Chapter 2 - Operating System Structure CCW

They allocate and free memory.

macOS and iOS.

WebKit.

A system call is a way for programs to request services from the operating system's kernel.

By maintaining a table indexed by system call numbers.

Monolithic design.

The API and the expected behavior of the OS, without worrying about internal implementation details.

Apps can be compiled separately for each operating system, enhancing compatibility.

Some operating systems use this method.

They are designed to run on multiple operating systems.

Interpreted languages like Python and Ruby, which have interpreters available on multiple OSs.

The Open Handset Alliance, largely led by Google.

By connecting function calls and variable references across different object files.

User-run programs that are not part of the operating system.

A method where parameters are passed to a function or procedure using a table or array structure.

Factors like hardware choice and system type.

When dealing with a variable number of parameters or when parameters are of different types.

They can end or abort processes.

It is limited by the number of available registers.

Output can be formatted and printed to terminals or other devices.

Parts from the Mach microkernel and BSD Unix.

POSIX (Portable Operating System Interface).

Dynamically linked libraries used in Windows that are loaded as needed.

Process, file, or device attributes.

An API provides a set of functions for applications to interact with the operating system, while a system call is a way for applications to request services from the OS.

APIs serve as an interface that abstracts the complexity of system calls, allowing developers to use simpler function calls to access OS services.

The operating system processes the system calls made through the API, managing resources and providing the requested services.

System info such as date, time, memory, disk space, and users.

Both user goals and system goals.

By a runtime support library that includes functions in the compiler’s libraries.

Create virtual connections among processes and users.

Messaging, browsing, email, remote login, and file transfer.

To run on Apple's mobile devices like iPhones and iPads.

It allows Android to communicate with hardware components in a standardized way.

To distribute applications for iOS devices.

SQLite.

POSIX API, including UNIX, Linux, and Mac OS X.

To control access to resources.

Files that are designed to be loaded into any memory location after source code compilation.

To combine relocatable object files into a single binary executable file and bring in libraries.

They allow applications written in languages that include a VM, like Java, to run across different operating systems.

Layered architecture.

Compilers, assemblers, debuggers, and interpreters.

Program loading and execution.

Parameters are stored in a block or table in memory, with the address passed in a register.

Linux and Solaris.

It standardizes the interface for Unix-like operating systems.

They are shared by all processes using the same library version and are loaded only once.

Create and delete communication connections.

Memory regions for communication.

Describes how to achieve a task.

Because apps compiled on one system typically rely on unique system calls, file formats, and interfaces provided by that OS.

It allows for a flexible number of parameters and can simplify the function signature.

On secondary storage.

System calls are essential for enabling applications to perform operations that require OS-level access, such as file manipulation and process control.

Static linking combines all necessary code into a single executable, while dynamic linking loads libraries at runtime.

A registry.

The I/O Kit and dynamically loadable modules (kernel extensions).

Get and set time or date.

Java using the Android API.

fork() is the system call used to create a new process.

Via high-level Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) rather than directly invoking system calls.

Because it involves high levels of creativity in software engineering.

Permissions.

To combine multiple object files into a single executable file.

It loads the executable file into memory for execution.

Commands for searching and text transformations.

It hides most of the OS interface details from the programmer.

A modified Linux kernel.

The Windows API (WinAPI).

Locks for managing shared data access.

A method where modern systems don’t link libraries into executables but load dynamically linked libraries as needed.

There is no strict limit on the number or length of parameters.

exit() is the system call used to terminate a process.

It provides the necessary tools and APIs for developers to create Android applications.

libc.

Easy to design, implement, and maintain; flexible; reliable; error-free; and efficient.

A unique number.

By allowing dynamic loading of functionality.

File creation and modification.

A microkernel for different subsystem personalities.

It must be brought into memory by the loader.

Logging and debugging details.

Cocoa programming environment.

Power management features.

Time or events.

read() is the system call used to read data from a file.

It executes Android applications and provides services such as garbage collection.

It provides stability and security.

Status information.

It allows for easy changes, such as adjusting the interval from 100 to 200 seconds.

Create and delete files, open, close, read, write, and reposition files, and get and set file attributes.

Via command line, mouse clicks, or other interactions.

The interface directs the call to the OS kernel and returns the status and relevant values.

To create and terminate processes, load and execute programs, and manage process attributes.

Yes, Android is open source.

A file containing machine code generated by a compiler, which is not yet linked.

Convenient to use, easy to learn, reliable, safe, and fast.

To adjust addresses in the code and data sections to reflect their actual memory locations.

To run on Apple's desktop and laptop computers.

Getting and setting process attributes.

write() is the system call used to write data to a file.

They provide a set of C/C++ libraries for various functionalities like graphics, database management, and web access.

malloc() is often used in conjunction with system calls for memory allocation.

Services that launch at boot time and provide facilities like disk checking, process scheduling, error logging, and printing.

Monolithic kernels that also incorporate modularity for dynamic loading.

User access.

It refers to managing the connection status of devices through system calls.

Defining clear goals and specifications.

A set of routines, protocols, and tools for building software and applications.

Aqua UI.

Process, memory, and device-driver management.

Functions for managing windows, files, and devices in Windows operating systems.

Linux Kernel, Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL), Android Runtime, Libraries, and Application Framework.

The Dalvik virtual machine.

Standard formats that the operating system knows how to load and start.

Message passing model.

It is used for Windows OS.

In user context (services, subsystems, daemons).

Request and release devices, read, write, and reposition data on devices, and get and set device attributes.

Get and set file attributes.

Create, delete, copy, rename, print, dump, and manipulate files and directories.

The simplest method where parameters are passed directly in registers.

Traditional methods pass parameters directly, while table passing uses a structured format to encapsulate them.

To allow different software components to communicate and interact with each other.

Single-step execution and memory dumps.

To assign final addresses to program parts and adjust code and data to match those addresses.

open() is a common system call used to open files.

They share a similar underlying architecture.

chdir() is the system call used to change the current working directory.

Setting an interrupt after every 100 seconds.

Allows flexibility for changing policy decisions.

System calls serve as the programming interface to the services provided by the operating system (OS).

Android has a similar stack to iOS.

It provides core system services such as security, memory management, and process management.

macOS uses a desktop interface, while iOS uses a touch-based interface.

Multimedia capabilities for audio and video.

It is specifically for the Java virtual machine (JVM).

They allow computer programs to request services from the OS kernel.

Parameters are pushed onto the stack by the program and popped off by the operating system.

System data.

They are compiled to bytecode and then translated to executable code in the Dalvik VM.

High-level languages like C or C++.

Attach and detach remote devices.

Defines what needs to be done.

Using a timer.