What are analogous organs?
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Organs with different origin but similar function.
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What are analogous organs?
Organs with different origin but similar function.
What are Dryopithecus and Ramapithecus?
Dryopithecus is ape-like and Ramapithecus is man-like.
What is convergent evolution?
When more than one adaptive radiation occurs in an isolated geographical area.
What is the region where negatively charged DNA is held with positively charged proteins called?
Nucleoid.
Where were fossils of man-like bones found?
In Ethiopia and Tanzania.
What are the proteins rich in basic amino acid residues lysines and arginines?
Histones.
What is adaptive radiation?
The evolution of different species in a given geographical area starting from a point and radiating to other areas.
What is the cranial capacity of Homo habilis?
650 cc.
What is the structure formed when negatively charged DNA is wrapped around the positively charged histone octamer?
Nucleosome.
What are the key concepts of Darwinian Theory of Evolution?
Branching descent and natural selection.
What is the transforming principle?
The concept that DNA is responsible for genetic transformation.
What is the cranial capacity of Homo neanderthalensis?
1400 cc.
What is the repeating unit of structure in the nucleus called?
Chromatin.
What is Lamarckism?
The belief in the evolution of life forms driven by the use and disuse of organs.
Who conducted the experiment with Streptococcus pneumoniae strains and mice?
Frederick Griffith in 1928.
What did Hugo de Vries propose based on his work on evening primrose?
The idea of mutations causing speciation, which he called saltation.
What are some characteristics of Homo sapiens (Modern man)?
Pre-historic cave art, developed agriculture, and settlements.
What is the enzyme responsible for DNA replication in living cells?
DNA-dependent DNA polymerase.
Which scientists provided evidence that DNA is the genetic material responsible for transformation?
Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty.
What is the Hardy-Weinberg principle?
It states that allele frequencies in a population remain stable and constant from generation to generation, known as genetic equilibrium.
What did Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase's experiment demonstrate about genetic material?
That DNA, not protein, is the genetic material passed from viruses to bacteria.
What is the age of the universe according to the text?
Almost 20 billion years old.
What are the factors known to affect Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
Gene migration, genetic drift, mutation, genetic recombination, and natural selection.
What is the Central Dogma in molecular biology proposed by Francis Crick?
The flow of genetic information from DNA to mRNA to protein.
What is the significance of genetic drift?
Genetic drift operates on very small isolated populations, leading to founder effects and bottleneck effects.
What theory attempts to explain the origin of the universe?
Big Bang theory.
What are the untranslated regions (UTRs) in mRNA and where are they present?
Additional sequences that are not translated and are present at both 5' and 3' ends.
What is the function of the promoter in a transcription unit?
It provides a binding site for RNA polymerase and defines the template and coding strands.
According to the text, how old is Earth?
Earth was supposed to have been formed about 4.5 billion years back.
What major events occurred in the evolution of plants and animals over 2000 million years ago?
The first cellular forms of life appeared, followed by the formation of invertebrates, jawless fish, and the existence of sea weeds and few plants.
Who elucidated the lac operon and what type of operon is it?
Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod elucidated the lac operon, which is a type of inducible operon.
What is the role of RNA polymerase in transcription initiation?
RNA polymerase binds to the promoter and initiates transcription using nucleoside triphosphates as substrates.
What is the theory of Spontaneous Generation (Abiogenesis or Autogenesis)?
It suggests that life came out of decaying and rotting matter like straw, mud, etc.
What does the z gene code for in the lac operon?
Beta-galactosidase.
What are the three major types of RNAs in bacteria?
mRNA (messenger RNA), tRNA (transfer RNA), and rRNA (ribosomal RNA).
What did Louis Pasteur demonstrate about the origin of life?
He demonstrated that life comes only from pre-existing life.
What was the duration of the Human Genome Project and who coordinated it?
The Human Genome Project was a 13-year project coordinated by the U.S. Department of Energy and the National Institute of Health.
What is the function of RNA polymerase III in eukaryotes?
It is responsible for the transcription of tRNA, 5s rRNA, and snRNAs (small nuclear RNAs).
What is the Oparin Haldane theory about the origin of life?
It proposes that the first form of life could have come from pre-existing non-living organic molecules (e.g. RNA, protein, etc.).
What is the basis of DNA fingerprinting and its usefulness in forensic applications?
DNA fingerprinting is based on identifying differences in specific regions in DNA sequence called repetitive DNA, and it is useful in forensic applications due to the high degree of polymorphism.
What is the genetic code property called when some amino acids are coded by more than one codon?
Degeneracy or redundancy.
What are homologous organs and what do they indicate?
Homologous organs are organs having the same origin but different functions, indicating common ancestry.
What do homologous organs suggest about evolution?
They suggest divergent evolution based on the concept of common ancestry.
