What are the signs of shock evident in Marge?
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Tachycardia and hypotension.
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What are the signs of shock evident in Marge?
Tachycardia and hypotension.
What is the triage category for a patient who has suddenly collapsed with no pulse and no spontaneous respirations?
Triage category 1 (Resuscitation)
What is the triage category for a patient who has cut his forearm, cannot bend or feel most of his fingers, and has a heavily blood-stained bandage wrapped around his arm?
Triage category 3 (Urgent)
What is the cause of intracranial (extradural) haemorrhage?
Typically a cranial fracture which cuts an artery or blood vessel bursts spontaneously.
What is the age and gender of the patient in ECG 2?
Elderly female with palpitations.
What is the ECG finding in ECG 1?
Sinus rhythm with normal P-wave and QRS complex.
What are the disturbances of BP that constitute a cardiovascular emergency?
Shock, Hypertensive Crisis.
What is the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction?
Atherosclerosis (& Thrombosis).
What is a contusion in the context of head trauma?
It involves bruising, swelling, and bleeding of the brain following trauma, often leading to some damage and decreased memory and concentration.
What is diffuse axonal injury (DAI)?
It is a high-energy injury where the grey matter of whole areas of the brain have been sheared right off, leading to non-functional brain by day 3 and a GCS of 3, often resulting in brain damage and potential organ donation.
What is the age and gender of the patient in ECG 1?
35-year-old male triathlete.
What are the clinical effects of shock related to CNS?
Impaired consciousness, confusion, unresponsiveness, coma.
What are the clinical effects of shock related to renal function?
Decreased urine output due to hypoxia of brain and decreased filtration in kidney.
What are the disturbances of Pulse that constitute a cardiovascular emergency?
Brady Arrhythmias, Tachy Arrhythmias.
What signs of shock are evident in Maggie's case?
Tachycardia, hypotension, and grey, colorless skin.
What are the symptoms of subdural haematoma?
Unsteady gait, other abnormalities, and abnormal brain underneath.
What is the AVPU rating and GCS for the febrile 82 year old who is brought into the ED by relatives?
AVPU: U (unresponsive), GCS: To be calculated based on the provided information.
How has vessel permeability been affected in Maggie's case?
Increased.
What are some signs of peripheral vasoconstriction during examination?
Cool, pale, sweaty skin.
How does the Renin-Angiotensin System respond to heart failure?
It leads to increased vasoconstriction, peripheral vascular resistance, blood pressure, and organ perfusion.
What does the primary survey involve?
Assessing Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, and Exposure.
What vital signs can be approximated from the 30-Second Patient Assessment?
Respiratory rate, pulse, temperature.
What is the aim of definitive treatment in cardiovascular emergencies?
Treating the underlying pathology.
What are the effects of cardiac tamponade on the cardiovascular system?
It puts pressure on the heart, prevents proper ventricular filling, decreases stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output (CO), leading to obstructive shock and possibly cardiac arrest.
What is a concussion?
A head trauma with no structural damage, usually resulting in a brief loss of consciousness.
What are the disturbances of Function and Form that constitute a cardiovascular emergency?
Pump Failure, Cardiac Tamponade, Valve dysfunction, Aortic Dissection, Myocardial Ischaemia.
What is the triage category for a patient who has twisted his ankle but is still able to walk with normal observations?
Triage category 4 (Semi Urgent)
What is the immediate compensatory mechanism related to sympathetic stimulation?
Release of Catecholamines
What is the effect of β1 receptors stimulation on the heart?
↑ HR (Chronotropic) and ↑Contractility (Inotropic)
What is Cardiac Reserve?
The maximal percentage that cardiac output can increase above normal.
What signs of shock are evident in Homer's case?
Pale & sweaty, hypotensive, bradycardic.
What determines the actual outcome in head trauma?
Secondary injury.
Why did Marge collapse?
Due to Postural Hypotension leading to hypo-perfusion of the brain.
Why is communication critical for a coordinated effort and positive patient outcome?
To ensure coordination between doctors, nurses, patients, and families.
What is the ECG finding in ECG 2?
Sinus tachycardia with 1:1 P:QRS ratio.
What is the triage category for a patient who has had a cough for 3 days, seems quietly confused, with low oxygen saturation and elevated pulse and blood pressure?
Triage category 2 (Emergency)
What are the primary injuries associated with head trauma leading to loss of consciousness?
Concussion, contusion, laceration, diffuse axonal injury.
What are the secondary injuries associated with head trauma leading to loss of consciousness?
