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Biology Pocket Book Class 12 - Dr Anand Mani_240726_234829

Created by Zue Pegu

p.6

What are analogous organs?

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p.6

Organs with different origin but similar function.

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1 / 83
p.6
Theories of Evolution

What are analogous organs?

Organs with different origin but similar function.

p.1
Griffith's Experiment

Who conducted the experiment with Streptococcus pneumoniae strains and mice?

Frederick Griffith in 1928.

p.6
Theories of Evolution

What is Lamarckism?

The belief in the evolution of life forms driven by the use and disuse of organs.

p.5
Origin of Life

What did Louis Pasteur demonstrate about the origin of life?

He demonstrated that life comes only from pre-existing life.

p.5
Evidences for Evolution

What do homologous organs suggest about evolution?

They suggest divergent evolution based on the concept of common ancestry.

p.6
Theories of Evolution

What is convergent evolution?

When more than one adaptive radiation occurs in an isolated geographical area.

p.8
Origin and Evolution of Man

What are some characteristics of Homo sapiens (Modern man)?

Pre-historic cave art, developed agriculture, and settlements.

p.2
Structure of DNA

What is the repeating unit of structure in the nucleus called?

Chromatin.

p.4
Biochemical Characterization of Transforming Princ...

What are the untranslated regions (UTRs) in mRNA and where are they present?

Additional sequences that are not translated and are present at both 5' and 3' ends.

p.8
Origin and Evolution of Man

What are Dryopithecus and Ramapithecus?

Dryopithecus is ape-like and Ramapithecus is man-like.

p.7
Molecular Basis of Inheritance

What did Hugo de Vries propose based on his work on evening primrose?

The idea of mutations causing speciation, which he called saltation.

p.5
Origin of Universe

According to the text, how old is Earth?

Earth was supposed to have been formed about 4.5 billion years back.

p.8
Origin and Evolution of Man

What is the cranial capacity of Homo habilis?

650 cc.

p.5
Origin of Universe

What is the age of the universe according to the text?

Almost 20 billion years old.

p.5
Origin of Life

What is the theory of Spontaneous Generation (Abiogenesis or Autogenesis)?

It suggests that life came out of decaying and rotting matter like straw, mud, etc.

p.3
Genetic Material: DNA and RNA

What is the genetic code property called when some amino acids are coded by more than one codon?

Degeneracy or redundancy.

p.6
Theories of Evolution

What is adaptive radiation?

The evolution of different species in a given geographical area starting from a point and radiating to other areas.

p.1
Biochemical Characterization of Transforming Princ...

What did Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase's experiment demonstrate about genetic material?

That DNA, not protein, is the genetic material passed from viruses to bacteria.

p.3
Replication and Packaging of DNA

What is the role of RNA polymerase in transcription initiation?

RNA polymerase binds to the promoter and initiates transcription using nucleoside triphosphates as substrates.

p.5
Origin of Life

What is the Oparin Haldane theory about the origin of life?

It proposes that the first form of life could have come from pre-existing non-living organic molecules (e.g. RNA, protein, etc.).

p.1
Transformation Principle

What is the transforming principle?

The concept that DNA is responsible for genetic transformation.

p.7
Molecular Basis of Inheritance

What is the significance of genetic drift?

Genetic drift operates on very small isolated populations, leading to founder effects and bottleneck effects.

p.4
Genetic Material: DNA and RNA

What is the basis of DNA fingerprinting and its usefulness in forensic applications?

DNA fingerprinting is based on identifying differences in specific regions in DNA sequence called repetitive DNA, and it is useful in forensic applications due to the high degree of polymorphism.

p.8
Origin and Evolution of Man

What is the cranial capacity of Homo neanderthalensis?

1400 cc.

p.5
Origin of Universe

What theory attempts to explain the origin of the universe?

Big Bang theory.

p.3
Genetic Material: DNA and RNA

What are the three major types of RNAs in bacteria?

mRNA (messenger RNA), tRNA (transfer RNA), and rRNA (ribosomal RNA).

p.8
Origin and Evolution of Man

Where were fossils of man-like bones found?

