What feature is present on the medial surface of the medial cuneiform bone?
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Facet for tibialis anterior tendon/sesamoid
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What feature is present on the medial surface of the medial cuneiform bone?
Facet for tibialis anterior tendon/sesamoid
What type of facet is found on the distal lateral surface of the medial cuneiform bone?
Articular facet for Mt 2
What are the main features of the anterior third of the calcaneus?
Anterior and middle facets articulate with the talus, often confluent, with the middle facet sitting on the sustentaculum tali; includes calcaneal sulcus and tarsal sinus.
What is the significance of the calcaneal sulcus?
The calcaneal sulcus combined with the talar sulcus forms the tarsal canal.
What is the shape of the posterior facet in the middle third of the calcaneus?
It has an oval outline and is convex in the anterior-posterior direction.
What characterizes the posterior third of the calcaneus?
It is non-articular.
What does the sustentaculum tali support?
The middle facet of the calcaneus.
How are the anterior and middle facets of the calcaneus related?
They often conflate and articulate with the talus.
What is the sustentaculum tali?
A bony structure on the medial surface of the calcaneus that supports the talus.
What is located on the dorsal aspect of the medial surface of the calcaneus?
The middle talar facet.
What groove is found on the medial surface of the calcaneus?
The groove for the flexor hallucis longus.
What is the calcaneal tuberosity?
A prominent bony projection on the plantar surface of the calcaneus.
What are the two tubercles associated with the calcaneal tuberosity?
The posterolateral tubercle and the posteromedial tubercle.
Which tubercle of the calcaneal tuberosity is larger?
The posteromedial tubercle.
What is the anterior tubercle?
A bony projection on the plantar surface of the calcaneus located anteriorly to the calcaneal tuberosity.
What is the most constant feature of the lateral surface of the calcaneus?
Retrotrochlear eminence.
Where is the retrotrochlear eminence located in relation to the fibular trochlea?
Posterior to the fibular trochlea.
Which tendon inserts onto the dorsal surface of the base of the fifth metatarsal?
The tendon of fibularis tertius.
What separates the tuberosity from the plantar surface of the base of the fifth metatarsal?
A groove for the tendon of abductor digiti minimi.
How many phalanges does the great toe have?
Two phalanges, one proximal and one distal.
What is the shape of the proximal end of the proximal phalanx of the great toe?
Wider transversely than dorsoplantarly deep.
What is the articular surface of the proximal phalanx of the great toe called?
The glenoid cavity.
What marks the insertion of the extensor hallucis brevis on the proximal phalanx of the great toe?
A short, transverse tubercle on the dorsal surface of the base.
Which muscles insert onto the medial plantar tubercle of the proximal phalanx of the great toe?
The medial head of flexor hallucis brevis and abductor hallucis muscles.
What is the function of the lateral plantar tubercle on the proximal phalanx of the great toe?
It serves as the insertion for the lateral head of flexor hallucis brevis and adductor hallucis muscles.
What is the shape of the shaft of the proximal phalanx in cross section?
It has a concave plantar surface and a convex dorsal surface.
What features are present on the shaft of the proximal phalanx for tendon attachment?
It has a proximal and distal groove for the tendon of flexor hallucis longus.
Describe the head of the proximal phalanx.
It is wide transversely, flattened dorsoventrally, and has a spool-shaped articular surface that extends farther plantarly than dorsally.
What is the angle of the distal phalanx of the great toe compared to the proximal phalanx?
It angles approximately 15° laterally compared to the proximal phalanx.
Where does the extensor hallucis longus insert on the distal phalanx of the great toe?
It inserts to a tuberosity near the base of the dorsal surface of this phalanx.
What is the structure of the proximal phalanges of the lesser toes?
They are longer than the middle and distal phalanges combined and have an oval facet for the corresponding metatarsal head.
What is the function of the plantar tubercles on the proximal phalanges of the lesser toes?
They are for the attachment of the dorsal and plantar interossei.
What is the characteristic of the heads of the lesser proximal phalanges?
They have spool-shaped articular surfaces that articulate with the bases of the middle phalanges.
What is the shape and function of the middle phalanges of the lesser toes?
They are relatively short, broad, and flat, with an oval articular facet for articulation with the head of the corresponding proximal phalanx.
What is the insertion point for the flexor digitorum brevis on the middle phalanges?
It inserts onto the plantar surface of the base of the middle phalanges.
How do the distal phalanges of the lesser toes compare to that of the first toe?
They resemble that of the first toe but are smaller.
What is the structure of the base of the distal phalanges of the lesser toes?
It consists of an oval facet for articulation with the head of the middle phalanges, divided into two surfaces by a vertical ridge.
What is the role of the large tubercle on the plantar surface of the base of the distal phalanges?
