The science which deals with the waters of the Earth, their occurrence, circulation, distribution, physical and chemical properties, and interactions with the environment.
It quantifies the effects of human interventions on natural systems at various scales and applies physical and statistical laws.
Building dams, river diversions, groundwater pumping, deforestation, irrigation systems, hydropower development, mining operations, and urbanization.
A branch of engineering that deals with the study of water resources, also known as water resources engineering.
As the multidisciplinary specialization of civil engineering that deals with the occurrence, circulation, and distribution of water on Earth.
The water cycle, water resources, and water resource sustainability.
5,387 ft (1,642 m).
Subsurface water.
Condensation.
Water vapor cools down and transforms into tiny water droplets or ice crystals.
1,850 mi (2,980 km).
Entirely within the United States.
Pascal (Pa).
They have small slopes and slow flow in meandering channels.
Snow and ice accumulations.
The movement of subsurface water to the water table.
The Water Cycle.
A formation in the landscape that collects and holds water.
750 ft (229 m).
Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan.
Leonardo da Vinci.
1,333 ft (406 m).
Mountain rivers and lowland rivers.
23,007 sq mi (59,588 sq km).
Runoff that flows through the surface of the ground to a stream or river channel.
United States.
With the evaporation of water from the surface of the ocean.
4,438 mi (7,142 km).
Evaporate, percolate into the soil, or become groundwater.
It is essential for planning and building hydraulic structures and solving water-related problems.
Precipitation, evaporation, transpiration, condensation, and runoff.
River basin, drainage basin, and catchment.
Russia.
Canada and the United States.
An unconfined aquifer, or water table aquifer, has a water table as the upper surface of the zone of saturation.
A formation through which only seepage is possible, yielding insignificant water.
Maintaining water supplies, generating hydropower, regulating river flows, and mitigating downstream flood risks.
It assesses potential impacts on water resources by analyzing climate models and historical hydrological data.
It supports decision-making, optimizes water infrastructure designs, and ensures efficient utilization of water resources.
By assessing water availability, estimating water demand, and analyzing rainfall-runoff relationships.
Pascal (Pa), which is equivalent to N m - 2.
The process in which water from the soil is absorbed by plants and discharged back to the atmosphere through the leaves.
Through little pores in the leaves known as stomata.
23,146 sq mi (59,946 sq km).
The balance of water that remains on the Earth's surface and empties into lakes, rivers, and streams.
The movement of water found in rivers, open channels, lakes, and runoff across the land surface.
3,360 ft (1,025 m).
31,700 sq mi (82,000 sq km).
About one percent.
They have rapid flows and narrow valleys.
The combined process of evaporation and transpiration, involving the transfer of water to the atmosphere from water sources and vegetation.
The movement of water from the ground surface to the underlying soil layers.
266 ft (81 m).
The total land area that drains surface water to a common body of water.
It cools and water vapor condenses to form clouds.
Surface water that exists for only part of the year.
Free, phreatic, or non-artesian aquifer.
Erosion control measures, land use planning, and restoration projects.
Water contained in the pores and cavities of sedimentary rocks under seas and lakes, also known as sediment water.
Q represents runoff.
I - O = ΔS.
The remains of the world's oldest dam built between 2950 and 2750 B.C. near Cairo.
Change in storage in the soil, aquifers, or reservoirs.
Total inflows to the system.
Moisture content in the soil.
Kelvin (K).
Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya.
It is necessary for the balance in the ecosystem and processing of solar energy, sediments, and elements essential for life.
Canada, United States.
Climate and geographical characteristics such as topography, soils, and land use.
Perennial, ephemeral, and man-made surface water.
Artificial structures such as dams and constructed wetlands.
It varies in an undulating form and in slope.
It helps analyze inflow and outflow data, rainfall forecasts, and water demands to optimize reservoir storage and releases.
'Hydrology' means 'the science of water'.
To estimate water requirements for crops and optimize irrigation scheduling for better water use efficiency.
40 mm.
Total outflows from the system.
Changes in vegetation cover, land use, and surface water features.
The physical process in which water from the land and surface is converted to vapor form.
It returns to the surface as precipitation.
923 ft (281 m).
3,170,000 sq km (1,220,000 sq mi).
Brazilian Highlands to the north, Andes Mountains to the west, and Patagonia to the south.
Through transpiration.
Approximately 7,000,000 square kilometers (2,700,000 square miles).
It persists throughout the year and is replenished with groundwater during low precipitation.
Groundwater zone.
Rises and falls in the water table.
Artesian aquifer.
Advances in groundwater hydrology and measurement of surface water.
Robert Elmer Horton.
30 mm.
The change in storage.
They assess water content and density of snow for snowmelt runoff predictions.
Kilogram (kg).
