What type of cement is used in apexogenesis?
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Biocompatible cement.
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What type of cement is used in apexogenesis?
Biocompatible cement.
What is a primary cause of apexification in children?
Trauma, such as cracked or chipped teeth.
What is the primary purpose of a Cvek Pulpotomy?
To treat pulp exposure while preserving pulp vitality.
What type of pulp therapy was performed in the case study?
Vital pulp therapy.
What is the age and gender of the patient in Case Study #2?
8 year old male.
What is Chronic Hyperplastic Pulpitis also known as?
Pulp polyp.
What is Root Canal Therapy?
A procedure to remove infected pulp tissue from the tooth and seal the space to prevent further infection.
What is the age of the patient in the case study?
6 years old.
What condition was the primary tooth in during the recall visit?
The primary tooth was in good shape.
What was the chief complaint of the patient?
To treat a fractured tooth that happened about an hour ago while playing at school.
What is a characteristic of asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis?
A thin band of reparative dentin forms between the infected dentin and the pulp.
How can a fractured tooth affect the pulp?
A fractured tooth can expose or damage the pulp, potentially leading to pulpitis or necrosis.
What is the recommended thickness for the Cvek Pulpotomy according to the AAPD?
About 1.5 mm thick.
What is Apexification?
A procedure to form a calcified barrier at the apex of a non-vital tooth to promote the closure of the root apex.
What type of history was taken from the patient?
A detailed medical history and dental history.
What is Direct Pulp Capping?
A treatment method that involves placing a material directly over an exposed pulp to promote healing.
What clinical finding was noted on tooth S?
Deep decay on the distal that led to bacterial contamination of the pulp.
What is another cause of apexification in children?
Caries, often due to prolonged breastfeeding or artificial feeding.
What is an indication for Indirect Pulp Therapy?
The presence of deep caries in primary teeth that exhibit no pulpitis or a reversible pulpitis diagnosis.
What condition must be present for Indirect Pulp Therapy to be indicated?
A capability of healing after treatment.
What is the goal of pulpotomy in primary teeth?
To keep the radicular pulp vital and asymptomatic.
Where is the biocompatible cement deposited during apexogenesis?
On the exposed pulp tissue.
What was the chief complaint of the patient?
Presence of gingival swelling of tooth S.
What is the primary goal of Indirect Pulp Therapy?
To preserve tooth vitality and avoid more invasive procedures.
How do case studies contribute to evidence-based practice in pediatric dentistry?
They offer real-world examples that can support or challenge existing theories and practices.
What condition was present in the tooth treated in the case study?
Complete root formation and signs/symptoms of pulpal exposure without apical lesion.
What is the primary focus of endodontic evaluation in pediatric patients?
To assess the health of the pulp and surrounding tissues in young patients.
What is the purpose of apexogenesis in pediatric dentistry?
To stimulate the formation of a dentin bridge and fill in the gaps between the apex and crown.
What role does radiographic evaluation play in endodontic assessment?
It helps visualize the extent of pulp damage and surrounding bone health.
What is the role of apexogenesis in pulpal therapy?
To encourage continued root development in immature teeth.
What material is used for obturation after the tooth is asymptomatic?
MTA (Mineral Trioxide Aggregate).
When is Tooth Extraction necessary?
When a tooth is severely damaged or infected and cannot be saved through other treatments.
What conditions indicate a Pulpectomy in a primary tooth?
Irreversible pulpitis or necrotic pulp.
What is Indirect Pulp Therapy?
A treatment for teeth with deep carious lesions that have no pulp exposure.
What can be learned from case studies in pediatric endodontics?
They can reveal the success rates of different treatment methods and highlight potential complications.
How is the cold test used to diagnose asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis?
A cold stimulus is applied to the tooth, and the response is evaluated; a prolonged or exaggerated response indicates irreversible pulpitis.
What was observed during the patient's recall visit regarding bone condition?
Bone regeneration was noted.
What occurred one year later during the patient's next recall?
Normal eruption of the succedaneous tooth was occurring.
What was happening to the primary tooth one year later?
Normal resorption was occurring.