Hypoxia, hypoglycemia, decreased cerebral perfusion, hypotension, hemorrhage, edema.
What is the body's response to heart failure?
Activation of the Renin-Angiotensin System and the Sympathetic System.
What is the aim of supportive treatment in cardiovascular emergencies?
To restore/maintain adequate tissue perfusion.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of parenteral analgesia?
Strong in effect, but more expensive and complicated.
What are the symptoms of acute myocardial ischaemia?
Crushing chest pain, nausea, vomiting, dyspnoea, radiating pain to shoulders, neck & arm.
What is the impact of emergencies on health workers?
Significant impact due to increased workload and stress.
What is the medical definition of shock?
Inadequate perfusion of vital organs (Heart/Brain/Kidneys).
What is the formula for cardiac output (CO)?
CO = SV x HR
What type of shock is evident in Bart's case?
Hypovolaemic (Haemorrhagic) Shock.
What are some signs of weak, thready pulse during examination?
Weak, thready (irregular) pulse.
What is the AVPU rating and GCS for the six month old who suffered a generalized seizure?
AVPU: U (unresponsive), GCS: To be calculated based on the provided information.
What are the symptoms of a hypertensive crisis?
Headache, drowsiness, confusion, vision disorders, nausea, vomiting.
What is the ECG diagnosis for the 61-year-old male who collapsed at the office and is now unconscious with no pulse?
Ventricular fibrillation
What is considered raised blood pressure?
The range indicating high blood pressure.
What are some potential ECG findings in cardiac examination?
Arrhythmias, changes in serial ECG traces (e.g. ST-elevation, ST-depression, pathological Q waves).
What is the effect of the activation of the Renin-Angiotensin System on preload and cardiac output?
It leads to increased preload, stroke volume, and cardiac output.
What is the commonest cause of unconsciousness in the primary survey?
Airway obstruction.
What is the triage category for a patient who has been vomiting for 3 days, is a known diabetic, and has a blood sugar level of 'HI' with low blood pressure and is semiconscious?
Triage category 2 (Emergency)
What are some common causes of loss of consciousness?
Trauma, drugs, post-ictal, hypoglycemia, SAH (Sub-arachnoid Haemorrhage), systemic.
What are the components of pain assessment?
Site of pain, circumstances at pain onset, character of pain, intensity of pain, somatic pain, visceral pain, and pain scales.
What is the AVPU rating and GCS for the 24 year old man who is cheerfully intoxicated with alcohol?
AVPU: V (responsive to verbal stimulus), GCS: To be calculated based on the provided information.
How has venous tone been affected in Maggie's case?
Decreased.
What are the advantages of analgesia?
Relieves pain, improves patient communication, improves patient cooperation, and can improve symptoms like pain-related tachycardia.
What is considered normal blood pressure for a patient?
The normal range for blood pressure.
What are the two types of shock mentioned in the text?
Hypovolaemic shock and cardiogenic shock.
What are the determinants of cardiac output?
Preload, Contractility, Afterload.
Give an example of supportive treatment for cardiovascular emergencies related to controlling external bleeding.
Control of external bleeding.
What is cardiac tamponade?
An emergency condition where fluid accumulates in the pericardium, also known as pericardial effusion.
How and where should blood pressure be measured?
Methods and location for measuring blood pressure.
What is considered a persistently high blood pressure?
Blood pressure > 140/90.
What signs of shock are evident in Bart's case?
Pale and sweaty, tachycardic, hypotensive.
What are the components of the Primary Survey in a 30-Second Patient Assessment?
Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, Expose.
Can Bart be shocked without a change in blood pressure?
Yes, young, healthy people can compensate for up to 1500mL of blood loss by tachycardia and vasopressin.
What is the process of sorting patients based on urgency called?
Triage.
What is the total body water for an average 70kg man?
42L
What is the management aim for a hypertensive crisis?
To smoothly reduce blood pressure over 24 to 36 hours to 150/90.
What is the ECG diagnosis for the 76-year-old female with recurrent dizzy episodes who collapsed twice?
Complete heart block
What is cardiogenic shock?
It is the inability of the heart to pump adequately, often caused by conditions like AMI, valvular problems, or cardiomyopathy.
What are the components of the appearance assessment in cardiovascular emergencies?
Level of consciousness, sweating, agitation, cyanosis or pallor, external blood loss, and clues to the cause.
What is the effect of the activation of the Sympathetic System on cardiac output?
It leads to increased cardiac output and organ perfusion.
What aspects are included in the history assessment for cardiovascular emergencies?
