What action does the Omohyoid (Superior Belly) perform?
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Depresses the hyoid bone.
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What action does the Omohyoid (Superior Belly) perform?
Depresses the hyoid bone.
What type of anatomical feature is the groove for the radial nerve?
An oblique depression.
What is the proximal attachment of the supraspinatus?
Supraspinous fossa of the scapula.
What is the proximal attachment of the Subscapularis muscle?
Subscapular fossa of the scapula.
What is another name for the groove for the radial nerve?
Radial sulcus or spiral groove.
What is the proximal attachment of the Teres Minor?
Posterior aspect of the superior half of the lateral border of the scapula.
Where does the Brachialis attach distally?
Coronoid process and tuberosity of the ulna.
What is the medial attachment of the ascending trapezius?
Spinous processes of T5-T12.
Which muscle is attached to the middle facet of the Greater Tubercle?
Infraspinatus muscle.
What is the innervation of the ascending trapezius?
Accessory nerve, anterior rami of the 3rd and 4th cervical nerves.
Where is the coronoid fossa located?
Superior to the trochlea.
What is the name of the prominent ridge on the posterior surface of the scapula?
The spine of the scapula.
Where does the Infraspinatus attach distally?
Greater tubercle of the humerus.
Which nerves innervate the Subscapularis muscle?
Upper and Lower Subscapular Nerves (C5-C7).
What is the axial attachment of the Serratus Anterior?
External surfaces of ribs 1-9.
What actions does the Teres Minor perform?
Laterally rotates, transversely abducts, and stabilizes the shoulder joint at the glenohumeral joint.
How many facets for muscle attachments does the Greater Tubercle contain?
Three facets.
What is the shape of the head of the humerus?
Smooth and spherical.
Where does the Subscapularis muscle attach distally?
Lesser tubercle of the humerus.
Which structures pass through the groove for the radial nerve?
Radial nerve and deep brachial artery (profunda brachial artery).
Where is the head of the humerus located?
At the proximal end of the bone.
What is the proximal attachment of the coracobrachialis?
Coracoid process of scapula.
Where does the Rhomboid Minor attach laterally?
Medial border of the scapula adjacent to the spine of the scapula.
With which part of the scapula does the head of the humerus articulate?
The glenoid fossa.
Where does the Long Head of the Triceps Brachii attach distally?
Olecranon of the ulna and adjacent antebrachial fascia.
What actions does the ascending trapezius perform?
Depresses, retracts, and upwardly rotates the shoulder.
What is the primary action of the supraspinatus?
Abducts and stabilizes the humerus at the glenohumeral joint, initiating the first 15 degrees.
Where is the Supraspinous Fossa located?
On the dorsal aspect of the scapula.
What action does the Subscapularis perform?
Medially rotates and stabilizes the shoulder at the glenohumeral joint.
What covers the head of the humerus?
Articular cartilage.
Where does the posterior deltoid attach distally?
Deltoid tuberosity of the humerus.
What is the primary action of the Rhomboid Minor?
Retracts and downwardly rotates the shoulder.
Where does the Serratus Anterior attach on the appendicular skeleton?
Medial border of the scapula.
What is the primary action of the Serratus Anterior?
Protracts the scapula and upwardly rotates the glenoid.
What is the distal attachment of the Pectoralis Minor?
Medial surface of the coracoid process of the scapula.
Which nerve innervates the Infraspinatus?
Suprascapular nerve (C5-C6).
What separates the Greater Tubercle from the Lesser Tubercle?
The intertubercular sulcus.
Which nerve innervates the Pectoralis Minor?
Medial pectoral nerve.
What is the primary action of the Anconeus muscle?
Extends the forearm at the elbow joint.
What is the Supraspinous Fossa?
The upper concave area of the scapula.
What is the largest bone of the upper limb?
The humerus.
Where is the Conoid Tubercle located?
On the inferior surface of the clavicle.
What is the proximal attachment of the Infraspinatus?
Infraspinous fossa of the scapula.
What actions does the Infraspinatus perform?
Laterally rotates, transversely abducts, and stabilizes the arm at the glenohumeral joint.
Where does the Pectoralis Minor attach proximally?
Anterior ends of ribs 3-5.
What is the innervation of the Omohyoid (Superior Belly)?
Superior root of ansa cervicalis (C1).
Which nerve innervates the Rhomboid Minor?
Dorsal scapular nerve.
What role does the Long Head of the Triceps Brachii play in shoulder stability?
Resists shoulder dislocation.
Which nerve innervates the Long Head of the Biceps Brachii?
Musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C6).
What is the proximal attachment of the anterior deltoid?
Lateral â…“ of the clavicle.
What is the Radial Fossa?
A small depression superior to the capitulum.
Where is the groove for the radial nerve located?
On the posterior aspect of the humerus.
What is the distal attachment of the Omohyoid (Superior Belly)?
Intermediate tendon of omohyoid muscle.
What is the Greater Tubercle?
A larger eminence on the lateral aspect of the proximal humerus.
What is the proximal attachment of the Long Head of the Triceps Brachii?
Infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula.
What actions does the posterior deltoid perform?
Extends, laterally rotates, and transversely abducts the arm.
Where does the Anconeus muscle attach distally?
Olecranon, proximal end of the body of the ulna.
Which nerve innervates the Serratus Anterior?
Long thoracic nerve.
Where does the supraspinatus attach distally?
Greater tubercle of the humerus.
Where is the lateral attachment of the Rhomboid Major?
Medial border of the scapula inferior to the spine of the scapula.
What is the primary action of the Rhomboid Major?
Retracts and downwardly rotates the shoulder.
What is the shallow cavity on the lateral aspect of the scapula that articulates with the humerus?
The glenoid cavity.
What is the name of the process that extends laterally from the scapula and serves as an attachment point for muscles?