22,404 sq mi (58,030 sq km).
Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Uganda, South Sudan, Ethiopia, Sudan, and Egypt.
12,248 sq mi (31,722 sq km).
Forms of water that fall from the atmosphere to the Earth's surface, such as rain, drizzle, snow, and sleet.
2,980,000 sq km (1,151,000 sq mi).
All overland flow as well as precipitation that flows to a stream or river channel.
1) Evaporation back into the atmosphere, 2) Penetration to become groundwater.
Through geological and hydrological processes like melting glaciers, river movement, or volcanic activity.
3,349,000 sq km (1,293,000 sq mi).
143,244 sq mi (371,000 sq km).
It is important for transpiration, irrigation, water supply, and hydropower.
From a small parcel of ground to as large as 2.38 million square miles.
The Amazon River Basin.
The Congo basin.
The Chambeshi River in Zambia.
Overland flow.
3,460,000 square kilometers (1,336,000 square miles).
Natural water flows moving under the force of gravity along their channels, fed by surface and underground runoff.
Saturated zone and aeration zone.
They have slower flows and wider, often terraced, valleys.
The water table.
Rivers whose channels have been considerably transformed by glaciers.
Soil pores are only partially saturated with water.
A saturated formation that stores and yields water in sufficient quantity.
Groundwater supplies are not quickly affected by drought and climate changes.
A special type of unconfined aquifer where a groundwater body is separated from the main groundwater by an impermeable stratum.
A geological formation that is essentially impermeable to water flow.
It can be distributed at a lower cost using a minimal network of pipes.
P represents precipitation.
400 millimeters.
100 mm.
By evaluating changes in water availability, streamflow patterns, and aquatic ecosystems due to project activities.
By subtracting outflows (O) from inflows (I): I - O = ΔS.
1500 millimeters.
40 mm.
The water level will rise to the level of the local static pressure or artesian head.
1100 millimeters.
Groundwater is usually free from turbidity, objectionable colors, and pathogenic organisms, requiring minimal treatment.
Groundwater is confined under pressure greater than atmospheric by overlying, relatively impermeable strata.
E represents evaporation.
Rainfall, evaporation, lake levels, stream flow, underground water storage, and snow and ice accumulations.
Water entering an area must leave or be stored within that area.
He explained the mechanism of precipitation.
Precipitation data, including rainfall and snowfall.
Various sensors and sampling techniques.
Groundwater is relatively safer from chemical, radiogenic, and biological pollution compared to surface water bodies.
Meteoric water, which comes from rain and snow.
It is equivalent to the elevation of the water table in the recharge area less the loss in head through the aquifer.
A fundamental equation in groundwater hydrology that describes the flow of fluid through porous media.
30 mm.
In the first century BC.
Q = 600 mm.
The difference between inflows (I) and outflows (O) equals the change in storage (ΔS).
By measuring precipitation using rain gauges or snow gauges.
To determine water suitability for drinking, irrigation, or aquatic ecosystem health.
A geological formation that is neither porous nor permeable, unable to transmit water.
Water formed when hot magma enters rocks and its vapor condenses into water.
It assesses and manages flood risks by analyzing historical flood data, rainfall patterns, and river flow characteristics.
Precipitation.
They gave the concept of the water cycle in the 15th century.
Groundwater characteristics and monitoring well data.
10 square kilometers.
Water inflows are equal to water outflows plus or minus any change of storage.
30 mm.
Numerous advances including the development of piezometers, Pitot tubes, Bernoulli's theory, and Chezy formulae.
Pascal-second (Pa.s).
1000 millimeters.
It represents the relationship between precipitation (P), runoff (Q), evaporation (E), and change in storage (∆S).
Runoff.
100 mm.
To gather data on drainage boundaries, flow directions, and land use changes.
Watt (W), which is equivalent to J s - 1.
Joule per kilogram-kelvin (J kg - 1 K - 1).
pH, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, and concentrations of pollutants.
Square meter (m²).
∆S = P - Q - E.
It helps in managing and protecting watersheds by studying hydrological processes to assess water availability and quality.
Infiltration characteristics, soils, land use, and land cover.
Using the formula ∆S = P - Q - E.
Meter per second (m s⁻¹).
Dams were constructed to protect towns from floods.
Evaporation.
Joule (J), which is equivalent to N.m.
Water levels, flow rates, and other hydrological parameters.
Cubic meter (m³).
By analyzing rainfall intensity and drainage systems to design stormwater collection and conveyance systems.
Temperature, humidity, and wind velocity.
Stream flow records.
Meter (m).
Second (s).
They help analyze interactions between climate patterns and the hydrological cycle.
Hydrological processes, including rainfall-runoff modeling, flood forecasting, and watershed management.