Nature, onset, progression, associated symptoms, treatment, previous episodes, and significant past history.
What does the QRS complex represent in an ECG?
Ventricular Depolarisation.
What does the examination for cardiovascular emergencies involve?
Assessment of appearance, pulse, capillary refill time, blood pressure, heart sounds, evidence of heart failure, and signs of chronic disease.
What immediate action should be taken if the patient is not breathing in the 30-Second Patient Assessment?
Ventilate.
What are the cases that constitute a cardiovascular emergency?
Disturbance of BP, Disturbance of Pulse, Disturbance of Function and Form.
What is the clinical significance of Sinus Tachycardia?
It leads to increased cardiac output (CO).
What are the risks associated with untreated hypertension?
Increased risk of stroke, coronary artery disease, and aneurysm.
What type of shock is evident in Maggie's case?
Distributive (Septic) Shock caused by bacterial infection from dog faeces, endo/exo toxin, systemic cytokine release, and loss of vasomotor tone.
How does subdural haematoma typically occur?
Mostly in old people with low force trauma, leading to slow venous bleed.
What is the prognosis for intracranial (extradural) haemorrhage?
Good prognosis with surgery, but may result in death without surgery.
What determines the best possible outcome in head trauma?
Primary injury.
What has happened to Marge's venous return?
Decreased.
What are the aims of assessing cardiovascular emergencies?
To determine the cause and severity.
How do we recognize and assess shock?
By identifying obvious causes and signs of inadequate tissue perfusion.
Why might a myocardial infarction have caused Homer to be shocked?
Myocardial infarction disrupts heart contraction & conduction, leading to decreased heart rate and cardiac output.
What is the characteristic of ECG in ventricular fibrillation?
No visible P-wave, no P:QRS relationship, no recognizable QRS complexes.
What are the components of direct cardiovascular monitoring?
Components include BP, Pulse, and ECG.
What is the characteristic of ECG in complete heart block?
P-wave present, no P:QRS relationship, inverted QRS complexes, ST-depression.
Why is it important to measure cardiac markers at different times?
To indicate cardiomyopathy, typically infarction.
What is the third stage of shock?
Irreversible Shock, where no treatment is sufficient, and the patient is in a vicious cycle leading to death.
How is capillary refill time assessed peripherally?
By pressing down on the nail bed for 5 seconds and then releasing, and watching for the return of normal color. Normal is less than 2 seconds, abnormal is 2 seconds or greater.
What is the formula to calculate heart rate on ECG?
300 divided by the number of large squares between QRS Complexes.
What are the characteristics of Grade 1 shock?
<15% Blood Loss (750mL), Mild resting Tachycardia, Normal BP Maintained
What is the initial broad spectrum treatment for septic shock?
Appropriate antibiotics.
What are the characteristics of Grade 3 shock?
30 - 40% Blood Loss (1500 - 2000mL), Severe Resting Tachycardia, Hypotension, Compensatory Mechanisms Beginning to Fail (e.g. Low Urine Output)
What are the first and second heart sounds called?
What is the Triage Category for a 33-year-old male with a recent admission for depressive illness and recurrence of suicidal thoughts?
Category ? - ?
What does raised, depressed, or inverted ST-Segment indicate on ECG?
Ischaemia or infarction.
What is the importance of regional blocks in early management?
Prevention of morbidity & complications, minimization of suffering.
What is a laceration in the context of head trauma?
An incised wound of brain tissue, usually resulting in severe damage and a poor prognosis.
What are the vascular causes of altered level of consciousness (LOC)?
Ischaemic stroke and haemorrhage.
What is the AVPU rating and GCS for the 16 year old female who fell from a third floor balcony?
AVPU: P (painful stimulus), GCS: To be calculated based on the provided information.
What percentage of hypertension cases are essential (primary) hypertension?
95%.
What is a hypertensive crisis also known as?
Malignant or accelerated hypertension.
What is the effect of α1 receptors stimulation in vessels?
Arteriolar Vasoconstriction, ↑ Total Peripheral Resistance, and ↑BP
How useful do you think the AVPU and GCS scales are in infants? Why?
To be answered based on the provided information.
What is the initial treatment for Maggie's condition?
Antibiotics and checking lactic acid level.
What is the volume of distribution for glucose in the body?
Large, as none effectively remains in blood.
What are the symptoms of myocardial infarction?
Arrhythmias (palpitations), syncope, crushing chest pain, dyspnoea (shortness of breath), nausea, vomiting, sweating, possible shock.