The acromion process.
What is the name of the notch located on the superior border of the scapula?
The scapular notch.
What nerves innervate the Pectoralis Major?
Medial nerve (sternocostal) and lateral nerve (clavicular).
Where is the trapezoid line located?
On the inferior aspect of the clavicle, immediately lateral to the conoid tubercle.
What is the primary action of the Omohyoid (Inferior Belly)?
Depresses the hyoid bone.
Which muscles are innervated by the Axillary Nerve?
Deltoid muscles and Teres Minor.
Which muscles attach to the Coracoid Process?
Coracobrachialis, short head of biceps brachii, and pectoralis minor.
What is the course of the thoracodorsal branch of the subscapular artery?
It moves inferiorly and pierces the latissimus dorsi.
What is the proximal attachment of the posterior deltoid?
Spine of the scapula.
Where does the Teres Minor attach distally?
Greater tubercle of the humerus.
What is the primary action of the Brachialis?
Flexes the forearm at the elbow joint.
Which nerve innervates the posterior deltoid?
Axillary nerve.
What additional action may the Anconeus perform during pronation?
May abduct the ulna.
What is the primary action of the Long Head of the Biceps Brachii?
Supinates the forearm and flexes the forearm when supine.
What is the proximal attachment of the Lateral Head of the Triceps Brachii?
Posterior surface of humerus, superior to radial groove.
Where does the transverse trapezius attach laterally?
Acromion of the scapula and lateral end of the spine of the scapula.
What is the primary action of the transverse trapezius?
Retracts the shoulder.
What action does the Teres Major perform?
Adducts and medially rotates the arm at the glenohumeral joint.
Which important structures are found in the Triangular Interval?
Radial Nerve and Profunda Brachii Artery.
What is the medial border of the Triangular Interval?
Long head of the Triceps Brachii.
What actions does the Levator Scapulae perform?
Elevates and downwardly rotates the shoulder, extends and laterally flexes the neck.
What is the proximal attachment of the Omohyoid (Inferior Belly)?
Intermediate tendon of omohyoid muscle.
What does the anatomical neck of the humerus connect?
It connects the head to the body of the humerus.
What is the trapezoid line a site for?
Attachment of the trapezoid part of the coracoclavicular ligament.
What is the clavicle?
One of two bones that form the pectoral girdle.
What are the superior borders of the Quadrangular Space?
Teres Minor.
What artery supplies the clavicle?
Suprascapular artery.
What is the proximal attachment of the Omohyoid (Superior Belly)?
Body of the hyoid bone.
What is the medial attachment of the Rhomboid Minor?
Nuchal ligament and spinous processes of C7-T1.
Where does the coracobrachialis attach distally?
Middle third of medial aspect of humerus.
What is the proximal attachment of the Anconeus muscle?
Posterior aspect of the lateral epicondyle of the humerus.
Which nerve innervates the Teres Minor?
Axillary Nerve (C5-C6).
Which nerve innervates the Long Head of the Triceps Brachii?
Radial Nerve (C7).
What is the superior attachment of the descending trapezius?
External occipital protuberance and superior nuchal line.
What is the proximal attachment of the middle (acromial) deltoid?
Acromion of the scapula.
Where does the Medial Head of the Triceps Brachii attach distally?
Olecranon of ulna and adjacent antebrachial fascia.
Which nerve innervates the Rhomboid Major?
Dorsal scapular nerve.
Which nerves innervate the transverse trapezius?
Accessory nerve and anterior rami of the 3rd and 4th cervical nerves.
Where do both heads of the Pectoralis Major attach distally?
Lateral lip/ridge of intertubercular sulcus (crest of greater tubercle).
What is the primary action of the subclavius muscle?
Stabilizes clavicle, pulls/shortens/depresses clavicle.
Which bone articulates with the Glenoid Fossa?
The head of the humerus.
What is the course of the brachial vein?
It travels superiorly in the arm, accompanying the brachial artery through the cubital fossa.
What are the branches of the Musculocutaneous nerve?
Beer and Terminal.
Which nerve innervates the Omohyoid (Inferior Belly)?
Ansa cervicalis (C1-C3).
Where is the olecranon fossa located?
On the posterior aspect of the humerus.
What makes up the Medial Cord?
The anterior division of the inferior trunk.
What type of nerve rami do the brachial plexus roots consist of?
Anterior (Ventral) nerve rami.
What nerve branches off the medial cord and innervates the Pectoralis Major and Minor?
Medial Pectoral Nerve.
Where is the Deltoid Tuberosity located?
On the anterolateral surface of the humerus.
What areas does the cephalic vein drain?
Hand, forearm, and arm.
What important structures are found in the Quadrangular Space?
Axillary Nerve and the Posterior Circumflex Humeral Artery.
What does the acromial end of the clavicle articulate with?
The acromion.
Where does the groove for Subclavius extend from?
It extends anteromedially from the conoid tubercle.
Where do the medial and lateral borders of the scapula meet?
At the Inferior Angle.
What is the nickname for C7 in the context of the trunks?
Middle Trunk.
What is the proximal attachment of the Brachialis?
Anterior aspect of the distal half of the humerus.
What actions does the coracobrachialis perform?
Adducts and flexes arm at glenohumeral joint, resists shoulder dislocation.
Which nerve innervates the coracobrachialis?
Musculocutaneous Nerve (C5-C7).
Where does the ascending trapezius attach laterally?
Medial end of the spine of the scapula.
Which nerve innervates the Anconeus muscle?
Radial Nerve (C7-C8).
What is the anterior connection of the neck of the scapula?
The coracoid process.
Where does the middle (acromial) deltoid attach distally?
Deltoid tuberosity of the humerus.
What is the primary action of the Medial Head of the Triceps Brachii?