It is for the insertion of the flexor digitorum longus muscle.
What percentage of cases show fusion of the middle and distal phalanges of the fifth digit?
About 40% of cases.
What are sesamoid bones?
Bones that develop within tendons, with more sesamoid bones in the foot than anywhere else in the body.
Where are the two most constant sesamoid bones located in the foot?
At the first metatarsophalangeal joint within the tendons of the medial and lateral heads of the flexor hallucis brevis.
Which sesamoid bone is usually larger, medial or lateral?
The medial sesamoid bone is usually larger than the lateral one.
What are the three commonly present sesamoid bones in the foot?
One within the tendon of tibialis anterior, one within the tendon of tibialis posterior, and one within the tendon of fibularis longus (os peroneum).
Where is the sesamoid bone located within the tendon of tibialis anterior?
As it crosses the smooth facet on the medial cuneiform.
What is the fibular trochlea also known as?
Fibular trochlea (tubercle).
Is the fibular trochlea always present on the calcaneus?
No, it is not always present.
What anatomical feature runs anterior/superior to the fibular trochlea?
Fibularis brevis.
What anatomical feature runs posterior/inferior to the fibular trochlea?
Fibularis longus.
What is the presence rate of the tubercle for the calcaneofibular ligament on calcanei?
Present in less than 50% of calcanei.
What is the shape of the anterior surface of the calcaneus?
Concave.
What are the characteristics of the anterior surface of the calcaneus?
Cuboid facet, saddle-shaped, convex transversely, concave vertically.
What is the shape of the posterior surface of the calcaneus?
Convex.
What are the three areas of the calcaneal tuberosity?
Superior, middle, and inferior areas.
What is located in the superior area of the calcaneal tuberosity?
Covered by bursa of calcaneal tendon.
What is located in the middle area of the calcaneal tuberosity?
Insertion of calcaneal tendon and plantaris tendon.
What is located in the inferior area of the calcaneal tuberosity?
Largest area, contains the calcaneal fat pad.
What is the orientation of the sustentaculum on the calcaneus?
Medial
Where is the posterior talar facet located on the calcaneus?
Dorsal
What is the position of the tuberosity on the calcaneus?
Posterior
Which side of the calcaneus is indicated as medial when oriented correctly?
The sustentaculum is medial.
What does the dorsal side of the calcaneus point towards when oriented correctly?
It points from the side towards the upper right.
In the context of the calcaneus, what does the term 'LEFT' indicate?
It indicates that the bone is a left calcaneus.
What does the anterior surface of the calcaneus face when the dorsal surface is facing up?
It faces forward.
What does the sustentaculum point to when looking at the anterior surface of the calcaneus?
It points to the side the bone is from.
What attaches to the talus?
No muscles or tendons attach to the talus.
What is the trochlea of the talus?
The part of the body that articulates with the tibial plafond.
What is located on the neck of the talus?
A tubercle for the dorsal talonavicular ligament.
What are the features of the plantar surface of the talus?
It includes the posterior facet, oval outline, and concave shape.
What is the talar sulcus?
A feature located on the neck of the talus.
What facets are present on the head of the talus?
Anterior and middle facets, along with a facet for the spring (plantar calcaneonavicular) ligament.
What are the key features of the lateral surface of the talus?
The lateral surface features include the fibular facet, the lateral process, and tubercles for the anterior talofibular ligament.
What shape is the facet for the fibula on the lateral surface of the talus?
Triangular.
What is the attachment point for the anterior talofibular ligament on the lateral surface of the talus?
Tubercles for the anterior talofibular ligament.
What feature is found on the medial surface of the talus?
Facet for the medial malleolus.
What shape is the facet for the medial malleolus on the medial surface of the talus?
Comma-shaped.
What are the distinct features found on the posterior surface of the talus?
Posterior process, posteromedial tubercle, posterolateral tubercle, and groove for flexor hallucis longus.
What is the function of the facet for os trigonum on the talus?
It is a distinct feature located on the posterolateral tubercle.
What is the highlighted feature on the anterior surface of the talus?
Facet for navicular.
What shape is the head of the talus described as?
Oval and convex.
What is the orientation label for the dorsal side of the talus?
D.
What is the orientation label for the medial side of the talus?
M.
What is the orientation label for the lateral side of the talus?
L.
What is the orientation label for the plantar side of the talus?
PI.
What is the orientation of the head of the talus?
The head is anterior.
Which part of the talus is described as dorsal?
The trochlea is dorsal.
Where is the lateral process located on the talus?
The lateral process is lateral.
How can you determine the side of the talus bone?
The lateral process points to the side the bone is from when looking at the dorsal surface with the head facing up.
What is the dorsal surface of the cuboid bone characterized as?
Non-articular
What is the coronoid process of the cuboid bone?
A beak-like structure on the plantar surface.