What may be observed in imaging during cardiac examination?
Obstruction on coronary angiogram.
What does the P wave represent in an ECG?
Atrial Depolarisation.
What is the second stage of shock?
Progressive Shock, where the patient is no longer able to compensate, showing signs of hypotension and hypoperfusion, but still reversible with treatment.
What is the Triage Category for a 38-year-old male with an inversion injury to the ankle?
Category 4 - Sprained Ankle.
What does a chest XR help detect?
CV abnormalities and their effects such as pulmonary edema.
What is the Triage Category for a 2-year-old female with febrile convulsion?
Category 3 - Febrile Convulsion implies an Active Infection.
What should never be forgotten in the primary survey?
Glucose.
What is the aim of Fluid Resuscitation?
To bring the patient up to Class I
What is the next priority after prolonging life, if the patient is in pain?
Assess the patient's pain status and give analgesia.
What are some uncommon causes of loss of consciousness?
Infection, endocrine, metabolic, tumour, vascular, paralysis, hypothermia.
What are the different pain scales used for assessing pain?
Categorical scales, verbal descriptors, numeric scales, visual analogue scale, and picture-based pain scale for specific groups.
What are the common conditions that can cause secondary hypertension?
Conditions affecting kidneys, arteries, heart, and endocrine system.
What type of shock does Marge likely have?
Distributive (Anaphylactic) Shock.
How has myocardial function been affected in Maggie's case?
Inotropic.
What are the observations included in the 'LOOKING' part of the 30-Second Patient Assessment?
General appearance, neck, chest, pulse, skin.
What type of shock is evident in Homer's case?
Cardiogenic Shock.
What are all treatments focused on in head trauma?
Preventing secondary injury.
What are the signs of shock evident in Lisa?
Tachycardia and hypotension.
What is the National Triage Scale?
The standardized triage guidelines for Australian Hospitals.
What is the first stage of shock?
Nonprogressive (Compensated) Shock, characterized by the beginnings of shock and adequate compensation without hypotension or hypoperfusion.
What are the different levels of response for motor function in GCS?
Varies from obeying commands/localising painful stimulus to no response, scored out of 6.
What is the best fluid to replace blood loss?
Blood.
What is distributive shock?
It involves an increased size of circuit or capacitance due to altered vascular tone, and can manifest as septic shock or anaphylactic shock.
What is the impact of hypotension in head trauma in the primary survey?
25% increase in mortality after 5 minutes of hypotension.
What is the definition of Tachycardia on ECG?
Heart rate greater than 100bpm.
What is the definition of Bradycardia on ECG?
Heart rate less than 60bpm.
What is the S-wave in the cardiac cycle?
Isovolumetric Contraction.
What does missed beats indicate on ECG?
Second-degree heart block.
What is heart failure?
When the heart cannot maintain adequate cardiac output to perfuse the organs of the body.
What are the components of the cardiovascular system that can lead to shock?
Pump, circuit (loss of vasomotor tone), and fluid (e.g. hemorrhage/fluid loss/dehydration).
What does the 'E' in 'ABCDE' stand for in the Primary Survey?
Expose.
What are the risk factors for myocardial ischaemia?
Hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, high cholesterol, smoking, obesity, diabetes, age, systemic inflammatory state.
What cardiac condition may be indicated by a raised JVP and edema?
Heart failure.
How does the Sympathetic System respond to heart failure?
It leads to increased vasoconstriction, heart rate, contractility, and cardiac output, ultimately affecting organ perfusion.
What is the purpose of triage?
To establish priorities of care among groups of patients.
What does central cyanosis indicate in terms of O2 saturation?
Low O2 saturation.
What is the pathogenesis of acute ischaemia?
Atherosclerosis.
How is crystalloid (saline) kept in the extracellular fluid?
By Na/K - ATPase.
How might Lisa's tension pneumothorax cause her to be shocked?
By compressing venous return to the chest and heart, and shifting the mediastinum, leading to decreased cardiac output and shock.
What is the impact of ventricular fibrillation on cardiac output?
No cardiac output.
What are the causes of hypovolaemic shock?
Causes include blood loss, haemorrhage, fluid loss from various sources, and conditions like heat stroke.
What is mitral regurgitation?
It is where the mitral valve doesn't close properly during systole, leading to the regurgitation of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium.
What is the term for resting heart rate?
Pulse.
What is considered too fast a heart rate?
Tachycardia, >100bpm.
What is the treatment for cardiogenic shock?