In Ethiopia and Tanzania.

p.1
Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty's Experiment

Which scientists provided evidence that DNA is the genetic material responsible for transformation?

Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty.

p.5
Molecular Basis of Inheritance

According to the text, what formed sometime after the expansion of the universe and the decrease in temperature?
A) Hydrogen and Oxygen
B) Helium and Nitrogen
C) Carbon and Oxygen
D) Hydrogen and Helium
E) Oxygen and Ammonia

D) Hydrogen and Helium
Explanation: The text mentions that after the expansion of the universe and the decrease in temperature, Hydrogen and Helium formed, indicating the elemental composition that emerged during the early stages of the universe's development.

p.5
Molecular Basis of Inheritance

When was Earth supposed to have been formed, according to the text?
A) 2 billion years ago
B) 3.5 billion years ago
C) 4.5 billion years ago
D) 5 billion years ago
E) 6 billion years ago

C) 4.5 billion years ago
Explanation: The text specifies that Earth was supposed to have been formed about 4.5 billion years ago, providing a timeframe for the planet's formation based on scientific understanding.

p.2
Structure of DNA

What is the structure formed when negatively charged DNA is wrapped around the positively charged histone octamer?

Nucleosome.

p.7
Molecular Basis of Inheritance

What are the factors known to affect Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Gene migration, genetic drift, mutation, genetic recombination, and natural selection.

p.5
Evidences for Evolution

What are homologous organs and what do they indicate?

Homologous organs are organs having the same origin but different functions, indicating common ancestry.

p.4
Human Genome Project

What was the goal of the Human Genome Project (HGP)?
A) To identify all the genes in the human genome
B) To sequence the entire human genome
C) To map the human genome
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

D) All of the above
Explanation: The Human Genome Project aimed to achieve multiple goals, including identifying all the genes in the human genome, sequencing the entire human genome, and mapping the human genome, marking a significant milestone in genomic research and understanding human genetics.

p.2
Structure of DNA

What are the proteins rich in basic amino acid residues lysines and arginines?

Histones.

p.7
Molecular Basis of Inheritance

What is the Hardy-Weinberg principle?

It states that allele frequencies in a population remain stable and constant from generation to generation, known as genetic equilibrium.

p.3
Replication and Packaging of DNA

What is the function of RNA polymerase III in eukaryotes?

It is responsible for the transcription of tRNA, 5s rRNA, and snRNAs (small nuclear RNAs).

p.3
Genetic Material - DNA

What is the function of the promoter in a transcription unit?
A) Initiates translation
B) Provides a binding site for tRNA
C) Defines the template and coding strands
D) Catalyzes the process of elongation
E) Initiates transcription

E) Initiates transcription
Explanation: The promoter is a DNA sequence that provides a binding site for RNA polymerase and initiates the process of transcription, marking the beginning of the transcription unit and defining the template and coding strands.

p.8
Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Where did Homo neanderthalensis (Neanderthal man) live?
A) North America
B) South America
C) East and Central Asia
D) Europe
E) Australia

C) East and Central Asia
Explanation: Homo neanderthalensis, or Neanderthal man, lived in East and Central Asia, and is known for burying their dead, providing insights into their cultural practices and social behaviors.

p.5
Molecular Basis of Inheritance

What did the UV rays from the sun break up, according to the text?
A) Hydrogen and Oxygen
B) Nitrogen and Oxygen
C) Carbon and Hydrogen
D) Helium and Ammonia
E) Water

E) Water
Explanation: The text mentions that UV rays from the sun broke up water into Hydrogen and Oxygen, with the lighter Hydrogen escaping, and the Oxygen combining with Ammonia and Methane to form water, CO2, and others, highlighting the photochemical processes involved in the early Earth's atmosphere.

p.6
Theories of Evolution

What are the key concepts of Darwinian Theory of Evolution?

Branching descent and natural selection.

p.1
Molecular Basis of Inheritance

What is the Central Dogma in molecular biology proposed by Francis Crick?

The flow of genetic information from DNA to mRNA to protein.

p.4
Genetic Material: DNA and RNA

What does the z gene code for in the lac operon?

