How many semilunar cusps does the pulmonary valve have?
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Three semilunar cusps.
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How many semilunar cusps does the pulmonary valve have?
Three semilunar cusps.
What structure forms a loop around the subclavian artery?
Ansa subclavia.
What is the apex of the heart?
The pointed end of the heart, formed primarily by the left ventricle.
What is the role of the azygos vein?
It drains blood from the thoracic wall and empties into the cranial vena cava.
What does the left atrioventricular valve consist of?
Two major cusps: the septal and parietal cusps.
What is the coronary sinus?
The dilated terminal end of the great cardiac vein.
What does the fist and thumb hand rule represent?
The left ventricle and the aorta arising from it.
What is the auricular surface of the heart?
The surface facing the left thoracic wall where the tips of the two auricles project.
What is the coronary sulcus?
A groove that lies between the atria and ventricles, containing coronary vessels and fat.
What is the paraconal interventricular sulcus?
It is a groove on the heart's surface that separates the left and right ventricles.
What are pectinate muscles?
Interlacing muscular bands that strengthen the internal surface of the right auricle.
What is the trabecula septomarginalis?
A muscular strand that extends across the lumen of the ventricle from the septal to the parietal wall.
What is the size comparison between the left and right coronary arteries?
The left coronary artery is about twice as large as the right.
What is the role of the coronary sinus?
It collects deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle and drains into the right atrium.
What is the course of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve?
It curves medially around the ligamentum arteriosum and the arch of the aorta, then courses cranially to the larynx.
What does the pulmonary trunk do?
It carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
What is the function of papillary muscles?
They anchor the heart valves and help prevent backflow during contraction.
What veins are responsible for draining blood from the lungs to the heart?
Left and right pulmonary veins.
What is the function of the cervicothoracic ganglion?
It sends postganglionic axons directly to the heart.
What is the function of the ligamentum arteriosum?
It is a remnant of the ductus arteriosus, which connects the pulmonary trunk to the aorta in fetal life.
What is the function of the aortic valve?
It regulates blood flow from the left ventricle into the aorta.
What is the function of the right atrium?
It receives blood from the systemic veins and most of the blood from the heart itself.
What is the coronary sulcus?
It is a groove that encircles the heart, marking the boundary between the atria and ventricles.
What are trabeculae carneae?
Muscular irregularities of the interior of the ventricular walls.
What is the significance of the fossa ovalis?
It is a remnant of the foramen ovale, which allows blood to bypass the lungs in fetal circulation.
What is the function of the pectinate muscles?
They help to increase the contractility of the atrial walls.
What is the role of the chordae tendineae?
They attach the papillary muscles to the cusps of the heart valves.
Where is the cranial cervical ganglion located?
At the level of the base of the ear, just caudomedial to the tympanic bulla.
What is the ligamentum arteriosum?
A fibrous connection between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta.
Where does the great cardiac vein begin?
In the paraconal interventricular sulcus.
What is the difference in wall thickness between the left and right ventricles?
The left ventricular wall is thicker than the right ventricular wall.
What is the main arterial blood supply to the thoracic limb?
It arises within the thorax as the subclavian artery.
What is the role of the left auricle?
It receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins.
What is the fossa ovalis?
A slitlike depression in the right atrium that was an opening (foramen ovale) in the fetus allowing blood to pass from the right to the left atrium.
What is the function of the right auricle?
It receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the vena cavae.
What is the function of the pulmonary valve?
It regulates blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk.
What does the aortic arch connect?
It connects the ascending aorta to the descending aorta.
What type of axons does the vagus nerve contain?
Parasympathetic preganglionic axons.
What is the pericardium?
The fibroserous covering of the heart.
What is the atrial surface of the heart?
The surface facing the right thoracic wall.
What is the function of the aortic arch?
It carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body.
What are the four openings into the sinus venarum of the right atrium?
The caudal vena cava, coronary sinus, cranial vena cava, and right atrioventricular orifice.
What does the cranial vena cava do?
It carries deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the right atrium.
What is the function of the intervenous tubercle?
It directs blood flow from the cranial and caudal vena cava into the right atrium.
What are the two main branches of the left coronary artery?
The circumflex branch and the paraconal interventricular branch.
Where does the right coronary artery originate?
From the right sinus of the aorta.
What does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve curve around?
The right subclavian artery.
What is the orientation of the heart's apex?
It faces ventrally, caudally, and usually to the left.
What is the purpose of the left semilunar valve?
It prevents backflow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle.
What are chordae tendineae?
Fibrous cords that connect the valve flaps to the papillary muscles.
What structure separates the right atrium from the right ventricle?
The septal cusp of the right atrioventricular valve.
What does the great cardiac vein do?
It returns blood supplied to the heart by the left coronary artery.
What is the significance of the valve of the foramen ovale?
It is a remnant of the fetal passageway for blood between the right and left atrium.
What is the purpose of the sinus of the aorta?
It allows for slight expansion behind each cusp of the aortic valve.
What are trabeculae carneae?
They are muscular ridges in the ventricles of the heart.
What is the crista terminalis?
A smooth-surfaced, thick portion of heart muscle shaped like a semilunar crest at the entrance into the auricle.
How can you define the extent of normal lung tissue in the thorax?
By using percussion over the thorax.
What are the three components of the pericardium?
Inner parietal serous pericardium, middle fibrous pericardium, and outer pericardial mediastinal pleura.
Where does the paraconal interventricular sulcus begin?
At the base of the pulmonary trunk, covered by the left auricle.
What does the right atrioventricular orifice communicate with?
The right ventricle.
Where should you feel the heartbeat more prominently?
On the left side, where the apex of the heart is directed.
What is the pericardial cavity?
The space between the parietal and visceral serous pericardium that contains pericardial fluid.
What does the subsinuosal interventricular sulcus contain?
The terminal branch of the left coronary artery.
What are the two main parts of the right atrioventricular valve?
The parietal cusp and the septal cusp.
What are the primary vessels of the thoracic limb?
Subclavian, vertebral, costocervical trunk, internal thoracic, and others.
What do the interventricular sulci represent?
The superficial separations of the right and left ventricles, indicating the position of the interventricular septum.
What is the intervenous tubercle?
A transverse ridge of tissue between the two caval openings that diverts inflowing blood toward the right atrioventricular orifice.
What is the role of the left coronary artery?
It supplies blood to the left side of the heart.