Angioplasty/Reperfusion, inotropes, and possibly transplant.
What is the assessment of Blood Loss for Grade III shock?
30 - 40% volume, <2l, Agitated, lethargic, Pulse 120, BP 80/60 (BP Falling), Minimal urine output, Treatment: 2L IV Fluid & 2 Units of Blood
What is the definition of 'Emergency'?
A medical condition requiring immediate treatment.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of oral analgesia?
Cheap and easy, but weak in effect.
What is considered low blood pressure?
The range indicating low blood pressure.
What is the delayed compensatory mechanism related to Angiotensin and Vasopressin (ADH)?
Constrict Peripheral Arteries, Minimize Urine Output, and Increase Circulating Fluid Volume
What does GCS stand for in the context of assessment of LOC?
Glasgow Coma Scale.
What does ABCDEFG stand for in the primary survey?
Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, Exposure, Glucose.
Why is glucose not suitable for pressure fluid resuscitation?
Because it is actively taken into cells and has a large volume of distribution.
What type of shock does Lisa likely have?
Obstructive Shock (Tension Pneumothorax).
What is the treatment for cardiac tamponade?
Pericardiocentesis, which involves using a chest tube to drain the fluid.
What are the components of indirect cardiovascular monitoring?
Components include O2 sats, urine output, and GCS.
What does an ECG help detect?
Rhythm abnormalities and diagnose other conditions.
What are some treatments for the conditions observed during examination?
Nitrates (vasodilators), thrombolytics, surgery (angioplasty/stent).
What is the first step in treating hypovolaemic shock?
Recognize severity of the loss and estimate how much has been lost.
What are the characteristics of septic shock?
Septic shock involves immune response to liberated endotoxin, leading to cascade of cytokine effects, hypotension, fever or hypothermia, and decreased peripheral resistance.
What are the characteristics of anaphylactic shock?
Anaphylactic shock is an acute allergic reaction involving release of vasoactive mediators, loss of vasomotor tone, hypotension, urticarial rash, severe bronchospasm, and rapidly aggressive systemic oedema.
What is considered too slow a heart rate?
Bradycardia, <60bpm.
When blood enters the right atrium from the vena cava, is this diastole or systole?
Atrial Diastole, Ventricular Diastole.
What does upright or inverted T-Waves indicate on ECG?
Cardiovascular Emergencies & Shock
What is the effect of Frank Starling Mechanism on stroke volume?
↑Preload → ↑Stroke Volume
What are the different levels of response for eyes opening in GCS?
When would you use central venous access?
For very ill patients in the ICU.
What does normal skin color indicate in the 30-Second Patient Assessment?
Unlikely anaemia, jaundice, cyanosis, shock.
What is the recommended position to clear the airway in the primary survey?
Left lateral position.
What is the Triage Category for a 23-year-old female needing a repeat script for OCP?
Category 5 - Repeat Script.
What are inotropic agents used for in cardiovascular emergencies?
To modify the force or energy of muscular contractions.
What are the effects of aortic valve stenosis on the cardiovascular system?
It increases left ventricular afterload, leading to left ventricular hypertrophy and eventually dilation, causing systolic function deterioration and congestive heart failure, syncope, and angina.
When would you use diuretics in cardiovascular emergencies?
If there is pulmonary edema.
What is the importance of assessing pupillary size and reactivity in the primary survey?
To assess level of consciousness and monitor for changes.
What are the characteristics of Grade 4 shock?
40 - 50% Blood Loss (2000 - 2500mL), Severe Hypotension, End Organ Failure & Death
What is the assessment of Blood Loss for Grade I shock?
<15% volume, <750 ml, Mild symptoms, Normal signs (Pulse, BP), Normal urine output, Treatment: Cup of Tea, Biscuit
What are the methods of assessment for cardiovascular emergencies?
ABC: 30-second exam, stabilizing, and in-depth assessment including appearance, history, examination, monitoring, and investigation.
What are the signs of inadequate tissue perfusion?
Cold, sweaty skin; decreased renal perfusion leading to decreased urine output; decreased cerebral perfusion leading to confusion, anxiety, agitation; decreased myocardial perfusion leading to ischemia and hypotension.
If Homer has a heart that is not pumping properly, which direction will his Starling curve move?
His Starling curve will shift downwards (i.e., stroke volume & CO will be less at any given end-diastolic volume).
What is the Triage Category for a 67-year-old male with VF Arrest?
Category 1 - Cardiac Arrest.
What is aortic valve stenosis?
