What unit is used to measure the fluxes in the given context?
Click to see answer
Gigatonnes of carbon (C).
Click to see question
What unit is used to measure the fluxes in the given context?
Gigatonnes of carbon (C).
What happens to carbon from CO2 during photosynthesis?
It is reduced (gains electrons) to become glucose.
What is the main product of the link reaction in cellular respiration?
Acetyl-CoA (2C).
What are the protein complexes in the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) responsible for?
They are responsible for pumping protons from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space.
How much free energy is stored in the bonds within a mole of glucose formed during photosynthesis?
686 kilocalories.
What ability do some plants, like the lotus, have in terms of temperature regulation?
They can thermoregulate, meaning they can regulate their temperature.
Which molecules are produced during the link reaction?
NADH and Acetyl-CoA.
Where are protons pumped from and to during the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)?
Protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space.
What happens to carbon from glucose during respiration?
It is oxidized (loses electrons) to become CO2.
What is the role of electron carriers in cellular respiration?
They transport electrons to the Electron Transport Chain (ETC).
Which part of the lotus plant is known to regulate its temperature?
The flowers of the lotus.
What captures the energy in the last step of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)?
The energy is captured in the form of ATP.
What happens when the air is cold and the lotus plant wants to warm its flower?
It activates the DOX pathway.
Which electron carriers are involved in the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)?
NADH and FADH2.
What is a similarity between mitochondria and chloroplasts?
Both are membrane-bound organelles.
Which molecules donate electrons to the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)?
NADH and FADH2.
What is the consequence of activating the DOX pathway in lotus plants?
The electrons that should have gone to complex 3 and 4 and pumped protons do not, and the energy is then used to generate heat.
What is a common feature of the internal structure of mitochondria and chloroplasts?
Both have lots of membranes within the organelle.
What are the internal membrane structures called in mitochondria and chloroplasts?
Cristae in mitochondria and stacks of thylakoids in the grana of chloroplasts.
Why is the inner membrane of mitochondria highly folded?
To increase the surface area to have more Electron Transport Chains (ETC), because ETC occurs on the inner membrane.
What process do both mitochondria and chloroplasts have in common?
Both have an Electron Transport Chain (ETC).
Where does the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) occur in the mitochondria?
On the inner membranes.
What is the role of the proton gradient in mitochondria and chloroplasts?
It is used to generate ATP.
What is the chemical equation for aerobic respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
What is a key similarity between the respiratory and photosynthetic electron transport chains?
Both involve the transfer of electrons through a series of protein complexes to generate a proton gradient.
What is the purpose of compartmentation in mitochondria?
To set up proton gradients.
What are the reactants in the aerobic respiration equation?
Glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2)
What is a primary difference between the respiratory and photosynthetic electron transport chains?
The respiratory electron transport chain occurs in the mitochondria and uses oxygen as the final electron acceptor, while the photosynthetic electron transport chain occurs in the chloroplasts and uses NADP+ as the final electron acceptor.
Where does glycolysis occur?
In the cytoplasm, not in the mitochondria.
What are the products of aerobic respiration?
Carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), and energy
How do both electron transport chains contribute to ATP synthesis?
Both chains create a proton gradient across a membrane, which drives ATP synthesis via ATP synthase.
Where does the Krebs Cycle occur?
In the mitochondrial matrix.
What is the function of the uncoupling protein (UCP) in the electron transport chain?
UCP is a channel that allows protons to flow back across the membrane without generating ATP, acting as a safety valve to regulate ATP production.
How many molecules of oxygen are required for the complete aerobic respiration of one molecule of glucose?
6 molecules of oxygen (O2)
What is plant thermogenesis?
Plant thermogenesis is the process by which certain plants generate heat through metabolic activities.
Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
On the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
What happens to the energy originally used to pump protons when the uncoupling protein is active?
The energy is lost as heat instead of being used to generate ATP.
How many molecules of carbon dioxide are produced from one molecule of glucose during aerobic respiration?
