Concepts-of-Hydrology-CE-332

The combined process of evaporation and transpiration, involving the transfer of water to the atmosphere from water sources and vegetation.

The movement of water from the ground surface to the underlying soil layers.

The physical process in which water from the land and surface is converted to vapor form.

The movement of subsurface water to the water table.

The process in which water from the soil is absorbed by plants and discharged back to the atmosphere through the leaves.

Runoff that flows through the surface of the ground to a stream or river channel.

Through little pores in the leaves known as stomata.

All overland flow as well as precipitation that flows to a stream or river channel.

The science which deals with the waters of the Earth, their occurrence, circulation, distribution, physical and chemical properties, and interactions with the environment.

It quantifies the effects of human interventions on natural systems at various scales and applies physical and statistical laws.

Building dams, river diversions, groundwater pumping, deforestation, irrigation systems, hydropower development, mining operations, and urbanization.

The water cycle, water resources, and water resource sustainability.

A branch of engineering that deals with the study of water resources, also known as water resources engineering.

23,146 sq mi (59,946 sq km).

It returns to the surface as precipitation.

It is essential for planning and building hydraulic structures and solving water-related problems.

As the multidisciplinary specialization of civil engineering that deals with the occurrence, circulation, and distribution of water on Earth.

266 ft (81 m).

1. Evaporation back into the atmosphere, 2) Penetration to become groundwater.

22,404 sq mi (58,030 sq km).

The Water Cycle.

Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya.

A formation in the landscape that collects and holds water.

3,349,000 sq km (1,293,000 sq mi).

The balance of water that remains on the Earth's surface and empties into lakes, rivers, and streams.

923 ft (281 m).

Precipitation, evaporation, transpiration, condensation, and runoff.

23,007 sq mi (59,588 sq km).

The total land area that drains surface water to a common body of water.

Through geological and hydrological processes like melting glaciers, river movement, or volcanic activity.

Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Uganda, South Sudan, Ethiopia, Sudan, and Egypt.

United States.

Condensation.

It is necessary for the balance in the ecosystem and processing of solar energy, sediments, and elements essential for life.

750 ft (229 m).

143,244 sq mi (371,000 sq km).

The movement of water found in rivers, open channels, lakes, and runoff across the land surface.

3,170,000 sq km (1,220,000 sq mi).

River basin, drainage basin, and catchment.

12,248 sq mi (31,722 sq km).

Water vapor cools down and transforms into tiny water droplets or ice crystals.

With the evaporation of water from the surface of the ocean.

Canada, United States.

It is important for transpiration, irrigation, water supply, and hydropower.

3,360 ft (1,025 m).

Brazilian Highlands to the north, Andes Mountains to the west, and Patagonia to the south.

From a small parcel of ground to as large as 2.38 million square miles.

Forms of water that fall from the atmosphere to the Earth's surface, such as rain, drizzle, snow, and sleet.

It cools and water vapor condenses to form clouds.

5,387 ft (1,642 m).

4,438 mi (7,142 km).

Climate and geographical characteristics such as topography, soils, and land use.

Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan.

The Amazon River Basin.

Through transpiration.

Russia.

2,980,000 sq km (1,151,000 sq mi).

1,850 mi (2,980 km).

Leonardo da Vinci.

31,700 sq mi (82,000 sq km).

Approximately 7,000,000 square kilometers (2,700,000 square miles).

Evaporate, percolate into the soil, or become groundwater.

Entirely within the United States.

Perennial, ephemeral, and man-made surface water.

1,333 ft (406 m).

The Congo basin.

About one percent.

It persists throughout the year and is replenished with groundwater during low precipitation.

Canada and the United States.

The Chambeshi River in Zambia.

Overland flow.

Surface water that exists for only part of the year.

3,460,000 square kilometers (1,336,000 square miles).

Natural water flows moving under the force of gravity along their channels, fed by surface and underground runoff.

Subsurface water.

Artificial structures such as dams and constructed wetlands.

Mountain rivers and lowland rivers.

Saturated zone and aeration zone.

They have rapid flows and narrow valleys.

Groundwater zone.

An unconfined aquifer, or water table aquifer, has a water table as the upper surface of the zone of saturation.

They have slower flows and wider, often terraced, valleys.

The water table.

Free, phreatic, or non-artesian aquifer.

Rivers whose channels have been considerably transformed by glaciers.

Soil pores are only partially saturated with water.

Groundwater is usually free from turbidity, objectionable colors, and pathogenic organisms, requiring minimal treatment.

It varies in an undulating form and in slope.

They have small slopes and slow flow in meandering channels.

A saturated formation that stores and yields water in sufficient quantity.

Groundwater is relatively safer from chemical, radiogenic, and biological pollution compared to surface water bodies.