It is the abnormal narrowing of the aortic valve opening, leading to inadequate pumping of blood through the narrow orifice.
What does the T wave represent in an ECG?
Ventricular Repolarisation.
How is the ventricle emptying seen on the ECG?
QT-Segment.
What is the Triage Category for a 12-year-old male with acute asthma and low oxygen saturation?
Category 2 - Acute Severe Asthma.
What is the first step in treating anaphylactic shock?
ABC Primary Assessment.
What is the treatment for aortic dissection?
Emergency surgery.
What is the assessment of Blood Loss for Grade II shock?
15 - 30% volume, <1.5l, Anxious, Pulse 100 - 120 (Tachycardia), BP normal, Decreased urine output, Treatment: 2L IV fluid
What are the possible causes of cardiogenic shock?
Possible causes include AMI, valvular problems, and cardiomyopathy.
What cardiac enzymes may be raised in examination?
Troponin I & T levels, creatine kinase-MB.
What is hypovolaemic shock?
It occurs when there is not enough blood volume, often due to haemorrhagic or fluid loss such as from gastrointestinal fluids or metabolic conditions.
What is the term for the emptying of the ventricle?
Via Active Contraction.
What does AVPU stand for in the context of assessment of LOC?
Alert, Voice, Pain, Unresponsive.
What is the formula for cerebral perfusion pressure in the primary survey?
Blood Pressure - Intracranial Pressure.
What may potentially interfere with the assessment of capillary refill time?
Cold ambient temperature leading to peripheral vasoconstriction to conserve heat.
What are the effects of mitral regurgitation on the cardiovascular system?
It leads to a decrease in ejection fraction and stroke volume, causing congestive heart failure, dyspnea, pulmonary edema, and cardiovascular collapse.
What is aortic dissection?
It is a tear in the wall of the aorta where blood flows between the layers of the wall, forcing the layers of the wall apart.
What is the Triage Category for an 18-year-old female involved in a high-speed MVA and unconscious?
Category 1 - Acute Trauma.
Why is Arterial Pressure the last thing to fall following Haemorrhage?
Because it is maintained by Vasomotor Constriction for a while, and shock can be present before any change in BP.
What is the assessment of Blood Loss for Grade IV shock?
40% volume, >2l, Drowsy, Unconscious, Pulse 140, Very low BP (40), None urine output, Treatment: IV Fluid, Blood, Surgery
What are the different levels of response for speech in GCS?
What are the different types of fluids used in intravenous fluids for cardiovascular emergencies?
Crystalloids, colloids, blood & blood products.
What immediate action should be taken if the airway is blocked in the 30-Second Patient Assessment?
Clear it.
What is the significance of maintaining adequate ventilation in the primary survey?
To prevent a secondary hypoxic brain injury.
What is the normal heart rate?
70bpm.
What should be examined in the exposure stage of the primary survey?
The whole patient, including the back.
What is the Triage Category for a 73-year-old male with a rash for 2 months?
Category 5 - Not Urgent.
What does wide QRS complex indicate on ECG?
Most likely Ventricular.
What is the volume of distribution for colloid in the body?
3.5L, and all of that remains in circulation.
What is the impact of complete heart block on cardiac output?
Cardiac output will be reduced due to disordered contraction of Atria & Ventricles.
What immediate action should be taken if the pulse is weak or thready in the 30-Second Patient Assessment?
Get IV access.
What should be known once the assessment is complete?
The cause and severity of the problem, and the degree of urgency.
What should be done as problems are identified in the primary survey?
They need to be treated.
What is obstructive shock?
It involves blockage to outflow, such as from conditions like massive PE, cardiac tamponade, or tension pneumothorax.
What does a long PR Interval indicate on ECG?
First-degree heart block.
What are chronotropic agents used for in cardiovascular emergencies?
To modify the heart rate.
What is the Triage Category for a 26-year-old pregnant female with lower abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding?
Category 3 - Acute Abdominal Pain.
What are the characteristics of Grade 2 shock?
15 - 30% Blood Loss (750 - 1500mL), Moderate Resting Tachycardia, Extended Capillary Refill time, Normal BP Maintained
What is the key characteristic of Atrial Fibrillation on ECG?
Irregularly Irregular P-Waves at 300/min.
What is the Triage Category for a 43-year-old female with vomiting and diarrhea, unable to keep fluids down?
Category 3 - Needs IV.
What does no relationship between P-Waves and QRS indicate on ECG?
Complete heart block.
What does ST-Segment distribution tell about on ECG?
Which of the coronaries are blocked/damaged.