What is the fibular (peroneal) ridge on the cuboid bone?
A prominent ridge on the plantar surface.
What is the fibular (peroneal) sulcus?
A groove for the fibularis longus muscle on the plantar surface of the cuboid bone.
What is the tuberosity of the cuboid bone?
A structure that has a facet for os peroneum on the plantar surface.
What is the os peroneum in relation to the cuboid bone?
A small bone associated with the tuberosity of the cuboid.
What is the characteristic shape of the lateral surface of the cuboid bone?
Somewhat flat and located on the side of the bone.
What notable feature is found on the lateral surface of the cuboid bone?
Fibular notch.
What is the orientation indicated on the lateral surface of the cuboid bone?
Dorsal, anterior, posterior, and plantar directions are indicated.
What is the characteristic shape of the medial surface of the cuboid bone?
Slightly curved and located on the side of the bone.
What facet is present on the medial surface of the cuboid bone?
Facet for lateral cuneiform.
What is another facet that may be present on the medial surface of the cuboid bone?
Facet for navicular.
What is the shape of the medial surface of the cuboid bone?
Quadrilateral.
What is the triangular feature on the medial surface of the cuboid bone?
Facet for navicular, sometimes present.
What shape is the posterior surface of the cuboid bone for the calcaneus attachment?
Saddle-shaped.
What is the curvature of the posterior surface of the cuboid bone in the dorsal-plantar direction?
Concave.
What is the curvature of the posterior surface of the cuboid bone in the medial-lateral direction?
Convex.
What are the two facets on the anterior surface of the cuboid bone?
Facet for metatarsal 4 and facet for metatarsal 5.
What is the shape of the facet for metatarsal 4 on the anterior surface of the cuboid bone?
Quadrilateral.
What is the shape of the facet for metatarsal 5 on the anterior surface of the cuboid bone?
Triangular.
What is the orientation of the coronoid process on the cuboid bone?
The coronoid process is posterior.
Where is the tuberosity located on the cuboid bone?
The tuberosity is lateral.
What is the position of the fibular ridge on the cuboid bone?
The fibular ridge is plantar.
What is a characteristic of the lateral surface of the navicular bone?
It is narrow and may have a facet for the cuboid that is sometimes present.
What feature is found on the plantar surface of the navicular bone?
A groove for the tibialis posterior and a tubercle for the plantar calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament.
What anatomical feature is highlighted on the medial surface of the navicular bone?
The tuberosity.
What is the shape of the facet for the talar head on the posterior surface of the navicular bone?
Oval and concave.
Which facet on the anterior surface of the navicular bone is the largest?
The medial cuneiform facet.
What are the possible shapes of the medial cuneiform facet on the anterior surface?
Piriform, triangular, or quadrilateral.
What shape is the intermediate cuneiform facet on the anterior surface of the navicular bone?
Triangular.
What shape is the lateral cuneiform facet on the anterior surface of the navicular bone?
Triangular.
What is the orientation of the navicular bone's tuberosity?
The tuberosity is medial.
Where is the talar facet located on the navicular bone?
The talar facet is posterior.
What is the characteristic of the dorsal surface of the navicular bone?
The dorsal surface is convex and lacks facets.
How can you identify the side of the navicular bone?
The tuberosity points to the side the bone is from.
What does the term 'cuneiform' mean in Latin?
It means 'wedge', derived from 'cuneus'.
Which cuneiform bone is the largest?
The medial cuneiform.
What is the orientation of the apex and base of the medial cuneiform?
Apex is dorsal and base is plantar.
Which cuneiform bone is the smallest?
The intermediate cuneiform.
What is the orientation of the apex and base of the intermediate cuneiform?
Apex is plantar and base is dorsal.
What is the orientation of the apex and base of the lateral cuneiform?
Apex is plantar and base is dorsal.
What is the shape of the medial surface of the medial cuneiform bone?
Quadrilateral
What shape is the proximal articular facet for the intermediate cuneiform on the lateral surface?
Inverted 'L'
What feature is found on the posterior surface of the medial cuneiform bone?
Facet for navicular
What are the possible shapes of the facet for navicular on the posterior surface?
Variable in shape: triangular, piriform, quadrilateral
What type of facet is found on the anterior surface of the medial cuneiform bone?
Facet for Mt 1
What is the shape of the facet for Mt 1 on the anterior surface?
Reniform (kidney-shaped)
What is the shape of the dorsal surface of the intermediate cuneiform bone?
Square
What anatomical direction is indicated on the dorsal surface of the intermediate cuneiform bone?
Anterior, Medial, Lateral, and Posterior
What feature is found on the medial surface of the intermediate cuneiform bone?
Facet for medial cuneiform and an inverted 'L' shape
What is the shape of the facet for the lateral cuneiform on the lateral surface?