What is the first step in the treatment process for a root canal?
Disinfect the tooth.
What was obtained from the parent before treatment?
Signed informed consent.
What is the primary focus of pulpal therapy?
To treat and preserve the health of the dental pulp.
What is the goal of the treatment?
Control of the infection.
Why are case studies important in pediatric dentistry?
They provide insights into effective treatment strategies and help improve clinical practices.
Which tooth would have a better prognosis if a Cvek Pulpotomy was performed, a 7-year old tooth number 19 or a 21-year old number 19?
7-year old tooth number 19.
What are the indications for Apexification?
Non-vital teeth with incomplete root development due to trauma or decay.
What is the objective of Indirect Pulp Therapy?
The final restoration should completely seal involved dentin from the oral environment.
What was the first stage of treatment rendered?
Vital Pulp therapy done with partial pulpotomy using MTA-Angelus sealing material.
What are the indications for performing a conventional pulpotomy?
Pulp exposure in a tooth with normal vital pulp, reversible pulpitis, or traumatic exposure without signs of radiographic infection or pathological resorption.
What material is placed in the tooth until swelling resolves?
Calcium hydroxide.
What is the goal of pulpotomy in permanent teeth?
To preserve the vitality of the radicular pulp for apexogenesis or to provide relief until root canal therapy is scheduled.
What material can also be used for apexogenesis?
MTA (Mineral Trioxide Aggregate).
What does facial swelling indicate in a pediatric patient?
Irreversible pulpitis.
What does a soft tissue abscess indicate?
Irreversible pulpitis.
What treatment is required for a soft tissue abscess?
Endodontic therapy or extraction.
What is the common goal of Pulpotomy and Pulpectomy in primary teeth?
Preserving the primary tooth for natural space maintenance and to preserve the integrity of unerupted succedaneous teeth.
What is one diagnostic test used to identify asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis?
Cold test.
Which teeth are most affected by apexification in children?
Upper deciduous incisors.
What was the patient's feedback after a 2-year follow-up?
The patient was pleased with the aesthetic results from the procedure.
What sealing material was identified as ideal in the study?
MTA (Mineral Trioxide Aggregate).
What was the diagnosis for the case study?
Crown Trauma with a Pulp Exposure.
What is apexification used for?
When the tooth is non-vital and pulp regeneration isn’t possible.
When is Indirect Pulp Therapy indicated?
When there is a deep carious lesion close to the pulp but no pulp exposure.
What potential risk must be considered during pulp therapy?
Potential for pulp exposure.
What is a Pulpotomy indicated for in a primary tooth?
Normal vital pulp, reversible pulpitis, or traumatic exposure with no signs of radiographic infection or pathological resorption.
What were the results of the pulpal vitality tests in the upper left incisor?
Positive pulpal vitality tests.
What did the radiographs reveal in this case study?
No apical lesion present.
What are common signs of pulp injury in pediatric patients?
Pain, swelling, and sensitivity to temperature changes.
What type of history is important for pulp therapy diagnosis?
Dental History.
What are common methods used in pulpal therapy?
Pulpotomy and pulpectomy.
What indicates that the tooth is ready for obturation?
When the tooth is asymptomatic.
What tests are included in the clinical diagnosis for pulp therapy?
Clinical Tests.
What must a radiograph show to evaluate the pulpal status of a tooth?
The root apex and furcation.
What factors should be considered when evaluating pain intensity?
Location, duration, aggravating and alleviating factors, and timing of pain.
What is one benefit of Indirect Pulp Therapy?
It preserves tooth structure.
Name a biocompatible material used in Indirect Pulp Therapy.
MTA (Mineral Trioxide Aggregate).
What restoration materials are commonly used in Indirect Pulp Therapy?
Composite and amalgam.
How is the bite test performed in periapical diagnosis?
Using a tooth slooth or wooden end of a cotton tip applicator, place it on the opposing tooth and have the patient bite down slowly and apply firm pressure.
What type of materials are resin-modified glass ionomers classified as?
Biocompatible materials.
What is the purpose of palpation in periapical diagnosis?
To detect soft tissue swelling or bony expansion.