Extends forearm at elbow joint.
Which nerve innervates the Medial Head of the Triceps Brachii?
Radial Nerve (C8).
What are the borders of the Triangular Interval?
Superior: Teres Major, Medial: Long head of the Triceps Brachii, Lateral: Lateral head of the Triceps Brachii.
What is the proximal attachment of the subclavius muscle?
1st rib and costal cartilage inferior.
What is the capitulum?
A lateral articular projection on the distal end of the humerus.
What converts the suprascapular notch into the suprascapular foramen?
The superior transverse scapular ligament.
What role does the capitulum play in the elbow joint?
It contributes to the elbow joint.
Which ligaments attach to the Coracoid Process?
Coracoacromial, Coracohumeral, and Coracoclavicular ligaments.
What structures form the Coracoacromial Arch?
The inferior aspect of the acromion, coracoacromial ligament, and coracoid process.
What does the Posterior division innervate?
The posterior side of the arm.
What is the function of the Upper Subscapular Nerve?
Innervates the Subscapularis.
Which nerve innervates the skin on the anterior compartment of the arm?
Medial Brachial Cutaneous Nerve.
What is the primary function of arteries?
To carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the tissues.
What are the actions of the Pectoralis Minor?
Protracts, depresses, and downwardly rotates the pectoral girdle; stabilization; recruited for inspiration.
What joint is formed by the articulation of the head of the humerus and the glenoid fossa?
The glenohumeral joint.
Which muscle is attached to the superior facet of the Greater Tubercle?
Supraspinatus muscle.
What is the neck of the scapula continuous with medially?
The body of the scapula.
What is the medial attachment of the descending trapezius?
Nuchal ligament and spinous process of C7.
What is the lateral attachment of the descending trapezius?
Posterior aspect of lateral â…“ of the clavicle and acromion of the scapula.
Which bones does the humerus articulate with?
The scapula, radius, and ulna.
What is the innervation of the descending trapezius?
Accessory nerve and anterior rami of 3rd and 4th cervical nerves.
What is the name of the projection on the anterior surface of the scapula that resembles a hook?
The coracoid process.
Where does the short head of the Biceps Brachii attach distally?
Radial tuberosity and antebrachial fascia.
What is the superior attachment of the Levator Scapulae?
Transverse processes of C1-C2 and posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C3-C4.
What is the origin of the brachial vein?
The unification of the radial and ulnar veins.
From which cord does the Axillary Nerve branch?
The posterior cord.
What is the function of the Anterior circumflex humeral artery?
It supplies blood to the shoulder joint and surrounding muscles.
Which muscles does the circumflex scapular branch supply?
Posterior teres major and minor, deltoid, long head of the triceps brachii, scapula, and skin overlying the scapula.
What is the anatomical neck an attachment site for?
It is an attachment site for the capsule of the glenohumeral joint.
What do the divisions of the trunks eventually form?
The cords.
What are the two main types of bone tissue?
Cortical (compact) bone and trabecular (spongy) bone.
What is the shape of the Costoclavicular Impression?
Rough, oval-shaped tuberosity.
What passes through the canal formed by the Transverse Humeral Ligaments?
The tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii muscle.
What is the Glenoid Labrum?
A fibrocartilaginous ring surrounding the entire glenoid fossa.
Which muscles does the posterior circumflex humeral artery supply?
Deltoid, teres major and minor, long and lateral head of the triceps brachii.
What type of blood do pulmonary arteries carry?
Deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
What is the origin of the Basilic vein?
Medial aspect of the dorsal venous network.
What nerves are associated with the Superior Trunk?
Suprascapular N. and Nerve to Subclavius.
What does the Superior Scapular Transverse Ligament attach to?
From the base of the coracoid process to the medial border of the scapular notch.
Where does the coracohumeral ligament attach on the humerus?
To the greater and lesser tubercle of the humerus.
What is another name for the sternal end of the clavicle?
Medial end of the clavicle.
What is the difference between a tendon and a ligament?
Tendons connect muscles to bones, while ligaments connect bones to bones.
With which part of the body does the sternal end of the clavicle articulate?
The manubrium of the sternum.
Where is the medial epicondyle located?
At the distal end of the medial supracondylar ridge.
What is the function of the Brachial Plexus?
To provide motor and sensory innervation to the upper limb.
Which nerves innervate the Brachialis?
Musculocutaneous (C5-C6) and Radial Nerve (C7).
What action does the Long Head of the Triceps Brachii perform?
Extends the forearm at the elbow joint.
Where does the Long Head of the Biceps Brachii attach distally?
Radial tuberosity and antebrachial fascia.
What is the medial attachment of the Rhomboid Major?
Spinous processes of T2-T5.
Which nerve innervates the supraspinatus?
Suprascapular nerve (C5-C6).
What actions does the descending trapezius perform?
Elevates, retracts, and upwardly rotates the shoulder; extends and laterally flexes head and neck.
What muscle originates from the Supraspinous Fossa?
Supraspinatus muscle.
Where is the Radial Fossa located on the humerus?
Lateral of the two fossa on the anterior aspect.
What does the Radial Fossa accommodate during elbow flexion?
The head of the radius.
What is the shape of the Glenoid Fossa?
Pear-shaped cavity.
What nerves innervate the Levator Scapulae?
Anterior rami of 3rd and 4th cervical nerves and dorsal scapular nerve.
What is the origin of the transverse cervical artery?
Thyrocervical trunk of the Subclavian artery.
What is the course of the circumflex scapular branch of the subscapular artery?
It courses posteriorly through the triangular space and into the infraspinous fossa.
What does the Anterior division innervate?
The anterior side of the arm.
What is the primary function of veins in the circulatory system?
To carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
Which nerve innervates the Latissimus Dorsi?
Thoracodorsal Nerve (middle subscapular nerve).