Elongated oval
What feature is found on the posterior surface of the intermediate cuneiform bone?
Facet for navicular, which is triangular
What is the shape of the facet for Mt 2 on the anterior surface of the intermediate cuneiform bone?
Triangular
What is the shape of the dorsal surface of the lateral cuneiform bone?
Rectangular
What type of facet is found on the proximal medial surface of the lateral cuneiform?
Elongated oval facet for the intermediate cuneiform
What are the shapes of the distal facets on the medial surface of the lateral cuneiform?
Two ovals, dorsal and plantar facets for Mt 2
What type of facet is found on the proximal lateral surface of the lateral cuneiform?
Triangular facet for the cuboid
What is the shape of the distal facet on the lateral surface of the lateral cuneiform?
Oval facet for Mt 4
What type of facet is found on the posterior surface of the lateral cuneiform?
Triangular facet for the navicular
What type of facet is found on the anterior surface of the lateral cuneiform?
Triangular facet for Mt 3
What is the shape of the dorsal surface of the medial cuneiform?
Narrow ridge
Where is the inverted 'L' shaped facet located on the medial cuneiform?
Lateral surface
What shape is the posterior surface of the medial cuneiform that articulates with the navicular?
Tear drop
What is the shape of the dorsal surface of the intermediate cuneiform?
Square
Where is the inverted 'L' shaped facet located on the intermediate cuneiform?
Medial surface
What part of the inverted 'L' on the intermediate cuneiform is posterior?
Vertical part
What is the shape of the dorsal surface of the lateral cuneiform?
Rectangular
Where is the cuboid facet located on the lateral cuneiform?
Lateral surface
What does the cuboid facet point to when looking at the dorsal surface of the lateral cuneiform?
The side the bone is from
What is the shape of the shafts of the metatarsals?
Curved and concave plantarly.
Which metatarsals do not articulate with each other?
Metatarsals 1 and 2.
How do the bases of metatarsals 2-5 slant?
Laterally.
What is unique about the first metatarsal?
It is the shortest and most robust metatarsal.
Which metatarsal is the longest?
Metatarsal 2.
What are the surfaces of the base of the first metatarsal bone?
Plantar, lateral, and medial surfaces.
What shape is the base of the first metatarsal bone?
Triangular.
What is the shape of the facet for the medial cuneiform on the base of the first metatarsal?
Reniform, kidney-shaped.
What surfaces are present on the shaft of the first metatarsal bone?
Plantar, lateral, and dorsomedial surfaces.
How does the head of the first metatarsal bone compare in width and depth?
Wider mediolaterally than deep.
What features are present on the head of the first metatarsal bone?
Facets for medial and lateral sesamoid bones in flexor hallucis brevis, and median crista.
What does the median crista on the head of the first metatarsal bone do?
Separates medial and lateral facets.
What is the shape of the base of the 2nd metatarsal?
Triangular
What type of facet does the posterior side of the 2nd metatarsal have?
Triangular facet for intermediate cuneiform
What type of facet is found on the medial side of the 2nd metatarsal?
Oval facet for medial cuneiform
What facets are present on the lateral side of the 2nd metatarsal?
Dorsal and plantar facets for Mt3 and lateral cuneiform
What is the shape of the base of the 3rd metatarsal?
Triangular
What type of facet does the posterior side of the 3rd metatarsal have?
Facet for lateral cuneiform
What facets are found on the medial side of the 3rd metatarsal?
Dorsal and plantar facets for Mt 2
What features are present on the lateral side of the 3rd metatarsal?
Oval facet for Mt 4 and groove for interosseous intermetatarsal ligament
What is the shape of the base of the 4th metatarsal?
Quadrilateral
What type of facet does the posterior side of the 4th metatarsal have?
Facet for cuboid
Which metatarsal does the medial facet of the 4th metatarsal articulate with?
Mt 3
What is the shape of the base of the 5th metatarsal?
Triangular
What type of facet does the posterior side of the 5th metatarsal have?
Facet for cuboid
Which metatarsal does the medial facet of the 5th metatarsal articulate with?
Mt 4
What is located on the lateral side of the 5th metatarsal?
Tuberosity
What is the groove on the plantar side of the 5th metatarsal for?
Tendon of abductor digiti minimi
What is the shape of the medial facet of the 5th metatarsal?
Oval to triangular
What is the shape of the lateral facet of the 4th metatarsal?
Oval to triangular
What is the orientation of the head of the 1st metatarsal?
The head is anterior.
What is the orientation of the median crista of the 1st metatarsal?
The median crista is plantar.
Which surface of the base of the 1st metatarsal is curved and medial?
The curved surface of the base is medial.
What is the orientation of the head of the 5th metatarsal?
The head is anterior.