Rises and falls in the water table.

A formation through which only seepage is possible, yielding insignificant water.

Groundwater supplies are not quickly affected by drought and climate changes.

A special type of unconfined aquifer where a groundwater body is separated from the main groundwater by an impermeable stratum.

Erosion control measures, land use planning, and restoration projects.

A geological formation that is essentially impermeable to water flow.

It can be distributed at a lower cost using a minimal network of pipes.

Groundwater is confined under pressure greater than atmospheric by overlying, relatively impermeable strata.

It helps analyze inflow and outflow data, rainfall forecasts, and water demands to optimize reservoir storage and releases.

A geological formation that is neither porous nor permeable, unable to transmit water.

P represents precipitation.

Meteoric water, which comes from rain and snow.

Artesian aquifer.

Maintaining water supplies, generating hydropower, regulating river flows, and mitigating downstream flood risks.

400 millimeters.

100 mm.

Water contained in the pores and cavities of sedimentary rocks under seas and lakes, also known as sediment water.

By evaluating changes in water availability, streamflow patterns, and aquatic ecosystems due to project activities.

By subtracting outflows (O) from inflows (I): I - O = ΔS.

E represents evaporation.

Water formed when hot magma enters rocks and its vapor condenses into water.

It is equivalent to the elevation of the water table in the recharge area less the loss in head through the aquifer.

Advances in groundwater hydrology and measurement of surface water.

It assesses potential impacts on water resources by analyzing climate models and historical hydrological data.

1500 millimeters.

40 mm.

The water level will rise to the level of the local static pressure or artesian head.

A fundamental equation in groundwater hydrology that describes the flow of fluid through porous media.

It supports decision-making, optimizes water infrastructure designs, and ensures efficient utilization of water resources.

1100 millimeters.

Q represents runoff.

'Hydrology' means 'the science of water'.

It assesses and manages flood risks by analyzing historical flood data, rainfall patterns, and river flow characteristics.

Rainfall, evaporation, lake levels, stream flow, underground water storage, and snow and ice accumulations.

Water inflows are equal to water outflows plus or minus any change of storage.

30 mm.

Robert Elmer Horton.

By assessing water availability, estimating water demand, and analyzing rainfall-runoff relationships.

Snow and ice accumulations.

It represents the relationship between precipitation (P), runoff (Q), evaporation (E), and change in storage (∆S).

I - O = ΔS.

∆S = P - Q - E.

Dams were constructed to protect towns from floods.

To estimate water requirements for crops and optimize irrigation scheduling for better water use efficiency.

Precipitation.

Water entering an area must leave or be stored within that area.

30 mm.

In the first century BC.

By analyzing rainfall intensity and drainage systems to design stormwater collection and conveyance systems.

Runoff.

The remains of the world's oldest dam built between 2950 and 2750 B.C. near Cairo.

It helps in managing and protecting watersheds by studying hydrological processes to assess water availability and quality.

Evaporation.

He explained the mechanism of precipitation.

Temperature, humidity, and wind velocity.

Change in storage in the soil, aquifers, or reservoirs.

They gave the concept of the water cycle in the 15th century.

Precipitation data, including rainfall and snowfall.

Q = 600 mm.

Numerous advances including the development of piezometers, Pitot tubes, Bernoulli's theory, and Chezy formulae.

Stream flow records.

Pascal (Pa), which is equivalent to N m - 2.

100 mm.

Infiltration characteristics, soils, land use, and land cover.

Joule (J), which is equivalent to N.m.

40 mm.

Groundwater characteristics and monitoring well data.

The difference between inflows (I) and outflows (O) equals the change in storage (ΔS).

30 mm.

To gather data on drainage boundaries, flow directions, and land use changes.

Total inflows to the system.

Using the formula ∆S = P - Q - E.

Water levels, flow rates, and other hydrological parameters.

Total outflows from the system.

By measuring precipitation using rain gauges or snow gauges.

The change in storage.

They help analyze interactions between climate patterns and the hydrological cycle.

Watt (W), which is equivalent to J s - 1.

They assess water content and density of snow for snowmelt runoff predictions.

Pascal-second (Pa.s).

Joule per kilogram-kelvin (J kg - 1 K - 1).

Moisture content in the soil.

Changes in vegetation cover, land use, and surface water features.

10 square kilometers.

Various sensors and sampling techniques.

1000 millimeters.

pH, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, and concentrations of pollutants.

To determine water suitability for drinking, irrigation, or aquatic ecosystem health.

Hydrological processes, including rainfall-runoff modeling, flood forecasting, and watershed management.

Meter (m).

Kilogram (kg).

Kelvin (K).

Second (s).

Square meter (m²).

Cubic meter (m³).

Meter per second (m s⁻¹).

Pascal (Pa).