It is closed by connective tissue in adults.
1. Abdominal wall, 2. Abdominal cavity.
Approximately 1cm.
Ventral rami of lower six thoracic spinal nerves (T7 - T12), iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve.
Three additional processes.
Rectus abdominis muscle, pyramidalis muscle, superior & inferior epigastric vessels, anterior rami of spinal nerves T7 - T12, lymphatic vessels, and the lower six intercostal vessels.
Ductus deferens, artery and vein of ductus deferens, testicular artery, pampiniform plexus of veins, cremasteric artery, lymphatic vessels, autonomic testicular nerve plexus, genital branch of genitofemoral nerve, vestige of process vaginalis.
Anterior wall: aponeurosis of external oblique, inferior fibers of internal oblique. Posterior wall: transversalis fascia & conjoint tendon.
Lymphatic drainage above the umbilicus.
Conjoint tendon (falx inguinalis) and Interfoveolar (Hesselbach’s) ligament.
It has a loop of cremasteric muscle to pull the testes during cold temperature.
It begins at the deep inguinal ring and ends in the scrotum.
At the level of the 4th lumbar vertebra.
The sheath covering the rectus abdominis and pyramidalis, formed by the aponeurosis of 3 flat abdominal muscles.
By perpendicular lines joining at the umbilicus.
1. Right upper quadrant, 2. Right lower quadrant, 3. Left upper quadrant, 4. Left lower quadrant.
One near the umbilical level, one near the xiphoid process, and the third about midway between the two.
Ribs and costal cartilages.
Lymphatic drainage below the umbilicus.
Lumbar vertebral bones and intervertebral discs.
It has 9 regions formed by two vertical and two transverse lines.
1. Superficial abdominal fascia externally, 2. Transversalis fascia internally.
Lumbar vertebrae.
1. Upper transverse line 2. Lower transverse line
Condensed superficial and deep fascia of the abdominal wall.
1. Right vertical line 2. Left vertical line
Posterior intercostal vessels, superior epigastric vessels, inferior epigastric vessels.
Midway between xiphoid process and symphysis pubis.
Condensed superficial and deep fascia of the abdominal wall.
i. Right hypochondrium ii. Epigastric iii. Left hypochondrium iv. Right lumbar (lateral) v. Umbilical region vi. Left lumbar (lateral) vii. Right inguinal (iliac) viii. Hypogastric or suprapubic region ix. Left inguinal (iliac)
Pylorus, duodenojejunal junction, neck of pancreas, and hilum of kidneys.
Above the arcuate line.
The tunica vaginalis is part of the parietal peritoneum and is a remnant of the vaginal process.
Midway between them.
Omphaloenteric duct, allantois, two umbilical arteries, and one umbilical vein.
It can lead to an inguinal hernia by communicating the abdominal cavity to the scrotum.
Above the arcuate line.
Annulus Femoralis.
Free border of internal oblique & transverse abdominis muscle.
Inguinal & lacunar ligaments.
1. Superficial Inguinal Ring, 2. Deep Inguinal Ring.
It is called omphalocele.
Superior epigastric artery.
The diaphragm.
It is related to both sexes.
Abdominal aorta.
The arch of connective tissue extending from the inguinal ligament to the iliopectine eminence of the pubic bone.
Iliopectine arch.
Direct inguinal hernia.
Femoral artery, femoral branch of genitofemoral nerve, femoral vein, and femoral lymph nodes.
Inferiorly by the medial half of the inguinal ligament, medially by the lateral border of the rectus abdominis muscle, and laterally by the inferior epigastric artery.
Omphaloenteric duct.
A dark (reddish brown) line extending from xiphoid process to symphysis pubis along linea alba, more intense below the umbilicus.
Bands of short reddish-brown lines on the abdominal wall, buttocks, and thigh due to over distension. After parturition, they become white lines known as linea albicantes.
Base: pubic crest, sides: crura of external oblique aponeurosis, floor: reflected ligament (continuation of inguinal ligament).
Aponeurosis of external oblique muscles.
It is the protrusion of midgut through the umbilicus, caused by weakness of the umbilical scar.
It is a 1cm wide fibrous band running vertically from the xiphoid process to the symphysis pubis, formed by the fusion of aponeurosis of muscles. At the umbilicus, it forms the umbilical ring.
Subcostal nerve.
Aponeurosis of transverse abdominis and posterior layer of internal oblique muscle.