Where does the cephalic vein drain?
Into the axillary vein.
What does the scapula form with the clavicle?
The pectoral girdle.
What is the shape of the scapula?
Triangular shaped.
What is the function of the Medial Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve?
It innervates the skin on the anterior compartment of the forearm (Sensory).
What is the groove for Subclavius?
A shallow surface on the inferior surface of the clavicle.
How does the Glenoid Labrum contribute to shoulder stability?
It stabilizes the humeral head.
What muscle inserts at the groove for Subclavius?
The subclavius muscle.
What area does the Dorsal Scapular artery supply in addition to muscles?
Skin on the ascending trapezius muscle.
What is the location of the costoclavicular ligament?
Between the inferior portion of the sternal end of the clavicle and the superior portion of the first rib at the costal cartilage.
What is the first division of the Axillary artery?
Superior thoracic artery.
Which roots form the Inferior Trunk?
C8 and T1.
Where does the Coracoacromial Ligament attach?
From the lateral border of the coracoid process to the apex of the acromion.
How does the size of the Basilic vein compare to the Cephalic vein?
The Basilic vein is larger than the Cephalic vein.
What is the origin of the Axillary artery?
Subclavian artery.
What is the appearance of both the Supraglenoid and Infraglenoid Tubercles?
Both are rough in appearance.
How does the Coracoacromial Ligament contribute to joint stability?
It stabilizes the glenohumeral joint and prevents upward dislocation.
What ligament attaches to the Lesser Tubercle?
Transverse humeral ligament.
Where is the lateral epicondyle located?
At the distal end of the lateral supracondylar ridge.
What is the proximal attachment of the Long Head of the Biceps Brachii?
Supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula.
Which muscle is attached to the inferior facet of the Greater Tubercle?
Teres minor muscle.
What is the medial attachment of the transverse trapezius?
Spinous processes of C7-T4.
Where does the Lateral Head of the Triceps Brachii attach distally?
Olecranon of ulna and adjacent antebrachial fascia.
What is the primary action of the middle (acromial) deltoid?
Abducts the arm.
Which nerve innervates the middle (acromial) deltoid?
Axillary nerve.
What are the proximal attachments of the Sternocostal Head of the Pectoralis Major?
Sternum, costal cartilages, external oblique aponeurosis.
What is the primary action of the short head of the Biceps Brachii?
Supinates forearm, flexes forearm when supine, and resists shoulder dislocation.
Where is the inferior attachment of the Levator Scapulae located?
Superior angle of scapula and medial border of scapula superior to spine of scapula.
What joint is formed by the articulation of the capitulum and the radius?
The humeroradial joint.
What structures are transmitted through the suprascapular foramen?
Suprascapular nerve and vessels.
In which direction does the transverse cervical artery course?
Superolaterally to the triangle of the neck.
Which muscles does the transverse cervical artery supply?
Sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboid major and minor.
What type of blood do veins typically transport?
Deoxygenated blood, except for the pulmonary veins.
What is the role of bone marrow?
To produce blood cells.
Name a key ligament in the shoulder complex.
The coracoclavicular ligament.
How do ligaments differ from tendons?
Ligaments connect bones to bones, while tendons connect muscles to bones.
What is the function of the Glenoid Labrum?
It deepens the glenoid cavity for the head of the humerus.
What role do ligaments play in joint movement?
They limit excessive movement and maintain joint alignment.
What is the largest artery in the human body?
The aorta.
Which muscle forms the lateral border of the Triangular Space?
Long head of the Triceps Brachii.
What areas does the Basilic vein drain?
Hand, forearm, and arm.
What is the course of the Brachial artery?
Distally along the medial aspect of the arm to the cubital fossa.
What is the primary function of the costoclavicular ligament?
To stabilize the sternoclavicular joint.
What are the two ends of the clavicle called?
The sternal end and the acromial end.
What is the second division of the Axillary artery?
Thoracoacromial artery and Lateral thoracic artery.
What structure does the Coracoacromial Ligament help form?
The coracoacromial arch with the inferior aspects of the acromion and coracoid process.
What are the branches of the Thoracoacromial artery?
Deltoid branch, Clavicular branch, Pectoral branch, and Acromial branch.
What is the Lateral Supracondylar Ridge?
An inferior continuation of the lateral border of the humerus that extends to the lateral epicondyle.
What is the superolateral attachment of the Latissimus Dorsi?
Floor of intertubercular sulcus of the humerus.
What muscles does the Radial Nerve innervate?
Triceps Brachii, Anconeus, Extensor Carpi Radialis, Extensor Carpi Ulnaris, Brachioradialis, and Abductor Pollicis.
What regions does the Axillary artery supply?
Axilla, shoulder, and pectoral regions.
What is the primary function of the Inferior Glenohumeral Ligament?
Prevents anterior and inferior dislocation of the humeral head.
What does the neck of the scapula connect to laterally?
The head of the scapula.
What is the proximal attachment of the Medial Head of the Triceps Brachii?
Posterior surface of humerus, inferior to radial groove.
Where does the anterior deltoid attach distally?
Deltoid tuberosity of the humerus.
What action does the anterior deltoid perform?
Flexes and medially rotates the arm.
What are the main arteries supplying the humerus?
Brachial, anterior circumflex humeral, and deep brachial arteries.
What is the distal attachment of the subclavius muscle?
Subclavian groove on the inferior surface of the clavicle.
What is the lateral border of the Triangular Interval?
Lateral head of the Triceps Brachii.
With which bone does the capitulum articulate?
The head of the radius.
What does the Subscapular artery supply?
It supplies the subscapularis muscle and surrounding areas.
What forms the Lateral Cord of the brachial plexus?
The anterior divisions of the superior and middle trunks.
From which cord does the Musculocutaneous nerve form?
