BIO 12 NOTES Unit 1

Methods used to achieve pregnancy by artificial or partially artificial means, primarily for couples with infertility issues or genetic conditions.

A process where egg cells are fertilized by sperm outside the body, involving hormonal stimulation and embryo placement in a medium.

Produces a clear, viscous secretion known as pre-ejaculate that lubricates the urethra and neutralizes traces of acidic urine.

Approximately 9 months.

In a petri dish.

It physically blocks the fertilized egg from implanting.

15-259 million per mL.

A method that can be implanted under the skin to offer long-term suppression of ovulation.

Stage after fertilization where a blastocyst develops from a fertilized zygote.

A process by which sperm is placed into the reproductive tract of a female to impregnate her without sexual intercourse.

A process to preserve sperm indefinitely, usually stored in a medium with 10% glycerol.

About 1 week.

From the pronuclear stage (one cell) up to the blastocyst stage (5-7 days after fertilization).

To block the passage of sperm into the uterus.

They kill sperm on contact and must be placed in the vagina prior to intercourse.

A surgical method for women where the oviduct is cut and tied off to prevent eggs from reaching the uterus.

21 years.

The deliberate removal of the fetus or embryo before it is ready for birth, done either mechanically or chemically.

Secretes mucus to lubricate the vagina.

An asymmetrical or unequal conjoined twin where one embryo maintains dominant development.

Couples with infertility issues or genetic conditions, and individuals with communicable diseases to reduce infection risk.

Into three trimesters.

The zygote reaches the uterus and develops into a morula.

The freezing of extra embryos for future transfer.

The fetus grows rapidly and is very active.

Stimulates uterine lining growth and promotes development of female secondary characteristics.

The woman is injected with a lot of hormones to stimulate the production of ova.

To ensure higher chances of implantation.

1.5-7.6 mL.

All major structures of the adult are present in rudimentary form.

Parturition.

Promotes uterine lining growth.

A barrier method that also covers the cervix.

Low sperm count or low motility.

Stores and secretes a slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 20–30% of the volume of semen, helping to neutralize vaginal acidity.

It provides for the diffusion of material between maternal and embryonic circulations.

Release & transport of gametes, fertilization, and implantation.

Male condoms fit over the erect penis, while female condoms are placed inside the vagina to prevent sperm entry.

Bulbourethral glands.

A surgical method for men where the vas deferens is cut and sealed to prevent the transport of sperm.

Interferes with the implantation of the fertilized egg into the uterine wall and blocks the action of progesterone.

Men who have undergone vasectomy.

It is the only method that is guaranteed 100% effective.

The fetus continues to grow rapidly, but fetal activity may decrease as space becomes limited.

27-28 days.

Embryonic development (months 1-2) and fetal development (months 3-9).

Fertilization occurs in the oviduct.

A method that requires the man to withdraw his penis before ejaculation; it's very unreliable.

Gonadotropic hormones.

39-928 million.

The heart begins to beat.

Hormonal levels stabilize as HCG declines and the corpus luteum deteriorates.

It caps the cervix and blocks the passage of sperm into the uterus.

They contain hormones that prevent the release of FSH and LH, inhibiting follicle development and oocyte release.