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Because anesthetics are soluble in fat.

To prevent involuntary movements that could complicate the procedure.

Analgesia, amnesia, and euphoria.

It was one of the first anesthetics used.

It has limited effects on the sympathetic nervous system, reducing cardiopulmonary risk.

The first use of dimethyl ether for tooth extraction.

Tor is the Lambda times the volume capacity divided by the flow rate.

2311 minutes.

They are very soluble in blood and brain, leading to rapid exit from the lungs.

They can be blown off faster due to lower fat solubility.

It determines how much anesthetic can dissolve into a particular region.

It can put the patient into a negative state faster than other mechanisms.

A linear response in the alveoli, indicating effective gas exchange.

Different procedures require different levels of anesthesia for safety and effectiveness.

The alveolar pressure that abolishes movement response to an incision in 50% of patients.

Barbiturates (thiopental), propofol, etomidate, and ketamine.

The time required for the air equilibration between two areas to reach 63% saturation.

It increases cardiac output.

Only 5.5% of blood flow goes to the fat group, affecting how quickly anesthetics can be stored there.

Medullary depression, where patients no longer breathe on their own and may experience cardiac shutdown.

Conditions like lung fibrosis or sickle cell anemia.

It can lead to acute mountain sickness.

Recovery from anesthesia is quicker if the induction is quicker.

How easily the anesthetic goes into the tissue.

To provide generalized, reversible inhibition of the central nervous system.

It represents the volume of tissue divided by the minute ventilation rate, affecting how well anesthetics enter the arteries and alveoli.

Isoflurane has a MAC of 0.00114 atmospheres, while nitrous oxide has a MAC of 1 atmosphere, making isoflurane more potent.

It rapidly becomes the same as the arterial partial pressure due to diffusion.

It is very analgesic and very amnesic.

They can often be combative.

Patent ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale.

Because it acts very quickly to induce anesthesia.

They dissolve into fat tissue, making elimination slower.

By diffusion out of the tissue into the veins and then into the air space to be breathed out.

Chopping off limbs or pulling teeth while possibly getting the patient drunk.

Constriction can increase pressure inside the artery, allowing for blood flow in areas with better ventilation.

It helps assess how well ventilation and perfusion are matched in different lung regions.

Using a fixed bolus addition of an IV anesthetic.

75%.

Gravity pulls blood down, resulting in greater blood flow to the lower lung regions.

DLC O (Dead Space) and nitrogen washout.

The concentration of nitrogen gradually decreases.

Loss of consciousness, amnesia, immobility, and lack of response to noxious stimuli.

Surgical anesthesia, where patients are in an unconscious state but may still drive their own ventilation.

A condition where blood flow does not adequately participate in gas exchange.

Oxygen saturation can drop to 65% or 70% instead of 99%.

They are breathed in as gas, diffusing across the lung membrane into the bloodstream to achieve a specific partial pressure in the brain.

Ventilation starts to massively exceed ventilation diffusion, particularly in the mid-portion of the lung.

Alcohol can induce similar stages of analgesia and amnesia, particularly in social settings.

To oxygenate the blood and remove CO2.

It indicates that the anesthetic is more potent.

By constricting pulmonary arteries to recruit more lung areas for better ventilation-perfusion matching.

Filling a bathtub with water while managing the outflow through the drain.

They reach an equilibrium state quickly, influencing the concentration of anesthetic in the central nervous system.

Hypoventilation and increased cardiac output can slow the induction.

It reduces gas exchange, leading to a right-to-left shunt.

Because the alveoli are more compliant, making it easier to get gas in and out.

The diffusion rate of the anesthetic, the surface area, the length of the diffusion path, and the partial pressure gradient.

It is the variable that can be changed in inspired air to influence anesthetic delivery.

Fat solubility affects how quickly the anesthetic is metabolized and eliminated.

It works on the GABA receptor and is rapidly metabolized.

The vessel-poor region (1.5%).

Insufficient gas enters the lungs, leading to poor oxygenation as blood passes through areas of the lung that are not well ventilated.

Gas exchange does not occur, and alveolar concentrations of gases match atmospheric pressure.

100 mmHg of oxygen and 40 mmHg of CO2.

Body position changes which parts of the lung are used for ventilation, but typically only about 30% of the lung is utilized at rest.

In the middle zone, arterial pressure is greater than alveolar pressure, allowing for blood flow and ventilation.

Both ventilation and blood flow are greater in the bottom of the lung than at the top due to gravity.

The V/Q ratio must match to ensure optimal gas exchange; if ventilation exceeds perfusion or vice versa, gas exchange is impaired.

Pulmonary arterial pressures are lower, which means there is less force to keep the blood vessels open.