The lateral cord.
Which nerve branches from the lateral cord and innervates the Pectoralis Major and Minor?
Lateral Pectoral Nerve.
With which structures does the clavicle articulate?
Manubrium of the sternum and scapula.
Where do the Transverse Humeral Ligaments attach?
To the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus.
What forms the medial border of the Quadrangular Space?
Long head of the triceps brachii.
What is the term for the process of bone formation?
Ossification.
What ligament attaches at the Costoclavicular Impression?
Costoclavicular ligament.
What are trunks in the context of the brachial plexus?
Linkage points between the roots.
How many bones are in the adult human body?
206 bones.
What does the Acromioclavicular Ligament provide attachment for?
The articular disc of the acromioclavicular joint.
What is the Brachial Plexus?
A network of nerves that supplies the upper limb.
What fascia attaches at the groove for Subclavius?
The clavipectoral fascia.
What part of the deltoid muscle attaches to the acromion?
Acromial part of the deltoid muscle.
How does the Basilic vein course through the arm?
Superiorly along the medial aspect of the forearm and arm.
What nerve passes through the foramen created by the Superior Scapular Transverse Ligament?
Suprascapular nerve (C5-C6).
What are the two projections of the humeral condyle?
Trochlea and Capitulum.
Where are the Glenohumeral Ligaments located?
Between the synovial membrane and the fibrous layer of the articular capsule.
What is one of the primary actions of the Coracoacromial Ligament?
Limit distortional forces by muscles that act on the acromion and coracoid process.
What is the course of the Lateral thoracic artery?
It courses inferiorly along the lateral thoracic wall.
What is the function of the medial epicondyle?
Attachment site for the superficial muscle group of the anterior compartment and the ulnar collateral ligament.
How is the axillary vein similar to the axillary artery?
The axillary vein is also broken up into 3 parts.
What is the shape of the Trapezoid part of the Coracoclavicular Ligament?
Quadrilateral.
What part of the humerus is supplied by the anterior circumflex humeral artery?
The head of the humerus.
With which artery does the anterior circumflex humeral artery anastomose?
The posterior circumflex artery.
Where is the proximal attachment of the Teres Major?
Posterior aspect of the inferior angle of the scapula.
What is the distal attachment of the Teres Major?
Crest of the lesser tubercle of the humerus.
Which nerve innervates the anterior deltoid?
Axillary nerve.
What is the term for the broad, flat surface of the scapula that faces the rib cage?
The costal surface.
What innervates the subclavius muscle?
Nerve to subclavius muscle.
What is the (supra)scapular notch?
An indentation found laterally on the edge of the superior border of the scapula.
What is the Coracoid Process?
A projection that extends anteriorly from the head and neck of the scapula.
What does the brachial vein drain?
The arm.
What is the composition of the Posterior Cord?
All posterior divisions from all three trunks.
What are the roots of the brachial plexus?
C5, C6, C7, C8, and T1.
What is the function of the Coracoacromial Arch?
It serves as a protective roof over the head of the humerus.
What are ligaments?
Tissues that connect bones to other bones at joints.
Between which neck muscles do the brachial plexus roots run?
The anterior and medial scalenes.
What forms the lateral border of the Quadrangular Space?
Surgical Neck of the Humerus.
What is another name for the acromial end of the clavicle?
Lateral end of the clavicle.
Describe the course of the Dorsal Scapular artery.
It travels posteriorly through the trunks of the brachial plexus and down the medial border of the scapula.
What is the inferior border of the Triangular Space?
Teres Major.
Where does the Basilic vein drain?
Into the axillary vein.
Which regions of the body does the Brachial Plexus primarily serve?
The shoulder, arm, and hand.
What structure turns the intertubercular groove into a canal?
The transverse humeral ligament.
What areas does the Brachial artery supply?
The arm and humerus, with collateral supply to the proximal humerus and elbow joint.
What is the function of the conoid tubercle on the clavicle?
It serves as an attachment point for the conoid ligament.
What muscle's attachment point is found at the floor of the intertubercular sulcus?
Latissimus dorsi.
Where is the trapezoid line located on the clavicle?
It is located on the inferior surface near the acromial end.
What are some major nerves that branch from the Brachial Plexus?
Musculocutaneous, axillary, radial, median, and ulnar nerves.
What nerve innervates the Subclavius muscle?
Nerve to Subclavius.
What are the two parts of the Coracoclavicular Ligament?
Trapezoid and Conoid.
What is the function of the Triceps Brachii?
Extension of the elbow.
What is the lateral border of the clavicle known as?
The acromial end.
Where does the Trapezoid part of the Coracoclavicular Ligament attach?
From the upper surface of the coracoid process to the inferior surface of the clavicle (trapezoid line).
What does the deltoid branch of the thoracoacromial artery supply?
Deltoid and acromion.
What is the shape of the Conoid part of the Coracoclavicular Ligament?
Cone shaped.
What is the course of the pectoral branch of the thoracoacromial artery?
Descends between pectoralis major and minor.
What does the acromial branch of the thoracoacromial artery supply?
Acromion and deltoid.
What is the primary action of the Lateral Head of the Triceps Brachii?
Extends forearm at elbow joint.
Which nerve innervates the Lateral Head of the Triceps Brachii?
Radial Nerve (C6).
What does the coronoid fossa accommodate during elbow flexion?
The coronoid process of the ulna.
What is the superior border of the Triangular Interval?
Teres Major.
Which nerve branches off the medial cord?
Ulnar nerve.
What surrounds the Glenoid Fossa?
The glenoid labrum.
Where is the Infraspinous Fossa located?
On the dorsal aspect of the scapula, inferior to the spine of the scapula.
What muscle attaches at the Infraspinous Fossa?
Infraspinatus muscle.