Along the lateral border of the rectus sheath through the semilunar line at the level of the arcuate line.
Formed by transversalis fascia.
At the midpoint between the umbilicus and pubic symphysis.
Superficial epigastric and superficial circumflex iliac arteries.
External iliac artery.
Due to the relatively wide pelvis and increased abdominal pressure during pregnancy.
On the transversalis fascia, midway & 1-2cm above inguinal ligament.
Aorta.
Femoral hernia.
Xiphoid process & 5th-7th costal cartilage.
Linea alba, outer lip of iliac crest, anterior superior iliac spine, pubic tubercle, and pubic crest.
Median or midline, paramedian, gridiron (muscle splitting), suprapubic (Pfannenstiel), transverse, and subcostal incisions.
Unilateral contraction tilts trunk, bilateral contraction flexes trunk, elevation of the pelvis, compression of the abdomen, expiration or defecation, fixation of trunk during carrying.
Because the inguinal nerves will be in danger.
It is the protrusion of abdominal contents into the femoral canal, caused by increased intra-abdominal pressure and weakened femoral septum.
At the lateral 1/3rd and medial 2/3rd of the line joining the right anterior superior iliac spine and the umbilicus.
Five paired muscles.
Femoral septum.
Upper surface of pubis.
External surface of 5th - 12th ribs.
They contain the medial umbilical ligaments and are formed by obliterated umbilical arteries.
Formed by the aponeurosis of three muscles.
It protrudes through an operative incision.
It is also known as the inguinal triangle (Hesselbach’s ∆) and is a potential site for direct inguinal hernia.
a. Skin, b. Subcutaneous tissue, c. Muscles & fascia or bones, d. Extraperitoneal tissue, e. Peritoneum.
Loose extraperitoneal CT (connective tissue).
Anterior surface of the body of pubis and anterior pubic ligament.
Linea alba.
Aponeurosis of external oblique and internal oblique muscles.
Lateral: septum between femoral vein & femoral canal, Posterior: superior ramus of pubis, Medial: lacunar ligament, Anterior: medial part of inguinal ligament.
Direct and indirect.
Anterior rami of lower six thoracic nerves.
Compress & support abdominal viscera, increase intra-abdominal pressure.
Iliopsoas muscle, femoral nerve, and lateral femoral cutaneous nerve.
It lies anterior to the inferior part of rectus abdominis and pubis.
Body of 5 lumbar vertebrae, lumbar intervertebral discs, crura of diaphragm, quadratus lumborum, psoas muscle, part of iliacus muscle & iliac bone.
Tilt & rotate on the side.
It contracts.
It extends from the apex of the umbilicus to the umbilicus and covers the median umbilical ligament, which joins the fetal bladder to the umbilicus.
Superficial epigastric and superficial circumflex iliac veins.
Paraumbilical and thoracoepigastric veins.
1. Vascular space (lacuna vasorum) and 2. Muscular space (lacuna muscularum).
Indirect inguinal hernia.
Linea alba, lower border of 3 or 4 ribs, xiphoid process, pubic crest & pectineal line.
Describe abdominal wall & boundaries, Discuss muscles of abdominal wall, Identify NVB of abdominal wall, Locate weak points of abdominal wall, Discuss clinical significance of abdominal wall.
Spermatic cord.
Related to 5th-7th costal cartilages and intercostal spaces.
It is the protrusion of abdominal contents through the linea alba just above the umbilicus.
It distends considerably.
It tenses the linea alba.
It runs from the umbilicus to the liver and contains the round ligament of the liver (ligamentum teres hepatis), which is a remnant of the obliterated umbilical vein.
It lies between the median and medial folds and is formed as peritoneal reflects from the anterior abdominal wall to the bladder.
Thoracolumbar fascia, lateral 2/3rd of inguinal ligament, anterior 2/3rd of iliac crest, anterior superior iliac spine.
8th-12th intercostal nerves, iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve.
It is a slight groove parallel to the lateral edge of the rectus sheath.
External Oblique Muscle.
Communications of the Abdomen with the Thigh Space.
Between the layers of the abdominal wall, for example, between the peritoneum and transversalis fascia.
Flexes the trunk.
5th - 12th intercostal nerves, iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve.
Because the nerves of the rectus abdominis muscle are being cut.
Elevate pelvis & expiration or defecation.