Beta-galactosidase.

p.4
Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Who were the first to elucidate a transcriptionally regulated system, including the lac operon?
A) Francis Crick and James Watson
B) Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins
C) Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod
D) Gregor Mendel and Thomas Hunt Morgan
E) Barbara McClintock and Har Gobind Khorana

C) Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod
Explanation: Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod were the first to elucidate a transcriptionally regulated system, which included the lac operon, marking a significant contribution to the understanding of gene regulation.

p.4
Molecular Basis of Inheritance

What type of operon is the lac operon?
A) Repressible operon
B) Inducible operon
C) Constitutive operon
D) Regulatory operon
E) Inhibitory operon

B) Inducible operon
Explanation: The lac operon is a type of inducible operon, meaning that its transcription is activated in the presence of a specific inducer, such as lactose, highlighting its regulatory function in gene expression.

p.6
Molecular Basis of Inheritance

What are analogous organs?
A) Organs with the same origin and function
B) Organs with different origin and function
C) Organs with different origin but similar function
D) Organs with the same origin but different function
E) Organs with similar origin and function

C) Organs with different origin but similar function
Explanation: Analogous organs are defined as organs with different origins but similar functions, such as the eye of the octopus and mammals or the flippers of penguins and dolphins. This concept is a result of convergent evolution, where different species independently evolve similar traits to adapt to similar environmental conditions.

p.2
Biochemical Characterization of Transforming Princ...

What is the region where negatively charged DNA is held with positively charged proteins called?

Nucleoid.

p.2
Replication and Packaging of DNA

What is the enzyme responsible for DNA replication in living cells?

DNA-dependent DNA polymerase.

p.4
Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty's Experiment

Who elucidated the lac operon and what type of operon is it?

Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod elucidated the lac operon, which is a type of inducible operon.

p.4
Genetic Material - RNA

What are the untranslatable sequences in mRNA referred to as?
A) Non-coding regions
B) Silent regions
C) Inactive regions
D) Repetitive regions
E) Translated regions

A) Non-coding regions
Explanation: The untranslatable sequences in mRNA are known as untranslatable regions (UTRs), which are present at both the 5' and 3' ends and are required for efficient translation process, making them non-coding regions that do not contribute to the protein-coding function of mRNA.

p.5
Molecular Basis of Inheritance

According to the text, how old is the universe estimated to be?
A) 10 billion years
B) 20 billion years
C) 30 billion years
D) 40 billion years
E) 50 billion years

B) 20 billion years
Explanation: The text states that the universe is almost 20 billion years old, providing an estimate of its age based on scientific theories and observations.

p.7
Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Who proposed the idea of mutations causing speciation and called it saltation?
A) Charles Darwin
B) Hugo de Vries
C) Gregor Mendel
D) Alfred Hershey
E) Thomas Hunt Morgan

B) Hugo de Vries
Explanation: Hugo de Vries, based on his work on evening primrose, proposed the idea of mutations causing speciation and called it saltation, which emphasized the random and directionless nature of mutations as opposed to Darwinian variations.

p.7
Molecular Basis of Inheritance

What principle states that allele frequencies in a population remain stable and constant from generation to generation?
A) Mendelian Principle
B) Darwinian Principle
C) Hardy-Weinberg Principle
D) Lamarckian Principle
E) Mendel's Principle

C) Hardy-Weinberg Principle
Explanation: The Hardy-Weinberg principle states that allele frequencies in a population are stable and constant from generation to generation, leading to genetic equilibrium, with the gene pool remaining constant.

p.3
Biochemical Characterization of Transforming Princ...

What is the function of the promoter in a transcription unit?