What is the function of ligaments in the shoulder complex?
To provide stability and support to the shoulder joint.
Where is the Costoclavicular Impression located?
On the medial â…“ inferior surface of the clavicle, towards the sternal end.
Where is the Acromioclavicular Ligament located?
Between the acromion of the scapula and the acromial head of the clavicle.
What are the superior borders of the Triangular Space?
Teres Minor.
How does the Medial Pectoral Nerve reach the Pectoralis Major?
It pierces through the Pectoralis Minor.
What muscle attaches at the Superior Angle of the scapula?
Levator scapulae muscle.
What is the largest bone in the human body?
The femur.
What muscle attaches at the Inferior Angle of the scapula?
Serratus anterior muscle.
What are the two cords that contribute to the Median Nerve?
Lateral and medial cords.
What is the course of the Superior thoracic artery?
Anteromedially between the pectoralis major and minor.
How many roots does the Brachial Plexus have?
Five roots, originating from the spinal nerves C5 to T1.
What muscles attach to the Medial Supracondylar Ridge?
Pronator teres and the medial intermuscular septum of the arm.
Which muscles does the suprascapular nerve supply?
Supraspinatus and infraspinatus.
Name one of the three depressions found in the humeral condyle.
Coronoid fossa.
What is the shape of the trochlea?
Pulley-shaped projection.
Which muscles does the anterior circumflex humeral artery supply?
Deltoid, biceps brachii, and coracobrachialis.
What is the third depression in the humeral condyle?
Olecranon fossa.
What is the inferior attachment of the Latissimus Dorsi?
Spinous processes of L1-L5 through thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest.
Which Glenohumeral Ligament is considered the most important stabilizer?
The Inferior Glenohumeral Ligament.
What do all Glenohumeral Ligaments reinforce?
The anterior portion of the articular capsule.
What is the course of the clavicular branch of the thoracoacromial artery?
Medially.
Where does the Conoid part of the Coracoclavicular Ligament attach?
To the conoid tubercle of the clavicle and the upper surface of the coracoid process.
What is the term for the contraction of muscles?
Muscle contraction.
What is the position of the coronoid fossa relative to the radial fossa?
Medial to the radial fossa.
What are the proximal attachments of the Clavicular Head of the Pectoralis Major?
Anterior aspects of the medial clavicle.
What is the proximal attachment of the short head of the Biceps Brachii?
Apex of the coracoid process.
Which nerve innervates the short head of the Biceps Brachii?
Musculocutaneous Nerve (C5-C6).
What muscles does the ulnar nerve innervate?
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris, Flexor Digitorum Profundus, and Adductor Pollicis.
What are the three cords of the brachial plexus named after?
Their location to the axillary artery.
What does the anatomical neck of the humerus separate?
It separates the head of the humerus from the greater and lesser tubercles.
What additional structures does the transverse cervical artery supply?
Trunks of the brachial plexus.
What is the origin of the cephalic vein?
Lateral aspect of the dorsal venous network of the hands.
Where is the Subscapular Fossa located?
On the costal aspect of the scapula.
What structure does the Transverse Humeral Ligaments convert?
The intertubercular sulcus into a canal.
What structures help prevent backflow in veins?
Valves.
How do veins differ from arteries in terms of structure?
Veins have thinner walls and larger lumens compared to arteries.
Where is the groove for the ulnar nerve located?
On the posterior surface of the medial epicondyle of the humerus.
Where do the medial and superior borders of the scapula meet?
At the Superior Angle.
Which roots form the Superior Trunk?
C5 and C6.
Which muscle attaches to the acromion?
Trapezius muscle.
Which muscles are innervated by the Median Nerve?
Flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, pronator teres, and the flexors of the fingers.
How do arteries differ from veins?
Arteries have thicker walls and carry blood away from the heart, while veins carry blood back to the heart.
What are the main components of the Brachial Plexus?
Roots, trunks, divisions, cords, and branches.
What is the Medial Supracondylar Ridge?
An inferior continuation of the medial border of the humerus that extends to the medial epicondyle.
What is the origin of the axillary vein?
The unification of the basilic vein and brachial vein.
Which nerve branches off the posterior cord?
Radial Nerve.
What regions does the axillary vein drain?
Scapular, axillary, pectoral, and brachial regions.
What is the shortest border of the scapula?
The Superior Border.
What is the function of the Lateral Supracondylar Ridge?
It serves as an attachment for the lateral intermuscular septum of the arm.
What additional structures does the Lateral thoracic artery supply?
Axillary lymph nodes.
Which muscles does the suprascapular artery supply?
Sternocleidomastoid, supraspinatus, and infraspinatus muscles.
Which nerves reside in the Superior Trunk of the brachial plexus?
Suprascapular nerve and nerve to subclavius.
Which type of muscle is found in the heart?
Cardiac muscle.
What bony landmark is located just below the head of the humerus?
The anatomical neck.
What is the course of the acromial branch of the thoracoacromial artery?
Superiorly to the acromion.
What is the function of the Conoid Tubercle?
It serves as an attachment site for the conoid part of the coracoclavicular ligament.
Which nerve innervates the Teres Major?
Lower Subscapular Nerve (C5-C7).
What actions does the Pectoralis Major perform?
Adducts, medially rotates, and transversally adducts the arm at the glenohumeral joint; depresses the shoulder.
What joint is formed by the Glenoid Fossa?
The glenohumeral joint.
What is the third division of the axillary artery?
It includes the Subscapular artery, Anterior circumflex humeral artery, and Posterior circumflex humeral artery.
Where is the distal attachment of the Omohyoid (Inferior Belly)?
Superior border of the scapula, medial to the superior scapular notch.
What are the two divisions each trunk divides into?
Anterior and Posterior.
What does the Posterior circumflex humeral artery supply?