How is the health status of pulp tissue classified?
Normal pulp, reversible pulpitis, symptomatic or asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis, or necrotic pulp.
What materials are commonly used in both apexogenesis and apexification?
MTA, Calcium Hydroxide, Biodentine.
What is necrotic pulp?
Pulp that is no longer vital and cannot heal.
What is the focus of the article by Praveen and Jayanthi?
Diagnosis and Management of Pulpal Diseases.
What is the primary focus of case studies in pediatric endodontics?
To analyze specific clinical scenarios and outcomes in treating dental pulp issues in children.
What caused the bacterial contamination of the pulp in this case?
Deep decay on the distal of tooth S.
What is the goal of Apexification?
To promote apical closure to allow for root canal treatment.
What key materials are used in Apexification?
Calcium hydroxide (CaOH) or Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA).
What is the first step in clinical diagnosis for pulp therapy?
Medical History.
What type of evaluation is conducted on the area in question?
Subjective evaluation.
What is a key consideration when diagnosing pulp health in children?
The developmental stage of the tooth and the child's overall health.
What methods are used to assess pulp vitality in pediatric patients?
Cold tests, electric pulp testing, and clinical symptoms.
What can be seen on a radiograph in asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis?
Deep caries extending to the pulp.
What is the purpose of indirect pulp therapy?
To treat deep caries while preserving the pulp.
What technology uses laser to measure blood flow in pulp diagnosis?
Laser Doppler Flowmeter.
What is the first step in performing Indirect Pulp Therapy?
Remove the carious dentin while leaving a thin layer over the pulp.
When are periapical radiographs commonly indicated?
To evaluate periradicular regions of the root canal following caries involvement.
What key material is used in Apexogenesis?
MTA (Mineral Trioxide Aggregate).
What do calcifications in the pulp signify?
A sign of inflammation.
In which scenario is apexogenesis typically performed?
In cases of vital teeth with incomplete root formation.
What is the goal of apexogenesis?
To preserve vitality in an immature tooth.
How should the gutta-percha (GP) be prepared for the Heat Test?
Warm GP in flame and roll into a large ball.
What characterizes normal pulp?
Symptom-free and normally responsive to vitality testing.
How does root development differ between apexogenesis and apexification?
Root continues to develop over time in apexogenesis; no further root development in apexification.
What are the indications of a tooth with Pulpal Necrosis?
Signs of swelling, abscess/fistula, and discolored tooth.
What should happen to teeth with immature roots after Cvek Pulpotomy?
They should show continued normal root development and apexogenesis.
What does Harrison's work focus on?
Radiographic Interpretation, Endodontic Testing & Diagnosis.
What are the risks associated with Indirect Pulp Therapy?
Unintentional pulp exposure or irreversible pulpitis.
What organization provides guidelines for performing a Cvek Pulpotomy?
The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD).
What was the status of the erupting tooth during the patient's recall?
The erupting tooth was in good shape.
Why is MTA considered the ideal sealing material?
Due to its great biocompatibility and ability to regenerate tissues when in contact with pulp tissue.
What do patients typically report in cases of asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis?
No pain, despite deep caries extending to the pulp.
What is Apexogenesis?
A procedure to preserve the vitality of the pulp in a tooth with an open apex.
What is the purpose of the Electric Pulp Test?
To assess pulp vitality.
What symptom may patients experience with Chronic Hyperplastic Pulpitis?
Little to no pain despite the exposed pulp.
What is a significant factor for long-term success in pulp therapy?
Long-term success factor.
What is the main consideration when deciding between apexification and apexogenesis?
The vitality of the pulp.
What is the goal of Apexogenesis?
To encourage continued root development and natural closure of the apex.
What does percussion sensitivity indicate?
Acute inflammation of the pulp.
When is a pulpotomy typically indicated?
In cases of pulpitis where the pulp is inflamed but the root pulp is still healthy.
What is pulpal necrosis?
Death of the pulp tissue.
What type of pulp removal is involved in apexogenesis?
Partial or no pulp removal (partial pulpotomy).
What is symptomatic irreversible pulpitis?