Where is the groove for the abductor digiti minimi located on the 5th metatarsal?
The groove is plantar.
Where is the tuberosity located on the 5th metatarsal?
The tuberosity is lateral.
How do the bases of metatarsals 2, 3, and 4 slant when viewed from the dorsal surface?
They slant toward the side the bone is from.
What is the shape of the posterior surface of the 2nd metatarsal?
Triangular.
How many facets does the lateral surface of the 2nd metatarsal have?
2 facets.
What is the shape of the posterior surface of the 3rd metatarsal?
Triangular.
What features are present on the lateral surface of the 3rd metatarsal?
1 dorsal facet and a groove.
What is the shape of the posterior surface of the 4th metatarsal?
Quadrangular.
How many facets does the lateral surface of the 4th metatarsal have?
1 large triangular facet.
How many categories are the bones of the foot grouped into?
Five categories: tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges, sesamoids, and accessory bones.
What are the two rows of tarsal bones?
Proximal row (calcaneus and talus) and distal row (cuboid and three cuneiforms).
What is the shape of the calcaneus?
Somewhat rectangular, elongated in the anterior-posterior direction.
What are the surfaces of each tarsal bone?
Dorsal, plantar, medial, lateral, anterior, and posterior.
What is the largest facet on the dorsal surface of the calcaneus?
The posterior articular facet.
What forms the tarsal canal?
The calcaneal sulcus and the talar sulcus.
What structures attach to the tarsal sinus?
Inferior extensor retinaculum, inferior fibular retinaculum, cervical ligament, bifurcate ligament, dorsal calcaneocuboid ligament, and lateral calcaneocuboid ligament.
What is the orientation of the tarsal canal?
Obliquely oriented, running from posteromedially to anterolaterally.
What is the significance of the middle facet on the dorsal surface?
It sits on the dorsal surface of the sustentaculum tali and is one of the facets that articulate with the talus.
What is the shape of the posterior third of the calcaneus?
Concave anteroposteriorly and convex mediolaterally.
Which ligaments attach to the posterior surface of the calcaneus?
The posterior talocalcaneal ligament and calcaneofibular ligament.
How is the plantar surface of the calcaneus described in terms of shape?
Wider posteriorly than anteriorly, making it somewhat triangular and convex in cross-section.
What is the calcaneal tuberosity?
A structure on the posterior surface of the calcaneus consisting of two processes, lateral and medial, separated by a depression.
What structures attach to the lateral process of the calcaneal tuberosity?
Abductor digiti minimi, lateral head of quadratus plantae, long plantar ligament, and plantar aponeurosis.
What is the difference between the lateral and medial processes of the calcaneal tuberosity?
The lateral process is small but prominent, while the medial process is broader and larger.
What does the anterior tubercle of the calcaneus serve as an attachment for?
The plantar calcaneocuboid (short plantar) ligament.
What is the retrotrochlear eminence?
A constant feature of the lateral surface of the calcaneus, located in the middle of this surface, formed by internal trabecular architecture.
What is the function of the fibular trochlea?
It separates a groove for the tendon of fibularis longus from a groove for the tendon of fibularis brevis.
What is the sustentaculum tali?
A shelf-like projection on the medial surface of the calcaneus whose superior surface articulates with the talus.
What structures attach to the sustentaculum tali?
Tibiocalcaneal ligament, medial talocalcaneal ligament, recurrent band of tibialis posterior, and plantar calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament.
What is the shape of the medial surface of the calcaneus?
Deeply concave to accommodate the plantar nerves and vessels.
What is the smallest surface of the calcaneus?
The anterior surface, which consists entirely of the cuboid facet.
What shape is the cuboid facet on the anterior surface of the calcaneus?
Saddle-shaped, being convex transversely and concave vertically.
What ligament attaches to the medial margin of the anterior surface of the calcaneus?
The plantar calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament.
What forms the prominence of the heel on the calcaneus?
The posterior surface, specifically the calcaneal tuberosity.
How is the posterior surface of the calcaneus divided?
Into three areas: superior, middle, and inferior, separated by two horizontal lines.
What is the characteristic of the superior area of the posterior surface of the calcaneus?
It is smooth and covered by a bursa that lies deep to the calcaneal tendon.
What is the rough area of the posterior surface of the calcaneus used for?
For the attachment of the calcaneal and plantaris tendons.
What is the largest area of the posterior calcaneus?
The inferior area, which is rough and covered by fatty, fibrous tissue that forms the heel pad.
What is the most proximal bone of the ankle?
The talus.
What are the three parts of the talus?
The body, neck, and head.
What is the shape of the body of the talus?
Somewhat cubical in shape.
What is the dorsal surface of the talus also known as?
The trochlea, which articulates with the tibial plafond.
What does the plantar surface of the talus consist of?