It supplies the deltoid muscle and the shoulder joint.
Which muscles does the Musculocutaneous nerve innervate?
Biceps Brachii, Coracobrachialis, and Brachialis.
What is the function of the olecranon fossa?
It accommodates the olecranon of the ulna during elbow extension.
Which muscles does the thoracodorsal branch supply?
Latissimus dorsi, teres major, and serratus anterior.
How does the Coracoacromial Arch contribute to shoulder stability?
It prevents superior dislocation of the humerus.
What is the Deltoid Tuberosity?
A rough, triangular prominence on the humerus.
What is the course of the cephalic vein?
Superiorly along the anterolateral forearm and arm.
What is the origin of the Dorsal Scapular artery?
Subclavian artery.
What are the major minerals found in bones?
Calcium and phosphorus.
What is the primary function of the Acromioclavicular Ligament?
To ensure stability of the acromioclavicular joint.
Which muscles does the Dorsal Scapular artery supply?
Rhomboid major and minor, Latissimus dorsi, Ascending trapezius.
What is the origin of the coracohumeral ligament?
From the base of the coracoid process.
What does the intertubercular groove separate?
The greater and lesser tubercles.
What is the function of ligaments in relation to bones?
To connect bones to other bones at joints.
What is the Lesser Tubercle?
A small eminence on the proximal end of the humerus.
Which nerve branches from the C5 root and innervates the Rhomboid Major, Rhomboid Minor, and Levator Scapulae?
Dorsal Scapular Nerve.
Where is the Infraglenoid Tubercle located?
Inferior to the glenoid fossa on the head of the scapula.
What is a branch of the Brachial artery?
Profunda brachii artery.
What separates the Lesser Tubercle from the Greater Tubercle?
The intertubercular sulcus.
What does the coracohumeral ligament prevent during lateral rotation?
Inferior dislocation.
What is unique about the sternoclavicular joint?
It is the only joint that connects the axial skeleton with the appendicular skeleton.
What is another depression in the humeral condyle?
Radial fossa.
Which muscles does the Lateral thoracic artery supply?
Serratus anterior, Pectoralis major and minor, Subscapularis.
What muscles attach to the Superior Border of the scapula?
Inferior belly of the omohyoid muscle.
Which muscle is responsible for wrist extension and is innervated by the Radial Nerve?
Extensor Carpi Radialis.
What joint does the trochlea help form?
Humeroulnar joint.
What is the primary function of bones in the human body?
To provide structure, support, and protection for organs.
What type of anatomical feature is the olecranon fossa?
A large depression.
What are the inferior borders of the Quadrangular Space?
Teres Major.
What muscle attaches to the Subscapular Fossa?
Subscapular muscle.
What is the groove for the ulnar nerve?
A shallow depression on the posterior surface of the medial epicondyle of the humerus.
What is the primary function of the Transverse Humeral Ligaments?
To hold the tendon in the intertubercular sulcus.
Where is the scapula located?
On the posterior side of the thoracic cage.
What is the function of the groove for the ulnar nerve?
It allows the passage of the ulnar nerve.
What is the acromion?
A bony projection from the lateral end of the spine of the scapula.
What is the Brachial artery a continuation of?
The axillary artery.
Where is the Supraglenoid Tubercle located?
Superior to the glenoid fossa on the head of the scapula.
What is the shape of the clavicle?
The clavicle is S-shaped.
What structure does the Superior Scapular Transverse Ligament create?
It turns the scapular notch into a foramen.
What ligament attaches to the acromion?
Coracoacromial ligament.
Where is the Lesser Tubercle located in relation to the Greater Tubercle?
Anteromedially to the Greater Tubercle.
What nerves branch from the roots C5, C6, and C7 and innervate the Serratus Anterior?
Long Thoracic Nerve.
What joint is formed by the sternal end of the clavicle?
The sternoclavicular joint.
What important structure runs along the groove of the medial epicondyle?
Ulnar nerve.
What is the function of the Superior Glenohumeral Ligament?
Helps suspend the humeral head.
What does the Profunda brachii artery supply?
Triceps brachii, humerus, and elbow joint.
Where is the medial attachment of the Latissimus Dorsi?
Spinous processes of T7-T12.
What does the acronym 'Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Cords, and Branches' help remember?
The structure of the brachial plexus.
What is the anterior attachment of the Latissimus Dorsi?
Ribs 9-12.
What ligament attaches to the lateral epicondyle?
Radial collateral ligament.
Which muscles attach to the Lateral Border of the scapula?
Teres major and Teres minor muscles.
Where does the lateral pectoral nerve branch off from?
The lateral cord.
What is the role of tendons in relation to muscles?
They connect muscles to bones.
What are the epicondyles of the humerus?
Bony projections located at the distal end of the humerus, serving as attachment points for forearm muscles.
Where do the roots of the brachial plexus run in relation to the subclavian artery?
Superior to the subclavian artery.
What does the Lower Subscapular Nerve innervate?
Subscapularis.
What is the course of the posterior circumflex humeral artery?
It travels posteriorly through the quadrangular space to the posterior surface of the humerus.
What muscle inserts at the Deltoid Tuberosity?
The deltoid muscle.
What is the role of skeletal muscle in venous blood flow?
Skeletal muscle contractions help propel blood through veins.
What joint does the posterior circumflex humeral artery supply?
The glenohumeral joint.
What joint is formed by the articulation of the acromial end of the clavicle?
The acromioclavicular joint.
What forms the middle part of the 'M' in the brachial plexus?
The Median Nerve, joined by branches off the lateral and medial cords.
What are the three layers of an artery?
Tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa.
What important artery is found in the Triangular Space?
Circumflex Scapular Artery.
What muscle attaches to the Supraglenoid Tubercle?
Long head of the biceps brachii.
What is the primary function of the coracohumeral ligament?