It provides a binding site for RNA polymerase and defines the template and coding strands.

p.8
Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Where did the fossils of man-like bones from man-like primates (3-4 mya) found?
A) In South America
B) In Europe
C) In Ethiopia and Tanzania
D) In Asia
E) In Australia

C) In Ethiopia and Tanzania
Explanation: Fossils of man-like bones from man-like primates, dating back 3-4 million years, were found in Ethiopia and Tanzania, providing crucial evidence for the evolution of early human ancestors in Africa.

p.8
Molecular Basis of Inheritance

What is the notable characteristic of Homo habilis?
A) Ate meat
B) Lived in Asia
C) First human-like beings
D) Ate fruits
E) Lived in South America

C) First human-like beings
Explanation: Homo habilis is notable for being the first human-like beings, representing a significant milestone in the evolutionary history of the Homo genus and the development of human ancestors.

p.1
Molecular Basis of Inheritance

What did the radioactive phage experiment conducted by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase demonstrate about the genetic material of viruses?
A) Viral genetic material is RNA
B) Viral genetic material is protein
C) Viral genetic material is both RNA and protein
D) Viral genetic material is DNA
E) Viral genetic material is not present

D) Viral genetic material is DNA
Explanation: The radioactive phage experiment conducted by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase demonstrated that the genetic material of viruses is DNA, a significant revelation in the understanding of viral genetics and genetic material.

p.6
Theories of Evolution

What is the concept of convergent evolution?
A) Evolution of similar species in different geographical areas
B) Evolution of different species in a given geographical area
C) Evolution of species with similar beaks
D) Evolution of species with altered genes
E) Occurrence of adaptive radiation in isolated geographical areas

A) Evolution of similar species in different geographical areas
Explanation: Convergent evolution refers to the evolution of similar species in different geographical areas. This concept is observed in Australian marsupials and placental mammals, where different species independently evolve similar traits due to similar environmental conditions, despite their distinct evolutionary origins.

p.7
Molecular Basis of Inheritance

What major events occurred in the evolution of plants and animals over 2000 million years ago?

The first cellular forms of life appeared, followed by the formation of invertebrates, jawless fish, and the existence of sea weeds and few plants.

p.3
Genetic Material - DNA

What is the role of RNA polymerase in transcription?
A) Initiates translation
B) Catalyzes the process of elongation
C) Provides a binding site for tRNA
D) Defines the template and coding strands
E) Initiates transcription

B) Catalyzes the process of elongation
Explanation: RNA polymerase catalyzes the process of elongation during transcription, using nucleoside triphosphates as substrates and polymerizing in a template-dependent fashion following the rule of complementarity.

p.8
Molecular Basis of Inheritance

What is the cranial capacity of Homo erectus?
A) 500 cc
B) 900 cc
C) 1400 cc
D) 1650 cc
E) 2000 cc

C) 900 cc
Explanation: The cranial capacity of Homo erectus is 900 cc, indicating the brain size of this early human species and its evolutionary significance in the Homo genus.

p.3
Genetic Material - DNA

What is the role of tRNA in translation?
A) Initiates translation
B) Provides a binding site for RNA polymerase
C) Joins amino acids by forming peptide bonds
D) Specifies the start of translation
E) Acts as an adapter molecule

E) Acts as an adapter molecule
Explanation: tRNA acts as an adapter molecule, carrying specific amino acids and recognizing the corresponding codons on the mRNA during translation, facilitating the accurate assembly of amino acids into polypeptide chains.

p.2
Molecular Basis of Inheritance

What is the structure formed when the negatively charged DNA is wrapped around the positively charged histone octamer?
A) Nucleosome
B) Chromatin fiber
C) Nucleoid
D) Octamer structure
E) Chromosome

A) Nucleosome
Explanation: The structure formed when the negatively charged DNA is wrapped around the positively charged histone octamer is called a nucleosome, which is a fundamental unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes.

p.2
Molecular Basis of Inheritance

What is the term for the more densely packed and darkly stained chromatin?
A) Heterochromatin
B) Euchromatin
C) Nucleosome
D) Chromatin fiber
E) Chromosome

A) Heterochromatin
Explanation: The more densely packed and darkly stained chromatin is called heterochromatin, which is considered to be transcriptionally inactive.

p.7
Molecular Basis of Inheritance

What are the factors known to affect Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
A) Five
B) Three
C) Ten
D) Two
E) Seven

A) Five
Explanation: Five factors are known to affect Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, including gene migration, genetic drift, mutation, genetic recombination, and natural selection, which can lead to stabilization, directional change, and disruption.

p.4
Genetic Material: DNA and RNA

What was the duration of the Human Genome Project and who coordinated it?