The posterior articular facet and the talar sulcus.
What is the lateral surface of the talus characterized by?
A triangular shape with a large triangular facet for the lateral malleolus and a lateral process.
What does the medial surface of the body of the talus articulate with?
The medial malleolus of the tibia.
What is the posterior process of the talus divided by?
A groove for the tendon of flexor hallucis longus.
What does the posteromedial tubercle of the posterior process serve as an attachment for?
The medial talocalcaneal ligament and posterior tibiotalar ligament.
What is the function of the posterolateral tubercle of the talus?
It serves as an attachment for the posterior talofibular, posterior talocalcaneal, and fibulotalocalcaneal ligaments.
What is the os trigonum?
An accessory bone that may form when the secondary ossification center of the posterolateral tubercle fails to fuse with the body of the talus.
What is the neck of the talus?
A constricted area between the body and head of the talus.
What ligament attaches to the anterior aspect of the neck of the talus?
The dorsal talonavicular ligament.
What is the orientation of the head of the talus?
Directed anteriorly, medially, and slightly inferiorly.
What are the major surfaces of the head of the talus?
Anterior and inferior surfaces.
Which facet of the head of the talus articulates with the navicular?
The large ovoid, convex facet on the anterior surface.
What is the cuboid bone's position in the tarsal bones?
It is the most lateral bone in the distal row of tarsals.
What is the orientation of the dorsal surface of the cuboid?
Faces dorsolaterally due to the reorientation of the bone.
What is the coronoid process of the cuboid?
A sharp point where the medial and posterior borders of the plantar surface meet.
What does the fibular ridge on the cuboid serve as?
An attachment for the tendon of fibularis longus and deep fibers of the long plantar ligament.
What muscles attach to the plantar surface of the cuboid?
Tibialis posterior and flexor hallucis brevis muscles.
What is located at the plantar edge of the lateral surface of the cuboid?
The fibular notch, which forms the beginning of the fibular sulcus.
What features does the medial surface of the cuboid exhibit?
A single triangular facet for the lateral cuneiform and sometimes a small facet for the navicular.
How is the distal surface of the cuboid divided?
Into two articular facets by a vertical ridge.
What type of surface does the proximal surface of the cuboid have?
A saddle-shaped articular facet for the anterior surface of the calcaneus.
What is the shape of the navicular bone?
Boat-shaped, being concave proximally and convex distally.
With which bones does the navicular typically articulate?
The talus proximally and the three cuneiforms distally.
What ligaments attach to the dorsal surface of the navicular?
Dorsal cuboideonavicular, dorsal talonavicular, calcaneonavicular portion of the bifurcate, tibionavicular portion of the deltoid, and three dorsal cuneonavicular ligaments.
What is found on the plantar surface of the navicular?
A groove for the tendon of the tibialis posterior muscle and a tubercle for the attachment of the plantar calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament.
What forms the lateral surface of the navicular?
A narrow border for attachment of the calcaneonavicular portion of the bifurcate ligament and the interosseous cuboideonavicular ligament.
What is the navicular tuberosity?
A structure on the medial surface that serves as an attachment for the tibialis posterior muscle and the medial cuneonavicular ligament.
What happens if the navicular tuberosity fails to unite with the navicular?
It results in an accessory bone called the os tibiale (externum).
What is the shape of the medial facet of the distal surface of the navicular?
It may be pear-shaped (piriform), triangular, or quadrilateral.
What are the three articular facets on the distal surface of the navicular?
Medial facet, middle (intermediate) facet, and lateral facet.
What does the proximal surface of the navicular consist of?
A single concave, oval facet for the head of the talus.
How many cuneiform bones are there?
Three: medial, intermediate, and lateral.
What does the term 'cuneiform' mean?
Wedge-shaped, referring to the shape of the bones.
What is notable about the dorsal surface of the medial cuneiform?
It is narrow and crest-like, forming the apex of the wedge and is palpable subcutaneously.
What muscles have partial insertion on the plantar surface of the medial cuneiform?
Tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, and fibularis longus.
What ligaments attach to the plantar surface of the medial cuneiform?
Plantar cuneonavicular, plantar intercuneiform, and two plantar cuneometatarsal ligaments to the first and second metatarsals.
What is the shape of the lateral surface of the medial cuneiform?
Concave with two articular facets: a small oval facet for the base of the 2nd metatarsal and a facet for the intermediate cuneiform in the shape of an inverted 'L'.
What ligaments attach to the lateral surface of the medial cuneiform?
Interosseous intercuneiform ligament and interosseous tarsometatarsal ligament (Lisfranc's ligament).
What is the shape of the medial surface of the medial cuneiform?
Quadrilateral and can be subcutaneously palpated.
What type of facet is usually found on the medial surface of the medial cuneiform?
