What are the two main types of inflammatory responses?
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What are the two main types of inflammatory responses?
What cells predominantly feature in acute inflammation?
Neutrophils and leukocytes.
What is the first step in scar formation?
Fibroblast activation, where fibroblasts migrate to the injury site and produce extracellular matrix.
What are the stages involved in the inflammation process?
What is the difference between a normal immune response and endothelial retraction?
Endothelial retraction causes proteins and cells to leak out of blood vessels, unlike a normal immune response.
What is an abscess?
A localized collection of purulent inflammation accompanied by liquefactive necrosis.
What is the role of circulating proteins in inflammation?
They activate the complement system and help recognize the body's own substances, promoting inflammation.
What causes Transudate?
Increased hydrostatic pressure and decreased colloid osmotic pressure, resulting in pure edema.
What defines purulent (suppurative) inflammation?
It results from a microbiological process, leading to necrotic cells, edema, and pus formation.
What is an inflammasome?
A complex reaction inside the cell that activates caspase, producing IL-1 and triggering acute inflammatory reactions.
What is the outcome of complete resolution in acute inflammation?
The causative agent is removed, and new tissue forms with the same functionality as the initial tissue.
What is the role of cytokines in leukocyte recruitment?
Cytokines promote selectins and integrins that facilitate the interaction with circulating leukocytes.
What causes ulcers to form?
Due to sloughing of inflamed necrotic tissue, leading to the rupture of the epithelium.
What are some examples of circulating proteins involved in inflammation?
Mannose-binding lectin and collectins, which aid in phagocyte migration and recognition.
What happens when histamine is released in the body?
Blood vessel permeability increases, leading to edema, swelling, and leakage of blood vessels.
What occurs during fibrinous inflammation?
Large amounts of fibrinogen pass out of blood vessels, forming fibrin in the fluid exudate.
What role do TLRs play in inflammation?
They recognize foreign cells and trigger a response that contributes to damage, vasodilation, and recruitment of more cells.
Which mediators are involved in chemotaxis and leukocyte recruitment?
TNF, IL-1, chemokines, C3a, C5a, and leukotrienes B4.
What mediates the signs of calor (heat) and dolor (pain)?
Cytokines produced during the inflammatory response.
What characterizes chronic inflammation?
The accumulation of a large amount of fibrinogen and persistent inflammatory response.
What happens during scarring or fibrosis?
Destruction of essential tissue components leads to degeneration and replacement with scar tissue.
What is the significance of neutrophils in inflammation?
Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils are activated by cytokines and are responsible for phagocytosis at the inflammation site.
What is a pustule?
A local accumulation of polymorphonuclear cells in the oral epithelium after acute inflammation, resembling small abscesses.
What mediators are responsible for fever during inflammation?
IL-1 and TNF (tumor necrotic factors), along with prostaglandins.
What are the two types of fluids resulting from increased permeability?
Transudate and Exudate.
What is serous inflammation characterized by?
Accumulation of clear, watery fluid with variable protein content, often beneath epithelial tissues.
What are Toll-like receptors (TLRs)?
Cellular receptors for microbes found on plasma membranes and endosomes that trigger a cellular response by releasing cytokines.
What are the principal mediators of vasodilation?
Histamine and prostaglandins.
What occurs during the rolling phase of leukocyte recruitment?
Leukocytes roll along the endothelium through weak temporary bindings until they reach the damage area.
What is a fistula?
A canal that allows debris to exit from an abscess, often found in the gums and teeth.
What mediators increase vascular permeability?
Histamine, C3a, C5a, and leukotrienes C4, D4, E4.
What causes rubor (redness) in inflammation?
Increased vascular reaction leading to enhanced blood circulation and edema.
What triggers chronic inflammation?
Infections, tissue necrosis, foreign bodies, and autoimmune diseases.
What is margination in the context of leukocyte recruitment?
White blood cells assume a peripheral position and touch the endothelium.
What is an abscess?
Characterized by purulent acute inflammation involving the accumulation of debris and fluids in soft tissues of the oral cavity.
What is the effect of histamine in the vascular reaction of inflammation?
It induces vasodilation, contributing to redness (rubor) and heat (calor).
What contributes to tissue damage in inflammation?
Lysosomal enzymes of leukocytes and reactive oxygen species (ROS).
What is inflammation?
The body's response in all vascularized tissues to an injury, originating from a foreign invader or necrotic tissue.
What role do reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide species play in inflammation?
They are involved in generating further inflammation and are used in the degranulation of neutrophils.
What characterizes Exudate?
Fluid rich in proteins leaking from blood vessels due to endothelial retraction, often caused by histamine.
What is NET in the context of neutrophil response?
Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) is a second response mechanism where neutrophils create an extracellular trap.
What is a furuncle?
An abscess, with or without pustules, often caused by Staphylococcus aureus, typically found in areas with hair.
What are the four cardinal signs of acute inflammation?
What proteins are involved in acute inflammation?
Cytokines and growth factors.
What is the significance of collagen fiber deposition in scar formation?
Collagen fibers provide tensile strength to the healing tissue and form a network in the injured area.
In which parts of the body can ulcers occur?
Mouth, digestive tract, intestines, genitourinary system, and skin.
Which animals are primarily affected by anthrax?
Hoofed animals such as sheep, cattle, and goats.
What causes pain during inflammation?
Prostaglandins, histamine, and bradykinin.
What is an ulcer?
A local defect or excavation on the surface of an organ that exposes internal tissue to the exterior cavity.
What is anthrax and what causes it?
A disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, characterized by the formation of a black ulcer indicating necrosis of the skin.