A type of irreversible pulpitis that presents with symptoms.
What clinical case is presented by Barata et al.?
Vital pulp therapy in a 9-year-old patient.
What topic does Sonia Chopra's blog cover?
Pulpal and Periapical Diagnosis.
Why does the 7-year old tooth number 19 have a better prognosis for Cvek Pulpotomy?
Because its root is still developing (immature), making it a good candidate for the procedure.
What is conventional pulpotomy?
The removal of the coronal portion of a vital pulp to preserve the vitality of the remaining radicular portion.
What should be considered to confirm the condition of the fractured tooth?
Clinical testing needs to be done.
What are the two thermal tests used in pulpal diagnosis?
Hot and Cold tests.
When is apexogenesis preferred?
For vital pulp with potential for healing and root development.
What is the purpose of Apexogenesis?
To induce development of the root apex by formation of osteocementum or bone-like tissue.
What type of restoration is placed after obturation?
A final composite restoration with flowable resin as the base.
What is apexogenesis?
Apexogenesis is a procedure that promotes continued root development and apical closure in a tooth with a vital pulp.
How does Calcium Hydroxide affect the filling material in root canals?
It restricts permanent filling material to the root canal.
What does radiolucency at the root apex or furcation indicate?
Evidence of pulpal pathology.
What was the age and gender of the patient in the case study?
20-month-old male infant.
What was the complaint of the infant brought to the Pediatric Clinic?
Brittle teeth.
What does mobility testing assess in periapical diagnosis?
The stability of the tooth.
What treatment was completed 4 months after the initial visit?
Obturation of canals.
What is the goal of apexification?
Induce apical barrier formation.
What does a response during palpation indicate?
An active periradicular inflammatory process.
What is asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis?
A type of irreversible pulpitis that does not present with symptoms.
What is a common symptom of deep caries to the pulp?
Mild tenderness upon palpation; usually no swelling.
What is the title of the book by Dean et al.?
McDonald and Avery's Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent-11th ed.
What was the second stage of treatment?
Direct restoration using dental composite.
What types of exams are performed during the clinical diagnosis?
Extraoral and Intraoral Clinical Exams.
What is the primary goal of Indirect Pulp Therapy?
To preserve the vitality of the pulp while treating carious lesions.
What is the first step in the Indirect Pulp Therapy procedure?
Diagnosis and Assessment.
What types of pain should be assessed in pediatric dental history?
Throbbing or sharp pain.
How does the tooth respond to vitality tests in Chronic Hyperplastic Pulpitis?
The tooth may still respond to vitality tests.
What diagnostic method involves applying pressure to assess periapical health?
Percussion.
What can cause inflammation in the PDL as indicated by percussion?
Trauma, occlusal prematurities, periodontal disease, or extension of pulpal disease into the PDL space.
What is vital pulp?
Pulp that is healthy and capable of healing.
What is a significant advantage of Indirect Pulp Therapy regarding root canal therapy?
It avoids or delays the need for root canal therapy.
What does +1 mobility indicate?
The first distinguishable sign of movement greater than normal.
What is the primary goal of a pulpotomy?
To maintain the vitality of the remaining pulp tissue and preserve the tooth.
What factors can affect the pulp of a tooth?
Caries, traumatic injuries, and other causes.
What type of pulp removal is involved in apexification?
Complete pulp removal (root canal).
What is symptomatic or asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis?
Vital inflamed pulp that is incapable of healing.
How many visits are typically required for apexification?
Multiple visits (if Calcium Hydroxide is used).
What does the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry's manual cover?
Pulp therapy for primary and immature permanent teeth.
What topic does Dr. Khuong Nguyen's article discuss?
Apexogenesis in pediatric dentistry.
What does the Centro Escolar University document discuss?
Diseases of the Pulp.
What is the significance of pulp vitality assessment?
To determine the health status of the dental pulp.
What is a key challenge in pulp therapy?
Proper case selection.
What is the response of the tooth during vitality testing in asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis?
No pain, but the tooth can still feel temperature.
What is the importance of evaluating dental history in pediatric patients?