A small facet for a sesamoid bone within the tendon of tibialis anterior.
What ligaments attach to the medial surface of the medial cuneiform?
Medial cuneonavicular, dorsal cuneonavicular, dorsal intercuneiform, and two dorsal cuneometatarsal ligaments.
What shape does the distal surface of the medial cuneiform form for the first metatarsal?
Kidney-shaped (reniform) articular facet.
What type of facet does the proximal surface of the medial cuneiform have?
A concave articular facet for the navicular, which can be triangular, piriform, or quadrilateral.
What is the shape of the dorsal surface of the intermediate cuneiform?
Roughly square, with proximodistal length approximately equal to mediolateral width.
What ligaments attach to the dorsal surface of the intermediate cuneiform?
Dorsal cuneonavicular, two dorsal intercuneiform, and dorsal cuneometatarsal ligament to the second metatarsal.
What does the plantar surface of the intermediate cuneiform form?
A crest, forming the apex of the wedge.
What is the main feature of the lateral surface of the intermediate cuneiform?
The articular facet for the lateral cuneiform, which is dorsoventrally elongated.
What shape does the medial surface of the lateral cuneiform exhibit?
An articular facet for the medial cuneiform resembling an inverted 'L'.
What type of facet does the distal surface of the lateral cuneiform form?
A triangular facet for articulation with the second metatarsal.
What does the proximal surface of the lateral cuneiform form?
A triangular facet for articulation with the navicular.
What is the shape of the dorsal surface of the lateral cuneiform?
Rectangular, longer proximodistally than mediolaterally.
What muscles attach to the plantar surface of the lateral cuneiform?
Flexor hallucis brevis and tibialis posterior muscles.
What type of facets are present on the lateral surface of the lateral cuneiform?
A large triangular facet for the cuboid and a smaller oval facet for the fourth metatarsal.
What is the shape of the medial surface of the metatarsal bones?
Quadrilateral with a vertically oriented elongated oval facet for articulation with the intermediate cuneiform.
What does the distal surface of the metatarsal bones articulate with?
The base of the third metatarsal.
What are the three parts of each metatarsal bone?
Proximal end (base), shaft (body), and distal end (head).
How do the bases of the second through fifth metatarsals articulate?
They articulate with the distal row of tarsal bones and with each other.
What is the shape of the shafts of the second through fifth metatarsals?
Elongated and relatively narrow with a longitudinal curve that is convex dorsally and concave plantarly.
What is unique about the shaft of the first metatarsal compared to the others?
It is thicker and shorter than that of the others.
What type of surfaces do the heads of the metatarsals have?
Convex articular surfaces for the proximal phalanges.
What is the first metatarsal known for?
It is the shortest, heaviest, and strongest of the metatarsals.
What type of articular surface does the base of the first metatarsal exhibit?
A reniform articular surface for the medial cuneiform.
What ligaments attach to the base of the first metatarsal?
Dorsal and plantar cuncometatarsal ligaments.
What is the orientation of the transverse diameter of the head of the first metatarsal compared to the other metatarsals?
The transverse diameter is greater than the vertical diameter.
What separates the two facets of the sesamoid bones?
The median crista (intersesamoidal crest/ridge).
Which metatarsal is the longest?
The second metatarsal.
What does the base of the second metatarsal articulate with?
All three cuneiforms and the third metatarsal.
What type of facet does the proximal surface of the base of the second metatarsal form?
A triangular articular facet for the intermediate cuneiform.
What is found on the medial surface of the second metatarsal?
A small, oval facet for the medial cuneiform and a second small oval facet when it articulates with the first metatarsal.
What ligaments attach to the medial surface of the second metatarsal?
Lisfranc's ligament.
What are the two types of facets on the lateral surface of the second metatarsal?
One dorsal and one plantar, each divided into two smaller facets (demifacets).
Which metatarsal do the anterior demifacets of the second metatarsal articulate with?
The third metatarsal.
What ligaments attach to the dorsal surface of the second metatarsal?
The dorsal intermetatarsal ligament to the third metatarsal and three dorsal cuneometatarsal ligaments.
What serves as an attachment for several ligaments and muscles on the plantar surface of the second metatarsal?
The long plantar, plantar cuneometatarsal, and plantar intermetatarsal ligaments, the tendon of the tibialis posterior muscle, and the oblique head of the adductor hallucis muscles.
What do the lateral head of the first dorsal interosseous and the medial head of the second dorsal interosseous attach to?
The medial and lateral surfaces of the shaft of the second metatarsal, respectively.
What does the base of the third metatarsal articulate with?
The lateral cuneiform and the second and fourth metatarsals.
What type of facet does the proximal surface of the base of the third metatarsal form?
A triangular facet for the lateral cuneiform.