The Human Genome Project was a 13-year project coordinated by the U.S. Department of Energy and the National Institute of Health.

p.6
Genetic Material - DNA

What is the evidence from genetics or natural selection regarding the moth population before and after industrialization?
A) The proportion of white-winged moths increased after industrialization
B) The proportion of dark-winged moths increased after industrialization
C) The proportion of moths remained the same before and after industrialization
D) The proportion of moths was not affected by industrialization
E) The proportion of moths reversed after industrialization

E) The proportion of moths reversed after industrialization
Explanation: Before industrialization, there were more white-winged moths, but after industrialization, the proportion reversed due to the change in tree trunk color caused by industrial smoke and soot. This change in environment led to the survival of dark-winged or melanised moths, demonstrating natural selection in action.

p.2
Molecular Basis of Inheritance

What are histones rich in, which contributes to their positive charge?
A) Basic amino acid residues lysines and arginines
B) Acidic amino acid residues
C) Glycine and proline
D) Hydrophobic amino acid residues
E) Sulfur-containing amino acid residues

A) Basic amino acid residues lysines and arginines
Explanation: Histones are rich in the basic amino acid residues lysines and arginines, both of which carry positive charges in their side chains, contributing to the positive charge of histones.

p.6
Theories of Evolution

What are the two key concepts of Darwinian Theory of Evolution?
A) Adaptive radiation and convergent evolution
B) Gradual evolution and branching descent
C) Lamarckism and Darwinism
D) Struggle for existence and survival of the fittest
E) Fitness and reproductive fitness

B) Gradual evolution and branching descent
Explanation: The two key concepts of Darwinian Theory of Evolution are gradual evolution of life forms and branching descent. This theory emphasizes the role of natural selection and variation in characteristics within a population, leading to the gradual evolution of species over time.

p.2
Molecular Basis of Inheritance

What is the term for the repeating unit of structure in the nucleus called?
A) Chromatin
B) Nucleosome
C) Nucleoid
D) Octamer
E) Chromosome

A) Chromatin
Explanation: Nucleosomes constitute the repeating unit of structure in the nucleus, forming chromatin, which are thread-like stained bodies seen in the nucleus.

p.4
Molecular Basis of Inheritance

What does the z gene code for in the lac operon?
A) Beta-galactosidase
B) Permease
C) Transacetylase
D) Repressor
E) Operator

A) Beta-galactosidase
Explanation: The z gene in the lac operon codes for beta-galactosidase, an enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of lactose, demonstrating its role in lactose metabolism within the lac operon system.

p.7
Molecular Basis of Inheritance

What is the equation representing the frequency of alleles in a diploid population according to the Hardy-Weinberg principle?
A) p + q = 1
B) a + b = 2
C) x - y = 0
D) m * n = 1
E) r / s = 2

A) p + q = 1
Explanation: According to the Hardy-Weinberg principle, in a diploid population, the equation representing the frequency of alleles is p + q = 1, where p and q represent the frequency of allele A and allele a, respectively.

p.8
Molecular Basis of Inheritance

What is the cranial capacity of Homo sapiens (Modern man)?
A) 500 cc
B) 900 cc
C) 1400 cc
D) 1650 cc
E) 2000 cc

D) 1650 cc
Explanation: The cranial capacity of Homo sapiens, or Modern man, is 1650 cc, indicating the brain size of modern humans and highlighting the evolutionary development of the human species.

p.2
Molecular Basis of Inheritance

What is the region where negatively charged DNA is held with positively charged proteins called?
A) Nucleosome
B) Chromatin
C) Nucleoid
D) Histone
E) Octamer

C) Nucleoid
Explanation: The region where negatively charged DNA is held with positively charged proteins is termed as 'nucleoid', which is a characteristic feature of prokaryotic DNA organization.

p.1
Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Who conducted the experiment with Streptococcus pneumoniae strains and mice, leading to the discovery of the transforming principle in 1928?
A) Oswald Avery
B) Colin MacLeod
C) Maclyn McCarty
D) Frederick Griffith
E) Alfred Hershey