6 molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2)
Which enzyme is often involved in plant thermogenesis?
Alternative oxidase (AOX) is often involved in plant thermogenesis.
What is the role of alternative oxidase (AOX) in the electron transport chain?
AOX serves as a safety valve, allowing electrons to flow through it and stopping their journey, which reduces the amount of ATP produced and generates heat.
How many molecules of water are produced from one molecule of glucose during aerobic respiration?
6 molecules of water (H2O)
What is the role of alternative oxidase (AOX) in plant thermogenesis?
AOX allows the plant to bypass the standard electron transport chain, leading to the production of heat instead of ATP.
What is the primary function of aerobic cellular respiration in eukaryotes?
To produce ATP by breaking down glucose in the presence of oxygen.
How does the activation of AOX and UCP affect the proton gradient and ATP production?
The proton gradient is reduced, and the energy that would have been used to produce ATP is instead released as heat.
What are the three main stages of aerobic cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain (ETC).
Where are AOX and UCP located within the cell?
Both AOX and UCP are proteins embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Where does glycolysis occur in eukaryotic cells?
In the cytoplasm.
What is the consequence of electrons stopping their journey at AOX?
Not as many protons are pumped, leading to a reduced proton gradient and decreased ATP production.
Where does the Krebs Cycle take place in eukaryotic cells?
In the mitochondrial matrix.
Where does the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) occur in eukaryotic cells?
In the inner mitochondrial membrane.
What are the similarities between the electron transport chain (ETC) in mitochondria and chloroplasts?
Both have proteins embedded in the membrane and an ATP synthase. Electrons flow through the proteins, pumping protons across the membrane, and the protons flow back through ATP synthase to generate ATP.
What is the primary molecule broken down during glycolysis?
Glucose
What is the final electron acceptor in the Electron Transport Chain?
Oxygen.
How are electrons raised to a high energy state in chloroplasts?
Electrons are raised to a high energy state from sunlight.
What are the end products of glycolysis?
Pyruvate and ATP
What is produced as a byproduct when oxygen accepts electrons at the end of the Electron Transport Chain?
Water (H2O).
What is the terminal electron acceptor in the chloroplast electron transport chain?
NADP, which picks up electrons at the end.
What molecule enters the Krebs Cycle after glycolysis?
Acetyl-CoA
How many ATP molecules are typically produced from one molecule of glucose during aerobic cellular respiration?
Approximately 36-38 ATP molecules.
How are the electrons that are lost from the start replaced in chloroplasts?
By splitting water.
What are the main products of the Krebs Cycle?
ATP, NADH, and FADH2
What role does the proton gradient play in ATP synthesis?
It drives the ATP synthase enzyme to produce ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.
Where are protons pumped in the chloroplast electron transport chain?
From the stroma to the lumen.
What is the role of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) in cellular respiration?
To create a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis
What is the importance of the mitochondrial structure in cellular respiration?
The structure, including the inner membrane and matrix, facilitates the stages of cellular respiration and ATP production.
Where do protons flow back to in the chloroplast electron transport chain?
Back to the stroma through ATP synthase.
What enzyme is responsible for synthesizing ATP in the Electron Transport Chain?
ATP synthase
What is the final electron acceptor in the mitochondrial electron transport chain?
Oxygen.
What is the final electron acceptor in the Electron Transport Chain?
Oxygen (O2)
Where do the high-energy electrons in the mitochondrial electron transport chain originally come from?
From glucose, carried by NADH and FADH2.
What is produced when oxygen accepts electrons at the end of the Electron Transport Chain?
Water (H2O)
Where are protons pumped in the mitochondrial electron transport chain?
From the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space.
How many ATP molecules are typically produced from one molecule of glucose during cellular respiration?
Approximately 30-32 ATP molecules
Where do protons flow back to in the mitochondrial electron transport chain?
Back through ATP synthase, generating ATP.
What is the role of FADH2 in cellular respiration?
To donate electrons to the Electron Transport Chain