It helps in understanding the chief complaint through subjective evaluation.
What role do radiographs play in primary dentition?
They are vital for diagnosing oral conditions such as intrusion, lateral luxation, fractures, and cysts.
What follows tooth preparation in the Indirect Pulp Therapy procedure?
Application of protective liner.
What aspect of patient management is crucial for effective pulp therapy?
Patient compliance and follow-up.
What does tooth mobility indicate in pediatric patients?
Physiologic exfoliation of primary tooth or chronic pulpal pathology.
What is the purpose of palpation in periapical diagnosis?
To detect tenderness or swelling.
How does MTA contribute to Apexogenesis?
It stimulates the growth of dentin.
What does bite testing assess in periapical diagnosis?
To evaluate pain during occlusion.
How does Indirect Pulp Therapy affect patient comfort?
It results in minimal patient discomfort.
What causes irreversible pulpitis?
Caries that have penetrated the dentin and reached the pulp chamber, severe trauma, and prolonged injury.
What indicates a tooth is Non-Vital?
No response to cold/heat and tenderness to percussion.
How does Transmitted-Light Photoplethysmography work?
It transmits a light beam through the crown of the tooth, with the signal picked up on the other side by an optical fiber and photocell.
What imaging technique is used in pulp therapy diagnosis?
Radiographs.
What characterizes the growth in Chronic Hyperplastic Pulpitis?
Overgrowth of granulation tissue that grows occlusally through the gingival margin of the cavity.
What is a potential risk associated with facial swelling?
Spread of bacterial infection.
How does MTA Plug contribute to treatment outcomes?
It provides more predictable barrier formation.
What is the final step in the Indirect Pulp Therapy procedure?
Restoration.
What is the significance of both apexification and apexogenesis?
Both are crucial for saving immature teeth.
What does Calcium Hydroxide help avoid during treatment?
Dispersion to the periapex.
What is the overall impact of Calcium Hydroxide on pulp therapy success?
It increases the chances of a successful pulp therapy.
What is the success rate of Indirect Pulp Therapy?
It has a high success rate and longevity.
What does +3 mobility indicate?
Horizontal tooth movement greater than 1 mm, with or without visualization of rotation or vertical depressibility.
How does a pulpotomy differ from a pulpectomy?
A pulpotomy removes only the coronal pulp, while a pulpectomy involves the removal of the entire pulp tissue.
What are the vitality test results for a tooth with Reversible Pulpitis?
Possible response to cold/heat.
What is the purpose of the Electric Pulp Test?
To assess the vitality of the pulp.
What is one advantage of using MTA Plug in treatment for children?
Reduces treatment time.
What are the indications for Apexogenesis?
Vital but inflamed pulp in teeth that have suffered trauma or caries.
What method uses light transmission to assess pulp health?
Transmitted-Light Photoplethysmography.
What do radiographs show in cases of Chronic Hyperplastic Pulpitis?
Large carious lesions; may not show significant periapical pathology at early stages.
What is the primary goal of apexification?
To establish a hard tissue barrier at the root apex in non-vital teeth.
What does nighttime pain indicate in a pediatric dental patient?
It may suggest pulp injury or damage.
What is non-vital pulp?
Pulp that is dead or incapable of healing.
What is a common biocompatible material used alongside calcium hydroxide in Indirect Pulp Therapy?
Biodentine.
What dental issue was observed in the infant's central incisors?
Caries and incomplete root formation.
What clinical signs indicate Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis?
Severe spontaneous, lingering, throbbing pain that occurs at night.
What are some causes of reversible pulpitis?
Caries that have not penetrated the pulp and minor or early trauma.
What radiographic findings are associated with Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis?
Periapical radiolucency and widened PDL space.
What is chronic hyperplastic pulpitis?
A form of irreversible pulpitis characterized by the presence of granulation tissue.
What is Cvek Pulpotomy?
The removal of a small portion of the vital coronal pulp to preserve the remaining coronal and radicular pulp tissues.
What does Shabahang's article cover?
Treatment options: Apexogenesis and apexification.
What materials are commonly used in Indirect Pulp Therapy?