D) Frederick Griffith
Explanation: Frederick Griffith conducted the experiment with Streptococcus pneumoniae strains and mice in 1928, which led to the discovery of the transforming principle, marking a significant milestone in the understanding of genetic material.

p.1
Molecular Basis of Inheritance

What did the experiment conducted by Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty suggest about the transforming principle?
A) It is related to the heat-killed S strain
B) It is related to the heat-killed R strain
C) It is related to the live S strain
D) It is related to the live R strain
E) It is related to the digestion with DNase

E) It is related to the digestion with DNase
Explanation: The experiment conducted by Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty suggested that the transforming principle was related to the digestion with DNase, indicating that DNA caused the transformation, a pivotal finding in the study of genetic material.

p.1
Molecular Basis of Inheritance

What did the biochemical characterization of the transforming principle by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase reveal about genetic material?
A) It contains radioactive protein
B) It contains radioactive DNA
C) It contains both radioactive protein and DNA
D) It does not contain radioactive protein
E) It does not contain radioactive DNA

B) It contains radioactive DNA
Explanation: The biochemical characterization of the transforming principle by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase revealed that genetic material contains radioactive DNA but not radioactive protein, providing crucial insights into the nature of genetic material.

p.3
Genetic Material - DNA

What is the function of termination codons in the genetic code?
A) Initiates translation
B) Specifies the start of translation
C) Codes for only one amino acid
D) Specifies the end of translation
E) Catalyzes the process of elongation

D) Specifies the end of translation
Explanation: Termination codons, such as UAA, UAG, and UGA, specify the end of translation, marking the point at which protein synthesis is terminated, making them crucial elements of the genetic code.

p.5
Molecular Basis of Inheritance

What theory attempts to explain the origin of the universe?
A) Theory of Relativity
B) Theory of Special Creation
C) Big Bang Theory
D) Theory of Evolution
E) Theory of Spontaneous Generation

C) Big Bang Theory
Explanation: The Big Bang Theory is mentioned in the text as an attempt to explain the origin of the universe, indicating its significance in cosmological studies and understanding the universe's beginnings.

p.3
Genetic Material - DNA

What is the significance of the genetic code being nearly universal?
A) It allows for multiple codons to code for the same amino acid
B) It ensures unambiguous and specific coding for amino acids
C) It is applicable only to eukaryotes
D) It is found in all organisms except bacteria
E) It is specific to prokaryotic translation

B) It ensures unambiguous and specific coding for amino acids
Explanation: The near universality of the genetic code ensures unambiguous and specific coding for amino acids, providing a common language for protein synthesis across diverse organisms, from bacteria to humans.

p.6
Theories of Evolution

What is adaptive radiation?
A) Evolution of different species in a given geographical area
B) Evolution of similar species in different geographical areas
C) Evolution of species with similar beaks
D) Evolution of species with altered genes
E) Evolution of species with similar functions

A) Evolution of different species in a given geographical area
Explanation: Adaptive radiation refers to the process of evolution of different species in a given geographical area, starting from a point and radiating to other areas of geography or habitats. An example is the evolution of Darwin's finches on the Galapagos Islands, where different forms with altered beaks arose, enabling them to become insectivorous and vegetarian finches.

p.1
Nucleic Acids - DNA and RNA

What are the two types of nucleic acids found in living systems?
A) DNA and protein
B) RNA and protein
C) DNA and RNA
D) DNA and carbohydrates
E) RNA and carbohydrates

C) DNA and RNA
Explanation: The two types of nucleic acids found in living systems are DNA and RNA, representing fundamental components of genetic material and essential for various biological processes.

p.7
Molecular Basis of Inheritance

What is the term for the change in allele frequencies in a population resulting in evolution?
A) Genetic Drift
B) Gene Migration
C) Mutation
D) Natural Selection
E) Genetic Recombination

D) Natural Selection
Explanation: Natural selection can lead to the change in allele frequencies in a population, resulting in evolution, by favoring certain traits over others and influencing the survival and reproduction of individuals.

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