To stabilize the glenohumeral joint.
What does the canal in the intertubercular groove contain?
The tendon of the long head of biceps brachii and the ascending branch of the anterior circumflex humeral artery.
How does the coracohumeral ligament affect the articular capsule?
It reinforces the articular capsule.
What muscle attaches to the Infraglenoid Tubercle?
Long head of the triceps brachii.
What is the course of the Profunda brachii artery?
Distally, posterior to the humerus.
Which muscle attaches to the Lesser Tubercle?
Subscapularis muscle.
What is the significance of the costal tuberosity on the clavicle?
It provides an attachment for the costoclavicular ligament.
What role does the Middle Glenohumeral Ligament play?
Provides anterior stability during abduction.
What joint does the anterior circumflex humeral artery supply?
The glenohumeral joint.
What muscles attach to the lateral epicondyle?
Superficial muscles of the posterior compartment, supinator, and anconeus muscles.
What are the branches of the first division of the Axillary artery?
Superior thoracic artery.
What are the branches of the second division of the Axillary artery?
Thoracoacromial artery and lateral thoracic artery.
What is the name of the uppermost part of the humerus?
The head of the humerus.
What is the greater tubercle of the humerus?
A prominent bony landmark on the lateral side of the humerus, serving as an attachment point for rotator cuff muscles.
What is the name of the distal end of the humerus that articulates with the forearm bones?
The trochlea and capitulum.
Where is the Surgical Neck of the Humerus located?
Distally to the greater and lesser tubercles.
What joint does the humeral condyle form?
Elbow joint with radius and ulna.
Which muscles does the Superior thoracic artery supply?
Pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, and intercostal muscles.
Where does the axillary vein course to?
It continues superomedially to the external border of the first rib, becoming the subclavian vein.
What is the course of the anterior circumflex humeral artery?
Laterally across the anterior surgical neck of the humerus.
What is the course of the Axillary artery?
From the first rib to the inferior border of the teres major muscle.
What is the origin of the suprascapular artery?
Thyrocervical trunk of the Subclavian artery.
What is the medial border of the clavicle known as?
The sternal end.
How many divisions is the Axillary artery broken up into?
Three divisions.
What is the course of the deltoid branch of the thoracoacromial artery?
Laterally along pectoralis minor to the deltoid.
What actions does the Latissimus Dorsi perform at the shoulder joint?
Extension, adduction, medial rotation.
What type of supply does the suprascapular artery provide to the shoulder?
Cutaneous supply to the shoulder and superior thorax.
What is the pathway from the Superior Trunk to the Posterior Cord in the brachial plexus?
Through the arrow made by all posterior divisions.
What is the significance of the deltoid tuberosity?
It is a roughened area on the lateral side of the humerus where the deltoid muscle attaches.
Which nerve branches from the Superior Trunk and innervates the Supraspinatus and Infraspinatus muscles?
Suprascapular Nerve.
What aspect of the scapula does the Superior Scapular Transverse Ligament strengthen?
The superior aspect.
Which muscles attach to the Lateral Supracondylar Ridge?
Brachioradialis and extensor carpi radialis longus.
Where is the trochlea located on the humerus?
Inferomedial aspect of the distal humerus.
What is the course of the suprascapular artery?
Laterally parallel to the clavicle, through the suprascapular notch, to the supraspinous fossa and inferior scapular notch.
What are muscles primarily responsible for in the body?
Movement and stability.
What is the role of the Anconeus muscle?
Assists in elbow extension.
What function does the Trapezoid part of the Coracoclavicular Ligament serve?
Involved in twisting, limiting excessive rotation of adjoining bones.
What type of muscle is involuntary and found in the walls of organs?
Smooth muscle.
What nerves can be found in the Posterior Cord?
Upper Subscapular N, Middle Subscapular N (Thoracodorsal N), and Lower Subscapular N.
With which part of the ulna does the trochlea articulate?
Trochlear notch of the ulna.
Where does the Lateral Border of the scapula extend?
From the infraglenoid tubercle to the inferior angle.
What structures are supplied by the suprascapular artery?
Scapula, clavicle, acromioclavicular and glenohumeral joints.
What is the extent of the Medial Border of the scapula?
From the superior angle to the inferior angle.
What is the basic functional unit of a muscle?
The muscle fiber.
What is the energy source for muscle contraction?
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
What does MARMU stand for?
Musculocutaneous, Axillary, Radial, Medial, and Ulnar nerves.
What type of muscle is responsible for voluntary movements?
Skeletal muscle.
Where does the medial pectoral nerve branch off from?
The medial cord.
Which muscles attach to the Medial Border of the scapula?
Serratus anterior, levator scapulae, rhomboid major, and rhomboid minor.
What is the lesser tubercle of the humerus?
A smaller bony prominence located on the anterior side of the humerus, also serving as an attachment for muscles.
What role does the trochlea play in the elbow?
Contributes to the elbow joint.
What are the branches of the third division of the Axillary artery?
Subscapular artery, anterior circumflex humeral artery, and posterior circumflex humeral artery.
What is the function of the Conoid part of the Coracoclavicular Ligament?
Helps keep the coracoid process and clavicle in close opposition.
What is the function of the radial groove on the humerus?
It accommodates the radial nerve as it travels down the arm.
What is the Surgical Neck of the Humerus?
The proximal end of the body of the humerus.
Which nerve innervates the Latissimus Dorsi?
Thoracodorsal nerve.
What does the clavicular branch of the thoracoacromial artery supply?
Subclavius muscle and sternoclavicular joint.
What does the pectoral branch of the thoracoacromial artery supply?
Pectoralis major and minor, mammary gland, skin.
Why is the Surgical Neck of the Humerus significant?
It is a weak area of the humerus and the most common site for humeral fractures.