Calcium hydroxide, glass ionomer, or resin-modified glass ionomer.
What is apexification?
Apexification is a dental procedure aimed at creating a barrier at the apex of an immature tooth with a necrotic pulp.
What is a benefit of using Calcium Hydroxide in treating immature deciduous teeth?
It allows for the apical closure of immature deciduous teeth.
What is the expected outcome of successful Indirect Pulp Therapy?
Formation of secondary dentin and continued pulp vitality.
What are signs of injured or damaged pulp in pediatric patients?
Constant or unexplained pain, nighttime pain, sensitivity to hot or cold, and swelling around affected teeth.
What is the primary goal of apexogenesis?
To allow for continued root development in teeth with vital pulp.
Why are electric and thermal pulp testing unreliable in primary teeth?
Due to the unique characteristics of primary teeth.
What materials are commonly used to fill the cavity after a pulpotomy?
Calcium hydroxide or mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA).
What is the primary goal of pulp therapy?
To maintain the integrity and health of the teeth and their supporting tissues while preserving the vitality of the pulp.
What is a common finding in Pulpal Necrosis?
Intense pain that lingers and tenderness on percussion.
What should be used for the Cold Test instead of a cotton tip applicator?
A cotton pellet, saturated until crystals are visible.
What is the procedure for using a Laser Doppler Flowmeter?
Place the probe, emit the laser beam, detect reflected light, convert it to an electrical signal, and measure the flow.
What is the initial step for the Electric Pulp Test?
Isolate and dry the tooth.
What treatment option is discussed by Pimentel Winz Almeida et al.?
Apexification of Primary Teeth.
Why is maintaining pulp vitality important in younger patients?
It is crucial for their dental health and potential for healing.
What is apexogenesis in children primarily due to?
Children’s adult teeth not developing properly.
What is the purpose of percussion in periapical diagnosis?
To indicate inflammation in the periodontal ligament (PDL).
How does Indirect Pulp Therapy affect healing?
It promotes healing and dentin formation.
Can the depth of caries be precisely measured from a radiograph?
No, it cannot be precisely measured.
In which scenario is apexification typically performed?
In cases of non-vital teeth with incomplete root formation.
What are the symptoms of Reversible Pulpitis?
Mild pain provoked by stimuli, short sharp pain that subsides quickly.
What is the first step in the Heat Test for pulpal diagnosis?
Coat teeth with petroleum jelly.
What should be explained to the patient before palpation?
What you will be doing during the procedure.
What are the signs of decay in a clinical exam?
Possible signs of caries and no significant swelling.
What is the primary goal of Cvek Pulpotomy?
To ensure the remaining pulp is vital after the procedure with no adverse clinical effects.
What is the subject of the study by Anjum et al.?
Prognosis of non-vital incisors after apexification using bioceramics.
What is the focus of the article by Shah et al.?
Pulp therapy and root canal treatment techniques in immature permanent teeth.
How does the dental pulp in children compare to that in adults?
It is more cellular and able to recover from injuries better.
What follow-up is necessary after Indirect Pulp Therapy?
Regular clinical and radiographic evaluations to monitor pulp health.
What is a pulpotomy?
A dental procedure that involves the removal of the coronal portion of the pulp.
Why is it important to assess sensitivity to hot or cold temperatures?
It can indicate pulp health status.
What is reversible pulpitis?
Mild inflammation of the pulp with the ability to heal if the cause is addressed.
What is irreversible pulpitis?
Severe inflammation and damage of the pulp that cannot heal.
How long after treatment was the clinical view noted?
2 months after completed treatment.
What is the maximum duration for the Cold Test?
No more than 7 seconds or until the patient feels cold sensation.
What does reversible pulpitis indicate?
The pulp is capable of healing.
How many visits are typically required for apexogenesis?
Usually one visit, with a follow-up.
What are the indications for Cvek Pulpotomy?
A young, developing permanent tooth with a vital pulp or a traumatically exposed pulp with an incompletely formed apex.
What is the focus of the article by Al Domyati et al.?
Pediatric Dental Radiography: Safety, Techniques and diagnostic applications.