What features are found on the medial surface of the base of the third metatarsal?
Two small facets, one dorsal and one plantar, for articulation with the second metatarsal, and the interosseous intermetatarsal ligament attaches here.
What is a diagnostic feature of the lateral surface of the third metatarsal?
A groove for the interosseous intermetatarsal ligament to the fourth metatarsal.
What ligaments attach to the dorsal surface of the third metatarsal?
Two dorsal intermetatarsal ligaments and one dorsal cuneometatarsal ligament.
What structures attach to the plantar surface of the base of the third metatarsal?
The long plantar, plantar cuneometatarsal, two plantar intermetatarsal ligaments, the tendon of the tibialis posterior, and the oblique head of the adductor hallucis.
Which muscles originate from the shaft of the third metatarsal?
The first plantar interosseous, lateral head of the second dorsal interosseous, and medial head of the third dorsal interosseous muscles.
What does the base of the fourth metatarsal articulate with?
The cuboid, lateral cuneiform, and the third and fifth metatarsals.
What is the shape of the proximal surface of the fourth metatarsal?
It forms a quadrilateral articular surface for articulation with the cuboid.
What features are found on the medial surface of the base of the fourth metatarsal?
An oval articular facet divided into proximal and distal demifacets for articulation with the third metatarsal and the lateral cuneiform.
What is the feature of the lateral surface of the fourth metatarsal?
A large oval to triangular facet for the fifth metatarsal, with an interosseous intermetatarsal ligament attaching to this surface.
What ligaments attach to the dorsal surface of the base of the fourth metatarsal?
The dorsal cuneometatarsal and two dorsal intermetatarsal ligaments.
What structures attach to the plantar surface of the fourth metatarsal?
The oblique head of the adductor hallucis muscle, the tibialis posterior tendon, and for the long plantar, plantar cuboideometatarsal, and two plantar intermetatarsal ligaments.
Which muscles originate from the shaft of the fourth metatarsal?
The second plantar interosseous, lateral head of the third dorsal interosseous, and medial head of the fourth dorsal interosseous muscles.
What shape is the base of the fifth metatarsal?
Triangular or pyramidal with its apex pointing plantarly and laterally.
What forms the apex of the base of the fifth metatarsal?
A prominent tuberosity (styloid process).
With which bones does the base of the fifth metatarsal articulate?
The cuboid and fourth metatarsal.
What feature is found on the proximal surface of the fifth metatarsal?
A triangular facet for the cuboid.
What is the function of the medial surface of the fifth metatarsal?
It has a triangular or oval facet for the 4th metatarsal and serves as an attachment for the interosseous intermetatarsal ligament.
What is the primary feature of the lateral surface of the fifth metatarsal?
The tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal.
Where is the sesamoid bone located within the tendon of tibialis posterior?
As it crosses the navicular.
What is the name of the sesamoid bone within the tendon of fibularis longus?
Os peroneum.
Which tendon has sesamoid bones at the metatarsophalangeal joint (MPJ) of the 2nd toe?
Tendon of flexor digitorum brevis (FDB).
Which tendon has sesamoid bones at the interphalangeal joint (IPJ)?
Tendon of flexor hallucis longus (FHL).
What is the most common accessory bone associated with the lateral tubercle of the posterior process of the talus?
Os trigonum.
What happens when the secondary ossification center in the navicular tuberosity fails to fuse?
Os tibiale (externum) occurs.
Where is os intermetatarseum I located?
Between the medial cuneiform and the bases of the first and second metatarsals.
What is os uncinatum associated with?
Lateral cuneiform.
What is os vesalianum associated with?
Tuberosity of the 5th metatarsal.
What is the significance of accessory bones in the foot?
They are important in distinguishing them from possible fractures.
What is the secondary ossification center in the calcaneus called?
Os calcaneus secondarium
What is the name of the bone that sometimes has a secondary ossification center in the navicular?
Os supranaviculare
What is the name of the structure that supports the talus?
Os sustentaculum tali
Which tarsal bone has a secondary ossification center in the calcaneal tuberosity?
Calcaneus
At what age does ossification begin for the calcaneus?
4-7 months in utero
When does ossification begin for the talus?
6 months in utero
At what age do the metatarsals and phalanges begin ossification?
9-12 weeks in utero
What bones are included in the medial longitudinal arch?
First through third metatarsals, all three cuneiforms, navicular, talus, and calcaneus
What forms the keystone of the medial longitudinal arch?
The talar head
Which bones are part of the lateral longitudinal arch?
Fourth and fifth metatarsals, cuboid, and calcaneus
What is the keystone of the lateral longitudinal arch?
The cuboid
What bones are included in the transverse arch?
Distal row of tarsal bones and all five metatarsals
Which bone forms the keystone of the transverse arch?
The intermediate cuneiform
