The primary structure is a linked series of amino acids with a unique sequence, determined by inherited genetic information.
What is an unsaturated fatty acid?
An unsaturated fatty acid has one or more double bonds, resulting in one fewer hydrogen atom on each double-bonded carbon, and its double bonds are typically cis, preventing tight packing.
What is the structure of DNA?
DNA is double-stranded and forms a double helix.
What is an alpha-helix?
An alpha-helix is a delicate coil held together by hydrogen bonding between every fourth amino acid.
What is Quaternary structure?
It is the overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of polypeptide subunits, such as the a and b subunits.
What are lipids?
Lipids are a class of biomolecules that do not include true polymers and are generally not large enough to be considered macromolecules; they are grouped together due to their poor mixing with water.
What are Pyrimidines?
Pyrimidines are a family of nitrogenous bases characterized by a single six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms, including cytosine, thymine, and uracil.
What is the function of the Plasma Membrane?
The Plasma Membrane serves as a barrier that regulates the entry and exit of substances in and out of the cell, maintaining homeostasis.
What is the secondary structure of a protein?
The secondary structure refers to coils and folds resulting from hydrogen bonds between the repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone.
What is deoxyribose in terms of sugar?
Deoxyribose is the sugar found in DNA.
What is the role of Signal Transduction?
Signal Transduction is the process by which a cell responds to external signals, leading to a series of cellular responses.
What are disulfide bridges?
Disulfide bridges are formed when two cysteine monomers with sulfhydryl groups are brought closer together by the folding of a protein, reinforcing its shape.
What is the major constituent of paper and the only component of cotton?
Cellulose.
What are some examples of structural polysaccharides?
Cellulose and chitin.
What is adhesion in water molecules?
The clinging of one substance to another.
What is the most abundant substance in living systems?
Water.
How does the specific heat of water affect organisms made primarily of water?
It helps them resist changes in their own temperature.
What is the demand for sugar high for?
Serving as a fuel.
How does cohesion contribute to the transport of water and dissolved nutrients in plants?
It helps transport water and dissolved nutrients against gravity.
What is the major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells?
Cellulose.
What percentage of the weight of most organisms does water make up?
70% or more.
What is chitin used for by arthropods?
For their exoskeleton (hard case protecting the soft parts of the body).
What are the emergent properties of water?
Cohesion and adhesion, moderation of temperature.
What is cohesion in water molecules a result of?
Hydrogen bonding.
What are the expected outcomes at the end of Module 1?
To discuss the differences of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, identify biomolecules, discuss parts of a plasma membrane, and show the components and functions of the extracellular matrix.
What property of water helps warm the air at night and stabilize ocean temperature?
Moderation of temperature.
How does water moderate air temperature?
By absorbing heat from warmer air and releasing it to cooler air.